The Western Energy Corridor contains world-class energy resources that are critical to ensuring energy security for North America. The region has substantial oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, and renewable energy resources. It also has infrastructure like pipelines, transmission lines, and rail to access these resources. States and provinces in the corridor have an opportunity to collaborate on challenges and opportunities around developing these resources to support regional economic development.
This document summarizes John Browne's career pushing for fracking in the UK. It describes him as the controversial face of fracking in the UK, which faces strong public opposition over environmental concerns. As the former CEO of BP and now chairman of Cuadrilla Resources, Browne has become a prominent advocate for developing UK shale gas through fracking. He argues it could provide significant economic and energy security benefits to the country, though environmental groups warn it may undermine efforts to address climate change. The document outlines Browne's long career in oil and role in pivotal industry developments, as well as the debate around fracking's environmental impacts.
The Value of Fugitive Methane Emissions From Oil & Gas SectorsAnthony Andrews
This document summarizes methane emissions from the oil, gas, and coal sectors in the United States. It finds that these sectors contributed approximately 38% of total US methane emissions in 2012, with the natural gas and petroleum systems accounting for 28.5% and coal mining accounting for 9.8%. Methane is emitted during extraction and processing activities across these industries. While methane emissions have declined overall since 1990 due to regulatory efforts and technology improvements, emissions are rising again with increased production from shale gas and tight oil. The document reviews emission sources, trends, measurement challenges, mitigation technologies, and policies aimed at reducing fugitive methane emissions from these energy industries.
The document discusses lessons learned from protecting the ozone layer through the Montreal Protocol. It argues that breakthrough technologies, not just policies, are needed to address climate change. The Montreal Protocol was successful because it overcame conflicts and biases through pragmatic technology assessments. Companies developed alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, with benefits for the environment and economy. Similarly, low-carbon energy sources and carbon sequestration technologies must be developed and scaled up to create prosperity for future generations while protecting the climate.
The document provides an overview of global shale activity, including:
- Major shale basins around the world, their estimated resources, development stages, and key operators.
- The largest shale basins include the West Siberian basin in Russia, the Neuquen basin in Argentina, and various basins in North America.
- Shale development faces challenges of infrastructure, technology, capital availability, and public opposition in some countries.
- As shale resources are developed globally, they have the potential to significantly impact international energy supply and demand.
This document summarizes Southern Company's research and development activities and partnerships with the Department of Energy. It describes Southern Company's approach of conducting research through centralized laboratories and collaborations. It highlights several coal-based technology demonstration projects resulting from the DOE/Southern Company partnership, including scrubbers, SCR systems, and carbon capture and storage. It also summarizes key projects like the National Carbon Capture Center and Kemper County IGCC plant.
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan - Dr S. Julio FriedmannGlobal CCS Institute
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan
Global CCS Institute, delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Third Americas Forum
Feb. 27th, 2014, Washington, DC
Eth prod mag draft for aug 07 publicationSam Rushing
The document discusses carbon dioxide (CO2) as a coproduct of ethanol production. It notes that previously, a major source of CO2 was ammonia production, but many ammonia plants have closed. Now, ethanol facilities provide a significant portion of CO2 supply, especially in the Midwest where there is a regional oversupply. The author argues that ethanol producers should evaluate CO2 markets and consider capturing and selling CO2 to maximize revenues and prepare for potential future regulations around emissions.
The document provides an overview of British Columbia's developing liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry. It notes that BC has an abundant supply of natural gas and is seeking to capitalize on growing Asian demand by developing LNG export facilities. Several major LNG projects are currently proposed or under development in coastal communities like Kitimat and Prince Rupert that would represent billions in investment and job opportunities if completed. The government aims to have three LNG export terminals operational by 2020 to help diversify BC's energy export markets beyond North America and strengthen the provincial economy.
This document provides the UK's first hydrogen strategy, outlining plans to develop a thriving hydrogen economy and meet an ambition of 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production by 2030.
