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This document describes a system for wireless transmission of an image using LED to LED visible light communication. The system represents LEDs as both transmitters and receivers, with free space as the transmission medium. At the transmitter, an image is converted to binary data and transmitted to an LED using serial communication. The LED is toggled on and off to transmit 1s and 0s. At the receiver, the LED senses the light and the microcontroller reconstructs the image. The system achieved a data rate of around 200 bps over a distance of 1 inch. Potential applications of this technology include vehicle communication, underwater communication, and data transmission in healthcare facilities.

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International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) www.iasir.net IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 240 ISSN (Print): 2279-0047 ISSN (Online): 2279-0055 WIRELESS IMAGE DIFFUSION USING LED TO LED COMMUNICATION 1 Solanki Yogeshkumar J. 2 Kantipudi MVV Prasad 1 PG Research Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE, RK University Rajkot, India ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are considered to represent the next generation of lighting and Communication technology. In this paper we proposed a system for wireless transmission of an image using LED to LED visible light Communication. In proposed methodology, we represent the LED as a both transmitter and receiver and free space as a transmission medium. This paper highlight the ability of LED to act as a light sensor and achieved very low data rate approximately 200 bps. Keywords: LED to LED Communication, Visible Light Communication, Serial Communication, LOS, LED __________________________________________________________________________________________ . I. INTRODUCTION At the present visible light communication is a rapidly emerging area so researchers are paying attention towards it. The visible light communication defines as the technology which consists of the visible light source as a signal transmitter, air as a transmission intermediate, and photodiode or LED as a receiving element [1]. Visible light is easily available in our routine life and it can easily distinguish by human eye. The bandwidth of visible light communication system is high with respect to radio frequency. Visible light is most trustworthy for the indoor communication because it is cost efficient, power efficient and reliable communication system [2]. The scheme for Visible light communication is shown in figures 1. Figure 1: Visible Light Communication Model We have developed a model in which we use one 3W Red LED light as source and receiving element. We have transmitted an image in terms of binary data using serial communication (RS-232) cable from pc to microcontroller. We use Atmega16 AVR controller to toggle LEDs at both transmitter and receiver side. To establish communication through LEDs we can turns it ON and OFF. When LEDs turns ON, “1” will be transmitted and when it turns OFF, “0” will be transmitted. This technique is known as “ON-OFF- Keying”. OOK, OFDM, PCM, PWM, etc are most popular modulation schemes for visible light communication. II. LED AS A PHOTODIODE After reading so many literatures we came to know that we can use LED as a light receiver or photodiode. By changing the polarity of LED like connecting voltage probe of multi meter to LED’s negative and ground probe to the LED’s positive. After throwing some light on LED we will achieve voltage in mV.
Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 241 Figure 2: Various Arrangements to use LED as a sensor [2] Here we introduce three techniques which can be used for LED sensing [2]. These techniques have their own advantages so we can use these techniques for different purposes. As shown in figure 2, In first technique LED is connecting to Transistor because it can use as a level converter. For simple application this technique is easy and very effective. In second technique LED is connecting to Op-Amp which is very popular and useful to achieve high amplification. In third technique led is connecting to LED for bi-directional microcontroller at where it will act as a capacitor. When light falls on the LED it will discharge faster so we can calculate the intensity of light. Every color LEDs sensing ability is different because of wavelength emitted by them. Red LED has higher wavelength so it can sense every color. Its wavelength is closer to infrared spectrum. Whereas Blue LED can sense only Blue and White color. Here we are using third technique to use Led as a light sensor. Due to some limitations here we do one way communication. III. IMPLEMENTATION Here we use 5mm Red LED as a both transmitter and receiver because it can sense every color as discussed earlier [3]. In the transmitter section image was converted into a binary data using MATLAB tool box. If one have color image then first it will be converted into the black and white image and after that binary data will be produced from that black and white image. Here we can use any format of an image like .png, .jpg, .tiff etc. The information about Colum and row size of an image is being calculated using MATLAB code. Binary data is going to feed to the microcontroller using serial port MAX 232.Max 232 is 16 pin IC which convert the signals from RS-232 serial port. Here we use AVR microcontroller which is high performance, low power and 8-bit microcontroller. Binary data will be stored in the memory of microcontroller and it will transmit it one by one using Red LED. The code for the AVR microcontroller is prepared in Micro C Pro for AVR. At the receiver side, AVR microcontroller with NPN transistor is used. Red LED receives the binary data transmitted by the LED. First it receives the row and Colum size of an image from that it calculates the size of data. Received data will be stored in the memory of AVR microcontroller and it will given to the PC through Max 232 serial port. At where image will be generated based on the received data. We kept 1 inch distance between transmitter and receiver. IV. RESULT After series of experiments we come to know that LEDs can be used as a sensor or photodiode. Different color LEDs has different color sensing capabilities. Red color LED can sense all the colors. At the receiver end we successfully reproduced an image for the shorter distance approximately 1 inch. We achieved lower data rate approximately 200 bps. V. APPLICATION The applications for this technology are infinite due to the fact that light is most likely the safest source of energy.  It will be used in Vehicle to Vehicle communication. Every car have LED lamps so with the use of this traffic update, weather information will be transmitted [1].
Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 242  It can be used in under water communication where RF does not work under water but visible light can support high speed data transmission over short distances in this environment. This could enable divers and underwater vehicles to talk to each other.    It can be used in petroleum or chemical plants where other transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.    It has ability to send data speedily and in a safe way so it will be used in defense and Security. Because of the fact that visible light cannot be detected on the other side of a wall.   It can be used for data transmission in hospitals and health care premises where mobile phones and Wi- Fi are not allowed.   VI. CONCLUSION  We have developed a system which transmit and receive an image using LED both as a transmitter and receiver. After series of experiments, we identify property of different color of LEDs that they are able to sense certain colors only. In this technique we have achieved Very low data rate which is nearer to 200 bits/sec for a distance of 1 inch. At the end of experiment we achieved successful reproduction of an image for 1 inch distance. VII. FUTURE WORK After so many test and experiments finally we successfully transmit and receive an image using LEDs for shorter distances due to sensing limitation of LEDs. Here we use 8-bit AVR microcontroller. One can use higher end microcontroller or DSP processor to achieve better result. High power LEDs can be used to improve range for the communication. To achieve higher data rate photodiode or photo transistor can be used. Here we established system only for one way communication in future it can be extended for bidirectional communication. VIII. REFERANCES [1] H. Parikh, J. Chokshi, N. Gala,” Wirelessly Transmitting a Grayscale Image using Visible Light ” IJCA (0975 – 8887) Volume 58 No.14, November 2012. [2] Devendra J.Varanva, Kantipudi MVV Prasad, “Various Aspects of Visible Light Communication and its applications”, e- DCSECT- 2013, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Technology (IJECT) Volume 4, Spl – 2 / Jan - March 2013,105-107. [3] Devendra J. Varanva, Kantipudi MVV Prasad ― LED to LED Communication using WDM‖, International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 72 –Number19, June 2013. [4] Dominic O’Brien, Hoa Le Minh, LubinZeng and Grahame Foulkner, Kyungwoo Lee, Daekwang Jung, YungJe Oh, Eun Tae Won, “Indoor Visible Light Communication: challenges and prospects”, proc. of SPIE vol.7091 709106. [5] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh and H. Haas “Practical Considerations for Indoor wireless Optical System Implementation using OFDM “, Downladable content from www.see.edu.ac.uk [6] Dominic C. O'Brien, LubinZeng, Hoa Le-Minh, Grahame Faulkner, Joachim W. Walewski, SebastianRandel, “Visible Light Communications: challenges and Possibilities”, Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2008. PIMRC 2008. IEEE 19th International Symposium on 15-18 Sept. 2008. [7] J Nagdev, D Sher, R Nathani, G Kalwani, “Wireless Data Transfer Using Light Fidelity”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064. [8] A.L. Intini “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for wireless networks”, Graduate student UCSB, Dec, 2000. [9] H. Le Minh , D. O. ;Brien , G. Faulkner , L. B. Zeng , K. Lee , D. Jung , Y. Oh and E. T. Won "100-Mb/s NRZ visible light communication using a post equalized white LED", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 15, pp.1063 -1065 2009. [10] P. Dietz, W. Yerazunis, and D. Leigh, “Very low-cost sensing and communication using bidirectional leds,” in UbiComp 2003: Ubiquitous Computing. Springer, 2003, pp. 175–191. [11] L. Zeng, D. O'Brien, H. Minh, G. Faulkner, K. Lee, D. Jung, Y.Oh, and E. Won, “High data rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless communications using white LED lighting,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications: Special Issue on Optical Wireless Communicatiosns, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1654-1662, December 2009. [12] Christian Pohlmann, ”Visible Light Communication”, publication from Seminar Communications standard in der Medizintechniks. [13] A.Burton, H.Le Minh, Z.Ghassemlooy, S.Rajbhandari and P.A.Haigh, ”Smart Receiver for Visible Light Communication: Design and Analysis”, 978-1-4577-1719-2/12, CROWN 2012. [14] Cen Liu, Bahareh Sadeghi, Edward W.Knightly,” Enabling Vehicular Visible Light Communication”,VANET‘11,September 23,2011.Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.ACM 978-1-4503-0869-4/11/09. [15] Mitsunori Miki, Emi Asayam, Tomoyuki Hiroyasu, “Intelligent Lighting System using Visible-Light Communication Technology”, IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems 2006, 1-6, June 2006. [16] J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Bandwidth Efficient Indoor Optical Wireless Communications with White Light emitting Diodes,” in Proc. of the 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing vol. 1, Graz, Austria, Jun. 23–25, 2008, pp 165-169.
Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 243 [17] S. Arai, T. Yamazato, T. Endo, T. Fujii, M. Tanimoto, K. Kidono, Y. Kimura, Y. Ninomiya, ―Experimental on Hierarchical Transmission Scheme for Visible Light Communication using LED Traffic Light and High-Speed Camera‖, IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007. VTC-2007 Fall. 2007, 2174 - 2178, Sept. 30 2007-Oct. 3 2007. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank guide of this project Kantipudi M V V Prasad and Devendra J.Varanva for providing their valuable guidance. The author also likes to thank friends and faculty members of school of engineering, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rk University for their support.

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Ijetcas14 374

  • 1. International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) www.iasir.net IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 240 ISSN (Print): 2279-0047 ISSN (Online): 2279-0055 WIRELESS IMAGE DIFFUSION USING LED TO LED COMMUNICATION 1 Solanki Yogeshkumar J. 2 Kantipudi MVV Prasad 1 PG Research Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE, RK University Rajkot, India ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are considered to represent the next generation of lighting and Communication technology. In this paper we proposed a system for wireless transmission of an image using LED to LED visible light Communication. In proposed methodology, we represent the LED as a both transmitter and receiver and free space as a transmission medium. This paper highlight the ability of LED to act as a light sensor and achieved very low data rate approximately 200 bps. Keywords: LED to LED Communication, Visible Light Communication, Serial Communication, LOS, LED __________________________________________________________________________________________ . I. INTRODUCTION At the present visible light communication is a rapidly emerging area so researchers are paying attention towards it. The visible light communication defines as the technology which consists of the visible light source as a signal transmitter, air as a transmission intermediate, and photodiode or LED as a receiving element [1]. Visible light is easily available in our routine life and it can easily distinguish by human eye. The bandwidth of visible light communication system is high with respect to radio frequency. Visible light is most trustworthy for the indoor communication because it is cost efficient, power efficient and reliable communication system [2]. The scheme for Visible light communication is shown in figures 1. Figure 1: Visible Light Communication Model We have developed a model in which we use one 3W Red LED light as source and receiving element. We have transmitted an image in terms of binary data using serial communication (RS-232) cable from pc to microcontroller. We use Atmega16 AVR controller to toggle LEDs at both transmitter and receiver side. To establish communication through LEDs we can turns it ON and OFF. When LEDs turns ON, “1” will be transmitted and when it turns OFF, “0” will be transmitted. This technique is known as “ON-OFF- Keying”. OOK, OFDM, PCM, PWM, etc are most popular modulation schemes for visible light communication. II. LED AS A PHOTODIODE After reading so many literatures we came to know that we can use LED as a light receiver or photodiode. By changing the polarity of LED like connecting voltage probe of multi meter to LED’s negative and ground probe to the LED’s positive. After throwing some light on LED we will achieve voltage in mV.
