Introduction motherboard

Introduction
to
PC Motherboard
By
Prof. K. Adisesha

2
Overview
 Inside a PC
 The Motherboard
 Characteristics of motherboards
 Different types of motherboards
 Identify the main components of the motherboard
 Expansion Slots & Connector Cables
 Memory
PC Motherboard Prof. K. Adisesha

Inside a PC
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 The most important part of a PC is the
motherboard. It holds:
 the processor chip
 memory chips
 chips that handle input/output (I/O)
 the expansion slots for connecting peripherals
 Some chips are soldered onto the
motherboard(permanent), and some are
removable (so they can be upgraded).
The Motherboard

5 Full-size ATX System Board

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Intel 800 Series of Chip Sets7

Characteristics of Motherboard
The motherboard may be characterized by the form factor, chipset
and type of processor socket used.
•Form factor refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions,
arrangement and electrical requirements.
•Chipset controls the majority of resources of the computer. The
function of chipset is to coordinate data transfer between the various
components of the computer.
•The processor socket may be a rectangular connector into which the
processor is mounted vertically, or a square shaped connector with
many small connectors into which the processor is directly inserted.
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Types of Motherboards9
• There are four different types in motherboard:
• XT Motherboards:
• AT Motherboards:
• Baby AT Motherboards:
• ATX Motherboards:

XT Motherboards:
XT stands for Extended Technology.
These are old model motherboards. In this we find old
model processor socket like:
LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets,
RAM slots: DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules) and ISA
(Industry Standards Architecture) slots,
12 pin power connector.
They have slot type processors and no ports.
o Ex: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-II and
Pentium-Pro.
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AT Motherboards:
AT stands for Advanced Technology.
AT Motherboards have
PGA (Pin Grid Array) socket
SD RAM slots
20 pin power connector
PCI slots and ISA slots
Full AT is 12” wide X 13.8” deep.
AT has 5-pin large keyboard connector.
o Ex: Pentium-III Processors.
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Baby AT Motherboards:
 Baby AT motherboards have the combination of
XT and AT.
 It was the first PC motherboard to build in
sockets for I/O ports, which were cabled to
connectors on the back of the case.
o Ex: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV
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• ATX Motherboards:
 ATX motherboard stands for Advanced Technology
Extended Motherboard.
 Latest Motherboard all are called as ATX motherboard,
designed by ATX form factor.
 In this motherboard, MPGA Processor sockets, DDRRAM
Slots, AGP Slots, SATA Connectors, 20 pin and 24 pin ATX
power connector and ports
 It is a full size board measuring 12” wide by 9.6” deep.
Micro ATX is a small motherboard
size of 9.6” X 9.6”.
o Ex: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5
and i7.PC Motherboard Prof. K. Adisesha
13

Components of Motherboard:
The motherboard components are:
Processors (CPU)
BIOS
CMOS
Slots
Disk Controllers
I/O Ports and Interfaces
BUS
PC motherboard Prof. K. Adisesha
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15 Typical Pentium Chipset

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer is a piece of hardware that
carries out the instructions of a computer
program. It performs the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output
operations of a computer system. The
CPU is like the brains of the computer -
every instruction, no matter how simple,
has to go through the CPU.
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BIOS (Basic Input Output System):
• BIOS is a small chip on the motherboard that holds a set of
instructions to load the hardware settings required like
keyboard, monitors or disk drives.
• The BIOS runs when the computer is switched ON.
• POST ( Power On Self Test)
• It checks if the hardware devices are present and
functioning properly.
• BIOS include the bootstrap loader to load the OS into
memory.PC Motherboard Prof. K. Adisesha
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CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor):
• It is a type of memory chip to store
date, time and system setup
parameters.
• These parameters are loaded every
time the computer is started.
• BIOS & CMOS are kept powered by a
small lithium Ion battery located on
motherboard.
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Slots:
Slot: A slot is an opening space in a computer where we can insert a printed circuit
board. There are several types of slots are:
• ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): ISA slot is used to connect modem and input
devices.
•PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): PCI slots are used to connect graphics
accelerators cards, sound card, internal modems
•AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port): AGP slot is an advanced port designed for video
cards and 3D accelerators.
•RAM Slot: RAM slot is used to install memory to store programs and data currently
being used by CPU. Two types of RAM slot
SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
DIMM ( Dual Inline Memory Module)
•Processor Slot: Processor slot is used to insert the processor chip which is the largest
chip on the motherboard.
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Disk Controllers:
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A device that connects a disk drive to the computer’s bus enabling
the drive to exchange data with other device.
•Hard Disk Controller (HDC)
o The HDC is the interface that enables the computer to read and write
information to the
hard disk drive.
o This connector is used to insert an Integrated Digital Electronics (IDE) cable.
o IDE cables connect devices such as hard drives, CD drives and DVD drives.
•Floppy Disk Controller (FDC)
o FDC is the interface that directs and controls reading from and writing
to computer floppy disk drive.
o FDC usually performs data transmission in Direct Memory Access (DMA)
mode.

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Connector Cables
continued

22PC Motherboard Prof. K. Adisesha

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 The system clock sends out 'ticks' to control the timing of all the
motherboard tasks
 e.g. it controls the speed of the data bus and the instruction cycle
 The time it takes to complete an instruction cycle is measured in
megahertz (MHz).
 1 MHz = one million cycles per second
The System Clock

Ports and Interface Cards
 The interface between peripheral devices
and the CPU.
 A port is built on the motherboard while an
interface card is inserted into slots on the
motherboard.
 Sometimes, an interface card may become
a built-in function on the motherboard.
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A bus is a collection of parallel wires that form a pathway to carry
address, data and control signal.
The functional features of bus are:
•A bus is a set of wire and each wire can carry one bit of data.
•A bus width is defined by the number of wires in the bus
A computer bus can be divided into two types
o Internal Bus:
It connects major computer components like processor, memory & I/O.
It is also called as system bus.
o External Bus:
It connects the different external devices peripheral, expansion slots,
I/O ports to the rest of the computer.
It is also called the expansion bus and is slower than the system
(internal) bus.
Bus:
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(Front Side Bus)
Buses Types

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 A data bus (a data path): connects the parts of the
motherboard.
Moving Data
RAM
via expansion cards

Main Memory
 Storage media installed on the
motherboard
 store data and instruction to be
executed by the CPU
 Main memory is classified into
• RAM
• ROM
• CMOS
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RAM
 RAM – Random Access Memory
 RAM is volatile data is lost when the power to the computer
is turned off.
 The instructions and data for the job performing are written
to RAM and read from it as needed.
 Two operations of RAM
 Loading means copying data from the secondary
storage to the main memory
 Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-
volatile secondary storage.
 Types of RAM
• SRAM
• DRAM
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PC Motherboard
Prof.
K. Adisesha
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Each RAM location
has an address and
holds one byte of
data (eight bits).
RAM Storage

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 Read-Only Memory can
be read but not changed.
 It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its
contents even when the power is turned off.
 ROM chips are used to store the instructions a
computer needs during start-up, called
firmware.
 Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM,
and CD-ROM.
ROM

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Thank you
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Introduction motherboard

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