It takes a holistic, whole-systems approach, examining each part of the hydrogen value chain from production to distribution to end uses. Key actions include scaling up production from green and blue hydrogen, developing hydrogen networks and storage infrastructure, and increasing demand across sectors like industry, power generation, buildings and transport.
The strategy aims to position the UK as a global leader in hydrogen technologies and realize economic opportunities through new jobs, exports and investment. It establishes a strategic framework with clear goals and roadmaps to guide development of the hydrogen sector over the
David Freed (8 Rivers Capital), ELEEP Virtual Discussion on NET PowerELEEP Network
1) NET Power has developed a novel power generation process called the Allam Cycle that produces electricity with near-zero emissions using supercritical carbon dioxide.
2) NET Power is constructing a 50MW demonstration plant in Texas to test the Allam Cycle process at commercial scale and obtain performance data.
3) Initial studies indicate the Allam Cycle process offers significant operational flexibility compared to traditional power plants and can help enable deep decarbonization of the electricity sector cost effectively.
The document summarizes a feasibility study for the proposed Eagle Downs Coal Project in Queensland, Australia. Key points include:
- The project involves developing an underground longwall hard coking coal mine with a planned production of over 5 million tonnes per year.
- A definitive feasibility study estimated the total capital cost at $1.25-1.26 billion and found the project would have an internal rate of return of 15.16-15.22% and payback period of 2022-2025, indicating it is economically viable.
- The target coal seams are the Harrow Creek Upper, Harrow Creek Lower and Dysart seams, which are estimated to contain a JOR
Rare earths are making a rabble-rousing comeback and Commerce Resources Corp....Stephan Bogner
Most recently, U.S. President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau committed to building an EV (“Electric Vehicle“) supply chain between both countries. “The move comes as demand for electrified transportation is set to surge over the next decade“, Reuters noted and added that “Washington is increasingly viewing Canada as a kind of ´51st State´ for mineral supply purposes and plans to deepen financial and logistical partnerships with the country’s mining sector over time, according to a U.S. government source“. In light of China still dominating the rare earth elements (“REEs“) supply chains and a supply gap emerging over the next few years, new REE projects are needed to meet future demand.
Presentation given by Dr Maria Chiara Ferrari from University of Edinburgh on "Capturing CO2 from air: Research at the University of Edinburgh" at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
CCUS in the USA: Activity, Prospects, and Academic Research - plenary presentation given by Alissa Park at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
New base 22 may 2021 energy news issue 1433 by khaled al awadiKhaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 May 2021 Energy News issue - 1433 by Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 May 2021 Energy News issue - 1433 by Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 May 2021 Energy News issue - 1433 by Khaled Al Awadi
The document provides details about ADCO's CO2 injection pilot project in the Bab Far North Field. The objectives are to collect technical data to assess CO2 injection effectiveness for enhanced oil recovery and to reduce CO2 emissions. The project involves injecting CO2 alternately with water into wells via a CO2 pipeline. It describes the design basis including capacities, fluid properties, and the process design for CO2 and water injection and production systems. It also outlines operating, control, startup, and changeover philosophies for injection well and pipeline operations.
Webinar: Fundamentals of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (English)Global CCS Institute
CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) involves injecting carbon dioxide into depleted oil reservoirs to increase oil production. CO2 acts as a solvent, reducing oil viscosity and allowing more oil to be extracted. CO2-EOR has been applied successfully in light oil reservoirs undergoing primary and secondary recovery. It works through various flooding patterns and relies on the pressure and properties of the injected CO2 to displace oil towards producing wells. Successful CO2 floods have achieved 15-20% or more additional oil recovery and also provide a means to store carbon dioxide underground. The U.S. has significant potential to apply CO2-EOR techniques and further develop domestic oil reserves while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Lessons Learned on CO2 Storage from the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration...Global CCS Institute
Completing field tests that demonstrate that geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) can be conducted safely and commercially is one step towards developing robust strategies for mitigating large point source CO2 emissions.
