An Adaptive Zero Voltage Mechanism for Boost Converter

IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 5, Issue 5 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 32-38
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
An Adaptive Zero Voltage Mechanism for Boost Converter
Sabitha.S.A.1
, V. Royna Daisy2
1. P.G.Student, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal.
2. Associate Professor/EEE, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal.
Abstract-This paper proposes a zero-voltage transition in a boost converter. The presence of adaptive
mechanism provides significant reduction in the converter volume, since the multiple switches is replaced by
variable frequency operation with a single switch. Also, the semiconductor elements benefit from soft-switching
conditions and thus, high efficiency is achieved to maintain continuity of supply. The other properties of the
proposed system include no extra voltage and current stresses on the main switches and the ease of control. The
proposed technique is fully analyzed for a boost converter and the reliability is achieved by Matlab simulation.
The simulation result proves that a successful set point value of 60V gives an accurate output voltage with input
voltage of 40V.
Index Terms - DC-DC converter, Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching), Adaptive
Mechanism.
I. Introduction
Electronic power processing technology has evolved around two fundamentally different circuit
schemes: duty-cycle modulation, commonly known as pulse-width modulation (PWM) and resonance. The
PWM technique [1], [4], [8] processes power by interrupting the power flow and controlling the duty-cycle,
thus, resulting in pulsating current and voltage waveforms. The resonant technique [10] processes power in a
sinusoidal form. Due to circuit simplicity and ease of control, the PWM technique [1], [4], [8] has been used
predominantly. With the advent of power MOSFET’s, the switching speed choice can be as tens of megahertz.
The two main difficulties with the semiconductor devices employing high switching frequency are high
switching stress and switching losses [4], [8].
The electronic circuits employed in power system [7], [10], operate with some supply voltage which is
usually assumed to be constant. For this purpose, a power electronic circuit like a voltage regulator [3]-[10]
maintains a constant voltage irrespective of change in load current or line voltage. The DC-DC [3]-[10]
converter inputs an unregulated DC voltage input and outputs a constant or regulated voltage. Compensation
techniques [2], [4], vary for different control schemes [3], [5], and a small signal analysis of system is necessary
to design a stable compensation circuit which can be established by PWM.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Existing system
A simplified mechanism for boost converter is done by making it reliable by reducing multiple
switches [5], [7], to obtain a constant output without switching losses. The switches convert the voltage level
between an energy storage device and the dc bus and thus constant output voltage is maintained for the

An Adaptive Zero Voltage Mechanism For Boost Converter
continuity of supply. The problems of increased switching stresses and losses [4], [8], and noise associated
with the converters for high switching frequency can be resolved using soft commutation techniques[1] which
can be applied to basic Non-Bidirectional converters (NBDCs) [1], [8]. The most interesting approaches under
soft switching condition are the Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT) and Zero-Current-Transition (ZCT) techniques
[1], [4], in which auxiliary circuits [8] are used to assist the switches to operate. Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT)
[3] provides a soft-switching function into conventional Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) [9] converters which
reduce switching losses.
The switching devices used in DC converters with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control [5], [6]
can be gated to synthesize desired shape of output voltage or output current at turn on and turn off conditions of
switch, due to which power loss occurs. For this reasons, soft switching converters are incorporated. The
complexity of power and control circuit was increasing by the use of two switches to achieve soft switching [4]
which is opted with a single switch.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In order to achieve the goal of less switching losses and stresses, the proposed boost converter has to be
made capable to withstand any disturbances on the input side as well as on the output side. For this reason,
initially a boost converter is designed as per standard norms and with a set value on the output side. The ZVS is
assigned to the switch to obtain the resonance. A feedback loop is introduced to achieve voltage regulation
where ZVS fail and a voltage other than ZVS is produced. The adaptive zero voltage mechanism includes a feed
forward controller which is employed by variable frequency operation by avoiding multiple switches. The
control circuit is made such that it will maintain the continuity of supply constant with the variable frequency
matching of the switch off time period of the converter and the resonance time period in the aspect of getting the
adaptive mechanism. The block diagram of the proposed boost converter system is as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2: Block Diagram of the Proposed Boost Converter System
A. Boost Mode of Operation.
The relationship of voltage and current for an inductor is:
(1)
Or
(2)
For a constant rectangular pulse:
(3)