  • 2. Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 241 Figure 2: Various Arrangements to use LED as a sensor [2] Here we introduce three techniques which can be used for LED sensing [2]. These techniques have their own advantages so we can use these techniques for different purposes. As shown in figure 2, In first technique LED is connecting to Transistor because it can use as a level converter. For simple application this technique is easy and very effective. In second technique LED is connecting to Op-Amp which is very popular and useful to achieve high amplification. In third technique led is connecting to LED for bi-directional microcontroller at where it will act as a capacitor. When light falls on the LED it will discharge faster so we can calculate the intensity of light. Every color LEDs sensing ability is different because of wavelength emitted by them. Red LED has higher wavelength so it can sense every color. Its wavelength is closer to infrared spectrum. Whereas Blue LED can sense only Blue and White color. Here we are using third technique to use Led as a light sensor. Due to some limitations here we do one way communication. III. IMPLEMENTATION Here we use 5mm Red LED as a both transmitter and receiver because it can sense every color as discussed earlier [3]. In the transmitter section image was converted into a binary data using MATLAB tool box. If one have color image then first it will be converted into the black and white image and after that binary data will be produced from that black and white image. Here we can use any format of an image like .png, .jpg, .tiff etc. The information about Colum and row size of an image is being calculated using MATLAB code. Binary data is going to feed to the microcontroller using serial port MAX 232.Max 232 is 16 pin IC which convert the signals from RS-232 serial port. Here we use AVR microcontroller which is high performance, low power and 8-bit microcontroller. Binary data will be stored in the memory of microcontroller and it will transmit it one by one using Red LED. The code for the AVR microcontroller is prepared in Micro C Pro for AVR. At the receiver side, AVR microcontroller with NPN transistor is used. Red LED receives the binary data transmitted by the LED. First it receives the row and Colum size of an image from that it calculates the size of data. Received data will be stored in the memory of AVR microcontroller and it will given to the PC through Max 232 serial port. At where image will be generated based on the received data. We kept 1 inch distance between transmitter and receiver. IV. RESULT After series of experiments we come to know that LEDs can be used as a sensor or photodiode. Different color LEDs has different color sensing capabilities. Red color LED can sense all the colors. At the receiver end we successfully reproduced an image for the shorter distance approximately 1 inch. We achieved lower data rate approximately 200 bps. V. APPLICATION The applications for this technology are infinite due to the fact that light is most likely the safest source of energy.  It will be used in Vehicle to Vehicle communication. Every car have LED lamps so with the use of this traffic update, weather information will be transmitted [1].
  • 3. Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 242  It can be used in under water communication where RF does not work under water but visible light can support high speed data transmission over short distances in this environment. This could enable divers and underwater vehicles to talk to each other.    It can be used in petroleum or chemical plants where other transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.    It has ability to send data speedily and in a safe way so it will be used in defense and Security. Because of the fact that visible light cannot be detected on the other side of a wall.   It can be used for data transmission in hospitals and health care premises where mobile phones and Wi- Fi are not allowed.   