The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program (MRCSP) large volume CO2 injection test is providing data for improving capacity estimates and demonstrating storage capacity within a regionally significant resource. MRCSP is also evaluating CO2 storage potential in Ohio and other areas of the Midwest and the East Coast through regional mapping and exploratory site characterization. Lessons learned from pressure data analysis, modeling, monitoring technologies assessment, accounting, regional mapping and exploration enable technology advancements needed to help carbon capture and storage reach a commercial stage.
This webinar presented an update of the progress made to date and key findings from the MRCSP large volume CO2 injection test and regional exploration work. The topics that were covered include:
Background
- About the MRCSP
- Research objectives
Large Volume CO2 Injection Test, Approaches and Results:
- Description/Overview
- Data Uses
- Pressure Data Analysis and Modelling
- Monitoring Technology Assessment
- Accounting
Regional Mapping and Characterization of Storage Resources
- Known Sources and Sinks
- Studies of Reservoirs and Seals Underway
Modelling Fault Reactivation, Induced Seismicity, and Leakage During Underground CO2 Injection, Jonny Rutquvist - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
EOR methods involve injecting various substances into oil fields to increase the amount of oil extracted. Primary recovery uses natural reservoir pressure to extract 5-10% of oil. Secondary recovery injects water or gas to extract an additional 25-30% of oil. Tertiary recovery injects different materials like steam, CO2, polymers or surfactants to extract another 20-30% of oil remaining after primary and secondary recovery. The three main EOR categories are thermal, gas, and chemical injection. Thermal injection uses heat to reduce oil viscosity while gas injection uses gases like CO2, nitrogen or natural gas to increase oil recovery. Chemical injection uses polymers, alkali or surfactants to improve oil mobility.
CMG provides three reservoir simulation software packages: IMEX, GEM, and STARS. IMEX is a black oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs. GEM is a compositional simulator that can model complex fluid behavior, including processes where inter-phase mass transfer is important. STARS is an advanced simulator used for thermal modeling and complex reactions. It is the industry standard for modeling chemical EOR processes, including polymer flooding, low salinity flooding, and microbial EOR. CMG has extensive experience using STARS to model H2S bacterial souring through history matching and forecasting. Reservoir engineers can choose the appropriate CMG simulator based on the reservoir fluids and recovery process being modeled.
The document summarizes key discussions from a symposium on using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to accelerate deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. It finds that EOR currently uses around 65 million metric tons of CO2 annually, capturing around 5% of US oil production, but that EOR could potentially store 35-50 billion barrels of additional oil using larger volumes of CO2. It notes challenges to integrating EOR and CCS programs, given different motivations of operators, but finds EOR could store the CO2 from 15 years of all US coal plants or 60 years from 25% of coal plants. It emphasizes issues around ensuring permanent CO2 storage and accounting for recycled CO2 in EOR
On July 23, 2010, the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) and the Bureau of Economic Geology at the
University of Texas (UT-BEG) co-hosted a symposium on the Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The motivation
for the symposium lies with the convergence of two national energy priorities: enhancement
of domestic oil production through increased tertiary recovery; establishment of large-scale CCS
as an enabler for continued coal use in a future carbon-constrained world. These security and
environmental goals can both be advanced by utilizing the carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from
coal (and natural gas) combustion for EOR, but many questions remain about the efficacy and
implementation of such a program at large scale. The symposium aimed to lay out the issues and
to explore what might be an appropriate government role.
The document discusses carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology and its potential application in the Permian Basin. It provides background on CO2 flooding techniques and their advantages. It then examines a case study of a CO2 flooding project in the Denver Unit of the Wasson oil field, noting that CO2 injection helped arrest declining oil production. The document estimates that CO2 EOR could potentially recover 100 billion barrels of oil in the US. It also discusses how next-generation CO2 EOR technologies could expand application, utilization of captured CO2, and storage potential to provide economic incentives for carbon capture and storage.