From this we can see that the current is a linear ramp, when the voltage is a constant pulse. When the
transistor switches on, the current is:
(4)
Or
(5)
And when the transistor switches off the current is:
(6)
Or
(7)
Where VD is the voltage drop across the diode and VTrans is the voltage drop across the transistor. Note that the
continuous/discontinuous boundary occurs when io is zero. By equating through delta i, we can solve for Vout:
(8)
If we neglect the voltage drops across the transistor and diode then:
(9)
So it is clear that the output voltage is related directly to the duty cycle of the pulses. It can be seen
from Equation (1), that the inductance is inversely proportional to the ripple current. In other words, to reduce
the ripple, then use a larger inductor. Thus, in practice, a ripple current is decided upon which will give a
reasonable inductance. So when choosing an inductor make sure that the saturation current of the inductor is
greater than ipk. Likewise, the transistor should be able to handle peak current greater than ipk. The inductor
should also be chosen such that it can handle the appropriate rms current. The instability can be corrected by
choosing a large enough inductor so that the ripple current is greater than twice the minimum load current.
When this condition is met then the inductor is always in continuous mode. This can be expressed as follows:
(10)
The resonant L-C circuit is introduced to create the zero voltage condition. The resonant capacitor
produces a zero voltage across the switch at which instant the switch can be turned in or off. The output current
can be assumed to be a constant during the high frequency resonant cycle.
B. ZVS Boost Mode of Operation
A ZVS boost PWM dc-dc converter is used for the simulation. The input voltage is kept at 10V.
The load resistance is kept at 30. The output filter capacitor is chosen as 100µF.The boost inductor is selected as
Ls =2mH. The resonant component selected is as follows: Lr = 56.83µH and Cr = 10nF, corresponds to the
resonant frequency of around 211 kHz. The switching frequency is selected as 120 kHz. The switch is controlled
by a signal clock.

Figure 3:Proposed ZVS Boost Topology
The proposed boost converter comprising of ZVS topology is as shown in figure 3. The
output can be controlled by changing the duty cycle parameter for the clock. The switch and diode are
considered as ideal.
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTROL CIRCUIT
A. PWM control:
The PWM block compares the compensator output with another ramp signal to give the variation in
duty cycle. The source from where the ramp signal is generated leads to different control schemes. The control
scheme used in the proposed system is PI control. By using pulse-width modulation (PWM) control, regulation
of output voltage is achieved by varying the duty cycle of the switch. It maintains a constant switching
frequency and varies the duty cycle. It is also stated that Power MOSFET’s are more suitable than BJT at power
output of the order of 50 W. The voltage or current source is supplied to the analog load by means of a repeating
series of on and off pulses. In resonant switched mode power supplies the control circuit regulates the output by
varying the switching frequency and fixing the on or off time of the switch.
B. PI control:
The function of PI is to regulate the boost converter so that it stays close to the nominal operating
point in the presence of disturbances and noise. The integral term in a PI controller causes the steady state error
to reduce to zero, which is not the case for proportional-only control in general. If a controller starts from a
stable state at zero error (PV = SP), then further changes by the controller will be in response to changes in other
measured or unmeasured inputs to the process that impact on the process, and hence on the PV. Negative
feedback is employed to maintain voltage regulation regardless of disturbances in input voltage or load current
or variations in component values. The duty cycle is varied in the feedback loop to compensate for these
variations. A voltage reference is used to compare with the output voltage. Sensor gain is used to scale down the
output to be equal to voltage reference. The error signal thus generated is fed to the compensator which is the
key part to be designed to ensure stability of total feedback loop. Compensator design affects the overshoot,
steady state error and transient response of the loop. The proportional term is given by:
POUT = Kp e (t) (11)
Where
Pout : Proportional output
Kp : Proportional Gain, a tuning parameter
e : Error = SP – PV (set point-present value)
t : Time or instantaneous time (the present)
A high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error.
If the proportional gain is too high, the system can become unstable. The integral term is given by:
(12)
Where
Iout : Integral output
Ki : Integral Gain, a tuning parameter