VI. CONCLUSION  We have developed a system which transmit and receive an image using LED both as a transmitter and receiver. After series of experiments, we identify property of different color of LEDs that they are able to sense certain colors only. In this technique we have achieved Very low data rate which is nearer to 200 bits/sec for a distance of 1 inch. At the end of experiment we achieved successful reproduction of an image for 1 inch distance. VII. FUTURE WORK After so many test and experiments finally we successfully transmit and receive an image using LEDs for shorter distances due to sensing limitation of LEDs. Here we use 8-bit AVR microcontroller. One can use higher end microcontroller or DSP processor to achieve better result. High power LEDs can be used to improve range for the communication. To achieve higher data rate photodiode or photo transistor can be used. Here we established system only for one way communication in future it can be extended for bidirectional communication. VIII. REFERANCES [1] H. Parikh, J. Chokshi, N. Gala,” Wirelessly Transmitting a Grayscale Image using Visible Light ” IJCA (0975 – 8887) Volume 58 No.14, November 2012. [2] Devendra J.Varanva, Kantipudi MVV Prasad, “Various Aspects of Visible Light Communication and its applications”, e- DCSECT- 2013, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Technology (IJECT) Volume 4, Spl – 2 / Jan - March 2013,105-107. [3] Devendra J. Varanva, Kantipudi MVV Prasad ― LED to LED Communication using WDM‖, International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 72 –Number19, June 2013. [4] Dominic O’Brien, Hoa Le Minh, LubinZeng and Grahame Foulkner, Kyungwoo Lee, Daekwang Jung, YungJe Oh, Eun Tae Won, “Indoor Visible Light Communication: challenges and prospects”, proc. of SPIE vol.7091 709106. [5] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh and H. Haas “Practical Considerations for Indoor wireless Optical System Implementation using OFDM “, Downladable content from www.see.edu.ac.uk [6] Dominic C. O'Brien, LubinZeng, Hoa Le-Minh, Grahame Faulkner, Joachim W. Walewski, SebastianRandel, “Visible Light Communications: challenges and Possibilities”, Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2008. PIMRC 2008. IEEE 19th International Symposium on 15-18 Sept. 2008. [7] J Nagdev, D Sher, R Nathani, G Kalwani, “Wireless Data Transfer Using Light Fidelity”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064. [8] A.L. Intini “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for wireless networks”, Graduate student UCSB, Dec, 2000. [9] H. Le Minh , D. O. ;Brien , G. Faulkner , L. B. Zeng , K. Lee , D. Jung , Y. Oh and E. T. Won "100-Mb/s NRZ visible light communication using a post equalized white LED", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 15, pp.1063 -1065 2009. [10] P. Dietz, W. Yerazunis, and D. Leigh, “Very low-cost sensing and communication using bidirectional leds,” in UbiComp 2003: Ubiquitous Computing. Springer, 2003, pp. 175–191. [11] L. Zeng, D. O'Brien, H. Minh, G. Faulkner, K. Lee, D. Jung, Y.Oh, and E. Won, “High data rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless communications using white LED lighting,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications: Special Issue on Optical Wireless Communicatiosns, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1654-1662, December 2009. [12] Christian Pohlmann, ”Visible Light Communication”, publication from Seminar Communications standard in der Medizintechniks. [13] A.Burton, H.Le Minh, Z.Ghassemlooy, S.Rajbhandari and P.A.Haigh, ”Smart Receiver for Visible Light Communication: Design and Analysis”, 978-1-4577-1719-2/12, CROWN 2012. [14] Cen Liu, Bahareh Sadeghi, Edward W.Knightly,” Enabling Vehicular Visible Light Communication”,VANET‘11,September 23,2011.Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.ACM 978-1-4503-0869-4/11/09. [15] Mitsunori Miki, Emi Asayam, Tomoyuki Hiroyasu, “Intelligent Lighting System using Visible-Light Communication Technology”, IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems 2006, 1-6, June 2006. [16] J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Bandwidth Efficient Indoor Optical Wireless Communications with White Light emitting Diodes,” in Proc. of the 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing vol. 1, Graz, Austria, Jun. 23–25, 2008, pp 165-169.
  • 4. Solanki Yogeshkumar et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(3), March-May 2014, pp. 240-243 IJETCAS 14-374; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 243 [17] S. Arai, T. Yamazato, T. Endo, T. Fujii, M. Tanimoto, K. Kidono, Y. Kimura, Y. Ninomiya, ―Experimental on Hierarchical Transmission Scheme for Visible Light Communication using LED Traffic Light and High-Speed Camera‖, IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007. VTC-2007 Fall. 2007, 2174 - 2178, Sept. 30 2007-Oct. 3 2007. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank guide of this project Kantipudi M V V Prasad and Devendra J.Varanva for providing their valuable guidance. The author also likes to thank friends and faculty members of school of engineering, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rk University for their support.