This document discusses carbon capture and storage (CCS) as an approach to mitigating climate change. It describes the three main steps of CCS: capture of carbon dioxide from large emission sources like power plants; transport of the captured CO2; and underground storage. Several operational CCS plants are highlighted as examples. The document examines the costs and energy requirements of CCS technologies currently, but notes costs are expected to decline over time. It also explores the potential role of CCS in reconciling development of hydrocarbon resources with emission reduction goals.
This document summarizes the key arguments made by Shahla Werner of the Sierra Club regarding carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and nuclear energy as potential solutions to climate change. It notes that while CCS could reduce emissions, the technology is not yet economically viable or proven at a large scale. It also raises health, environmental and economic concerns with nuclear energy, including uranium mining, waste storage, aging reactors, costs, and vulnerability to terrorism. The document concludes that both CCS and nuclear are too slow to adequately address the urgent problem of climate change.
The best overview of CO2 EOR I've seen crabtreeSteve Wittrig
Brad Crabtree, "The critical role of CCS and EOR in managing US carbon emissions" in "CO2 Summit II: Technologies and
Opportunities", Holly Krutka, Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association Inc. Frank Zhu, UOP/Honeywell Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2016). http://dc.engconfintl.org/co2_summit2/3
The Global CCS Institute presented a workshop at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) ‘Carbon Management Technology Conference’ in Alexandria, Virginia on 20 October 2013.
EPA Fact Sheet for Proposed Amendments to Air Regulations for the Oil and Nat...Marcellus Drilling News
An overview of the proposed new rule changes EPA is proposing to prevent air pollution from hydraulic fracturing used in the oil and gas industry. The new rule changes seek to reduce the level of volatile organic compounds the EPA says are escaping into the air around drilling operations--from well pads, compressor plants, pipelines and other industry-related activities.
This document summarizes a presentation on utilizing wasted flare gas resources for mobile CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). It notes that significant amounts of flare gas are wasted in North Dakota and Alberta that could potentially be used for CO2-EOR. A portable system called PERT is described that can generate CO2 from flare gas on-site for CO2-EOR or other uses. Analyses estimate the CO2 emissions reductions from displacing other fuels and sequestering CO2 from flare gas in oil reservoirs through CO2-EOR. Higher emissions reductions are estimated if more advanced CO2 injection strategies are also utilized.
This document discusses meeting future energy needs in the UK through various sources such as shale gas fracturing, wind power, and natural gas. It notes that oil and gas currently make up 85% of UK energy supply and may still fill over 70% of demand through the 2040s. Shale gas is highlighted as a potential new source that could be extracted through hydraulic fracturing, though this process is variable and requires gas-fired plants as backup. Overall the document provides an overview of current and potential future energy sources and infrastructure in the UK.
Carbon capture and storage aims to prevent CO2 emissions from large stationary sources like power plants from entering the atmosphere. It involves capturing about 90% of CO2 emissions, compressing and transporting it, then permanently storing it underground. CO2 can be stored in deep saline formations or depleted oil and gas fields, where it becomes trapped between rock grains and in the pores of reservoir rocks. Several CCS projects have already stored millions of tons of CO2 underground for decades. While CCS could help slow the rise of atmospheric CO2, it is still a relatively new technology that requires further development and legal/regulatory frameworks to become widely implemented.