e : Error = SP − PV
t : Time in the past contributing to the integral response
Since the integral term is responding to accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the present
value to overshoot the set point value (cross over the set point and then create a deviation in the other direction).
The outputs the proportional and integral terms are summed to calculate the output of the PI controller. At this
stage, the ZVS will fail such that the OFF time is maintained at 1ms to satisfy PWM when there is disturbance
or variation in input side voltage of the boost converter. Larger Ki implies steady state errors are eliminated
quicker.
C. Adaptive Mechanism:
Adaptively regulating the supply voltage realizes potential savings without sacrificing peak
performance. This technique requires a feedback loop and supply-voltage regulator to set the supply voltage to a
value for any desired frequency of operation. The inductor current is a function of the load current. The
converter’s operation changes from continuous conduction mode CCM, to discontinuous conduction mode
(DCM) when the inductor ripple current is higher than the average value. The difference between the desired
performance and the measured performance (the error) acts through an adaptation law to force the model to
match the real system.
The adaptive mechanism introduced in the proposed system is the feed forward controller. Combined
feed forward plus feedback control can significantly improve performance over simple feedback control
whenever there is a major disturbance that can be measured before it affects the process output. The economic
benefits of feed forward control can come from lower operating costs and/or increased stability of the product
due to its more consistent quality. Feed forward control is always used along with feedback control because a
feedback control system is required to track set point changes and to suppress unmeasured disturbances that are
always present in any real process.
Let TR be the resonant half wave time. The relation for the carrier signal frequency and the resonant
frequency can be derived as follows:
(13)
(14)
The aim of the proposed system is:
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
The ultimate result is that the resonant frequency should coincide or match with the off period
frequency for the system to maintain stability. This is achieved by variable frequency operation by varying the
duty ratio. Thus a successful adaptive mechanism is developed with excellent load regulation and input line
regulation. The system improves the performance and reliability with good economic consideration.
IV. Results and Discussions
According to the discussions in the existing system, it is implemented for 50V for V1 and 100V for V2.
The converter is operated at 100 kHz and an output power of 240W. The designed values for n, Llk, and Cs were
1/3, 2µH and 10nF respectively. The value of LM is selected as 360µH. The experimental results shown in
Figures 9 and 10 represent the voltage of the main and the auxiliary switches respectively. The output voltage is
not an accurate continuous DC voltage.
The Figures 7 and 8 shows the output voltage with single switch which is designed for the proposed
Boost converter for the zero voltage adaptive mechanism. The output obtained for the adaptive mechanism is the

frequency resonance matching with the off time period and the boost converter successfully operated for a set
value of 60V.The set values can be changed according to the load requirements such that the duty ratio is
adjusted. The simulation diagram of the boost converter with adaptive mechanism is shown in Figure 4.
Fig 4: Simulation diagram of the Boost converter with Adaptive system
A set output value of 60V is given with PI controller of values K p = 0.001, K i = 0.5, output initial value
= 0.7 and sample time = 5e-6
s. The load value is taken as 10Ω. The f (u) value chosen is f (u) = ((2-
(1.2*u))*1)/((150*5e-6
*1.7)) with sample time = -1s. The capacitor value across the main diode is taken as 1e-
100
F. The designed values for the other elements in the circuit are as follows: Vin = 30V, L=2e-3
H, C = 100e-3
F,
MOSFET: Ron= 0.1Ω, Rd= 0.01 Ω, Rs= 1e5
Ω, Diode: Ron= 0.001 Ω, Vf = 0.8V, R (Load) = 10 Ω. Unlike the soft
switching in [1] and [4], it can be seen that there are no extra voltage and current stresses for the boost converter
with single switch, by completely avoiding the hard switching without any auxiliary switches. With the advent
of adaptive mechanism, it can be observed that the ZVS condition is well worked at almost turn-off time to
match the resonance time to meet the stability requirements.
Figure 5: Voltage waveform of the existing Figure 6: Voltage waveform of the existing
System with the main switch operation system with the auxiliary switch operation

Fig 7: Output voltage with Adaptive mechanism Fig 8: ZVS across the switch with the
change in duty ratio
IV. Conclusion
The main objective of the proposed system is to develop a boost converter with an adaptive mechanism
to obtain a regulated output for the continuity of supply for DC link transmission. The mechanism is adopted by
making it reliable such that the multiple switches are reduced to obtain a constant output without switching
losses. The switches convert the voltage level between an energy storage device and the dc bus, and thus
constant output voltage is maintained for the continuity of supply. Zero-voltage transition (ZVT) allows a soft-
switching function into conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) converters to reduce switching losses. The
experimental results have been checked with Matlab simulation with desired output voltage.
References
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Author Profile:
Sabitha.S.A. –She has received the B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from P.A.Aziz
College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India under Kerala University in 2007and
currently persuing M.E. in Power Electronics and Drives from Paavai Engineering College,Namakkal, Tamil
Nadu, India under Anna University, Chennai (2011-2013). During 2008-2011, she has worked as Lecturer in
EEE Department under M.G.University, Kerala, India.
V.Royna Daisy-She has received M.E. in Applied Electronics and currently working as Associate Professor in
EEE Department in Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India under Anna University,
Chennai. She is currently persuing Ph.D.

An Adaptive Zero Voltage Mechanism for Boost Converter

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An Adaptive Zero Voltage Mechanism for Boost Converter