Summit Power Group is a developer of clean energy projects including carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. Sasha Mackler discussed Summit's focus on developing CCS projects to provide CO2 for enhanced oil recovery and produce low-carbon electricity. Mackler outlined two of Summit's major CCS projects - the Texas Clean Energy Project, a coal gasification facility that will capture 3 million tons of CO2 per year, and the Captain Clean Energy Project in the UK, which will capture over 3.8 million tons of CO2 per year from an integrated gasification combined cycle facility. Mackler noted that while CCS technologies are commercially viable, successful large-scale projects are still needed to demonstrate the business case for implementing C
This document presents information on carbon capture and storage (CCS). It defines CCS as a process to separate CO2 from large industrial sources, transport it, and store it long-term to isolate it from the atmosphere. It discusses why CCS is needed to address rising CO2 levels and potential climate change. It also outlines the key components of CCS - carbon capture techniques, storage options like depleted oil/gas fields and saline aquifers, and costs. Finally, it briefly describes some existing CCS projects around the world.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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GREEN ENERGY’S ECONOMIC PROGRESS
Reducing carbon missions by 51% in 2030
-Environmental, social, and governance funds have more than tripled to reach $2 Trillion.
-Three new “Mean Green” board members are forcing Exxon to clean up its act.
-GM is betting big on batteries for electric vehicles with a new $2.3 billion plant in Ohio.
-Advances in electric vehicles and next-generation nuclear reactors are helping the US achieve its goal of reducing carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.
This document summarizes information about carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. It discusses how CCS works to capture carbon dioxide at large emission sources like power plants and store it underground. Storage options include geological formations like saline aquifers and depleted oil/gas fields. The document also provides examples of existing CCS projects and discusses concerns about safety and leakage of stored carbon dioxide. It notes that CCS could reduce emissions from power plants by 80-90% but increase costs by 30-60% and that a variety of solutions including CCS, efficiency and renewables will be needed to address climate change.
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
Similar to Eor the co2 challenge nov2014 gasworld article (20)
Profitability and efficiency analyses of organic temperate vegetable producti...Open Access Research Paper
This research analyzed the profitability and efficiency of organic temperate vegetable production through the supply chain approach. Survey, key informant interviews, participant observation and archival research were used to gather data. Thirty eight (38) producers and 11 traders in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Region III and Region IVA served as respondents. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and efficiency analysis were used to analyze research results. The emergence of new breeds of players makes the marketing channel of organic vegetables in the CAR complex compared to a simpler, more modern and integrated chain in the regions outside of the CAR. The six key players in the marketing of organic vegetables are the cooperative, assembler-wholesaler-retailer, assembler-wholesaler, assembler- retailer, retailer and institutional buyers. Returns to total expenses were highest for native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli and lettuce ranging from 100 percent to 235 percent. Native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce give higher profits to farmers ranging from 49.00 pesos to 71.00 pesos per kilogram. The production of cabbage, native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce requires low capital, labor and land use intensity indicating high efficiency. Value chain and marketing margin analyses show cost and margin differentials across players and across geographic locations indicating variations in the distribution of benefits among key actors. With the premium price that organic products command and the low capitalization, land and labor utilization needed, organic temperate vegetable production is profitable and efficient which determine its sustainability in the long run.
Emergency response preparedness for Monsoon in humanitarian response.Mohammed Nizam
Emergency Preparedness for Monsoon presentation will help to know the protection risks due to heavy monsoon in refugee camps, emergency response plan, anticipatory action plan, challenges for monsoon and mitigation measures.
Soil Stabilization Techniques for Improved Road Construction (2).pdfEnvirotac Inc.
"Without infrastructure, society crumbles." This famous saying by Tom Selleck may sound like a little overstatement, but it doesn't lie too far from reality. Consider first the fact that in 2012, FHWA reported there to be more than 1.4 million miles of unpaved roads in the United States, accounting for more than one-third at 35 percent of the country's total road network. Poorly constructed and unstable roads can interrupt the economic lifeblood of communities in ways experienced everywhere, from daily commutes to the way goods are moved. That is where soil stabilization comes in—a very critical technique that can transform weak soil into a robust foundation, ensuring the longevity and reliability of roads.
Denzel Washington Siblings: A Comprehensive Look at the Family Behind the Legendgreendigital
Introduction
Denzel Washington is synonymous with exceptional talent and a distinguished career in Hollywood. But, behind the celebrated actor is a family that has shaped the man we see today. This article delves deep into the lives of Denzel Washington siblings. Exploring their individual stories, relationships, and contributions to the Washington family's legacy.
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Early Life and Family Background
The Washington Family Roots
Denzel Washington was born on December 28, 1954, in Mount Vernon. New York, to Reverend Denzel Hayes Washington Sr. and Lennis "Lynne" Lowe Washington. His parents were pivotal figures in their community. with his father serving as a Pentecostal minister and his mother as a beauty parlor owner. This robust and faith-driven upbringing laid the foundation for the values and discipline that Denzel and his siblings would carry throughout their lives.
Siblings: An Overview
Denzel Washington is one of three children. His older sister, Lorice Washington, and younger brother. David Washington, have each carved out their paths. contributing to their family and society. This section overviews their early lives before diving into more detailed biographies.
Lorice Washington: The Eldest Sister
Early Life and Education
Lorice Washington, the eldest of the Washington siblings. was born in Mount Vernon, New York. Growing up in a household that emphasized education and hard work. Lorice excelled in her studies and known for her nurturing nature. She often took on a caretaking role for her younger brothers.
Career and Personal Life
Lorice pursued a career in education, inspired by her parents' commitment to community and service. She became a well-respected teacher. dedicating her life to shaping young minds and fostering a love for learning. Lorice's influence on her students and her dedication to her profession reflect the values instilled in her by her parents.
Relationship with Denzel
As the eldest sibling, Lorice has always shared a close bond with Denzel. Their relationship characterized by mutual respect and admiration. Denzel often credits his sister for her unwavering support and for being a role model in his life. Their sibling bond has remained strong over the years. with Lorice playing a pivotal role in Denzel's personal and professional life.
David Washington: The Younger Brother
Early Life and Education
David Washington, the youngest of the Washington siblings. was also born in Mount Vernon, New York. Like his siblings, David raised in a household that valued discipline, education, and faith. He attended local schools and known for his athletic abilities and charming personality.
Career and Personal Life
Unlike his famous brother, David's career path diverged from the entertainment industry. He pursued a business career, leveraging his skills and education to build a successful professional life. David's entrepreneurial spirit and dedication to his work are testaments to the strong work et
Denzel Washington Siblings: A Comprehensive Look at the Family Behind the Legend
Eor the co2 challenge nov2014 gasworld article
1. SPECIAL FEATURE
Enhanced oil recovery
The CO2 challenge – and opportunity
By Sam A. Rushing
Carbon dioxide-based enhanced
oil recovery (EOR) projects in
North America found their early
beginnings in the 1970s and 1980s,
via natural sourcing from the Colorado-located
McElmo Dome and Sheep
Mountain sources, coupled with the New
Mexico Bravo Dome, and high capacity
pipelines serving projects in the Permian
Basin and surrounding region.
Over time these projects began to
proliferate. In Mississippi, the Jackson
Dome supplied natural reserves to
regional projects surrounding the Mid-
Southern US region. Exxon’s large natural
gas processing facility near La Barge,
Wyoming recovered carbon dioxide (CO2)
for regional floods, much of which into the
Powder River Basin. Gas processing plants
located in West Texas, such as the Century
and Val Verde plants, also serve the
Permian Basin’s demands, while ammonia
plants in Kansas and Oklahoma further
serve regional CO2 floods.
And I personally worked on Burlington
Resources’ Lost Cabin, Wyoming gas
processing plant’s CO2 by-product, which
also eventually went into the network for
recovery of oil in the Powder River Basin.
Almost 140 active CO2-based EOR
projects are found in the US today, of
which over 50% are found in Texas
and Oklahoma, and primarily Texas.
Mississippi is also high on the list of
the number of projects, followed by
the Rocky Mountain regions, primarily
Wyoming. Some estimates place existing
pipelines to represent well over 3,000
miles in length, and many wells yield an
additional 5-20% of oil production.
This application has grown such that
today, it is said some 3.5 billion cubic
feet per day represent the US EOR
industry; with up to 68 million metric
tons per year of CO2 helping to produce
almost 300,000 barrels of oil per day.
Some US estimates for EOR demand
represent nearly 6.4 billion cubic feet per
day of CO2 supply by 2020. Of this future
supply, the lion’s share will generally have
to come from sources other than what
limited natural reserves are available;
hence products of (natural gas borne)
ammonia, ethylene oxide, gas processing,
and then coal, gas, and biomass-fired
flue gas sources. Some additional natural
reserves will be developed in places such
as New Mexico’s St. John’s Dome.
The challenge – Affordable CO2
Some estimates indicate while EOR
production has steadily increased over
the last few years, the growth in the EOR
sector has been hampered by affordable
and available supplies of the commodity
to the project sites.
The primary sites and regions for
the lowest cost enriched sources of
CO2 are largely found in New Mexico,
Colorado, and Mississippi. In the
long-term, the need for increased and
strategically available sources will
require affordable CO2 from by-product
sources which drive inherent dynamics
of affordability themselves - including
large-scale industrial chemical and
energy by-product operations, like those
of North America’s newfound natural
gas abundance. Subsidies provided
by government support and carbon-reduction
schemes affiliated with such
programmes will also be factors here.
All of these forces and mechanisms
can represent the delivery of significant
new CO2 to EOR demands, in a much
more affordable manner. Given the
relatively expensive nature of flue gas
recovery from power projects, economic
and environmental incentives will be
necessary to bridge this cost-related gap,
making it advantageous to sequester CO2
via EOR rather than emitting it into the
atmosphere. All of this can be necessary,
due to the high cost of building and
operating pipelines; often costing from
$1m to $1.5m per mile of construction.
There is heightened interest in EOR
projects in North America more than
ever before. Given a combination of
the correct geology, well pressures, and
allied chemical factors, CO2 is often the
agent most highly sought. However, as
always, the laid-in cost to the projects
– as in the merchant sector – are highly
driven by the distance from the source
to the injection site. In many ways, this
is perhaps the greatest challenge and
limiting factor for CO2-based EOR.
Texas – The EOR leader
Southeastern Texas, based upon my
consulting work in the industry, is a
good example of regions seeking greater
42 | gasworld • November 2014 www.gasworld.com/specialfeatures
2. SPECIAL FEATURE
and this includes as a by-product from
many more source types, particularly
those which are consistent with
today’s and tomorrow’s oil and gas
boon. Ethylene oxide and natural gas
processing facilities, as well as plans for
new ammonia plants, all linked to the
domestic surge in natural gas production
as a result of the ‘shale gale’ will also be
key to supplying more EOR projects
- and ultimately result in sending less
COinto the atmosphere. As more
2 efficient and cheaper recovery solvents
and processes are developed to serve
the coal-fired power sector, the greatest
environmental offender will be put to
rest, often in service of EOR.
As for EOR ventures, and large
suppliers of COfor such projects, the
2 time ahead is particularly exciting and
profitable; and this industry will realise
more growth and success ahead with the
demands outlined above. Of course, the
strategic nature of COsourcing, and the
2 challenges for unconventional recovery
methods, are indeed the challenges
faced by these projects. But the benefits
of greenhouse gas reduction and oil
recovery from otherwise depleted wells
makes it a ‘win-win’ situation.
For the raw gas suppliers, this is great
news, particularly if and when CO2
emissions mandates occur. Likewise for
the end-users, who are often gaining
up to 20% additional production of
one of the world’s most sought after
commodities – oil.
gw
CO2 capacity for a number of EOR jobs.
One major player in this market is
Denbury Resources, which is delivering
product hundreds of miles from its
Jackson (Mississippi) dome reserves
to Southeastern Texas, via pipeline.
Its current EOR pipeline capacity in
southeast Texas is around 400 MMSCFD
(million standard cubic feet per day),
which can be expanded to about 800
MMSCFD with more compression. Some
target EOR jobs resulting from Denbury’s
pipeline into this region of Texas include
the greater Houston area with up to 235
million barrels, as well as the Conroe area
adding up to 130 million barrels, and
supplies should be operational by 2016,
while numerous other chemical and
reformer ventures (and the Texas Clean
Power Project) are said to be supplying
additional CO2 for this regional EOR
growth - an estimated additional 400-500
million SCF/day of supply.
A green opportunity
Even though the US has not committed
to any significant greenhouse gas
reduction schemes, as of the time of
writing, EOR may be the best way to
sequester CO2.
Oklahoma, for example, has numerous
EOR projects, one sourced via pipeline
from the Bravo Dome and others
supplied by ammonia by-product, the
latter source also representing CCS
(carbon capture and storage).
Close to the US markets, a prime
example of a significant CCS from
power-based flue gas includes the Sask
Power project now under development,
located in Southern Saskatchewan,
Canada. The Sask Power project will take
flue gas from the third of its six units, a
140 MW power facility, and ultimately
sequester one million tonnes of CO2 flue
gas per year. This CO2 will be transported
by a new 40 mile Cenovus Energy
pipeline, to supplement a greater and
now expanded project in the Weyburn
field of Saskatchewan. This is in addition
to CO2 flue gas recovered from the
Dakota Gasification facility near Beulah,
North Dakota, which can deliver 800
metric tonnes per day (tpd) of CO2 via
pipeline into the Saskatchewan fields.
Numerous additional CO2 from syngas
and power projects are slated for many
regions of the US and Canada, which
will take by-product CO2 sources that
would otherwise be some of North
America’s worst environmental offenders
(particularly coal-fired power plants),
and use the product for EOR service over
the years and decades ahead. Strategic
sourcing and pipelines do of course play
into the ultimate cost, but recycling and
sequestering CO2 underground is a great
benefit to EOR.
In the end, CO2-based EOR has a
great future in many world markets,
“...the benefits of
greenhouse gas reduction
and oil recovery from
otherwise depleted wells
makes it a ‘win-win’
situation”
Oyster Bayou up to 30 million barrels.
More potential in Texas lies beyond the
southeast region near Houston, to include
the highly significant Permian Basin
which dates back to the dawn of EOR,
found in the western region of the state
which has – to a large degree – previously
been supplied with CO2 from the New
Mexico Bravo Dome. This is a long-lived
region producing additional oil via
CO2-based EOR, utilising CO2 pipelines
owned and operated by companies
such as Kinder Morgan. Additional
anthropogenic sources beyond the
New Mexico Bravo dome, such as
Colorado’s Sheep Mountain reserves and
the McElmo Dome, supplement EOR
projects along the way into the greater
Permian basin. Such projects have been
underway for decades now, along with
new growth. In some ways, this may be
the tip of the iceberg in terms of future
CO2-based EOR projects.
It is said that two regional power
plants will recover and utilise CO2 for
the Gulf Coast markets, including Texas,
these being one plant by Mississippi
Power and another by NRG. These CO2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Sam A. Rushing is President of
Advanced Cryogenics, Ltd, now
celebrating its 25th year anniversary
this year as a prime consulting firm
to carbon dioxide and cryogenic gas
projects. Services are complete, from
technical, through business, markets,
and expert witness. Please call Sam
if you have requirements surrounding
CO2 and cryogenic gases.
Telephone: +1 305 852 2597
E-mail: rushing@terranova.net
www.advancedcryogenicsltd.com
44 | gasworld • November 2014 www.gasworld.com/specialfeatures