Cyber security rule of use internet safely

Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol.15, 2013
20
Cyber Security: Rule of Use Internet Safely
Maskun
PhD Student, Post Graduate Hasanuddin University, Indonesia and, International Law Department, Hasanuddin
University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245.
Email: maskunlawschool@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Cyber security plays on important role to guarantee and protect people who use internet in their daily life. Some
cases take place around the world that people get inconvenience condition when they access and use internet.
Misuse of internet becomes a current issue which some cases take place including a university. Advantages of
using internet in the university of course assist the student to get some information in internet. However, they
have to be protected in order to feel convenience when use internet. This also is because get and access some
information is right of people as governed by International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Keywords: Cyber Security, Internet.
1. Introduction
Internet is becoming an important thing in people daily life and has grown at an explosive rate (Pratap Singh and
Bagdi, 2010). According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (2013), internet users (population)
around the world are over 2.7 billion, which corresponds to almost 40% of the world’s population. In the
developing countries, people who use internet is around 31% of the population, compared with 77% in the
developed countries (ITU, 2013).
Basically, internet was used to military, defense contractors, and a university research purpose. However, in
recent years, it has been developed to multi-purposes including information, communication, leisure, shopping,
education, e-social activities, financial, job seek, homepage, file share service, and download (Kisa, 2011).
Those internet usage purposes bring both advantages and disadvantages for people and their community. In
terms of disadvantages of internet use such as illegal contents, online fraud, identity theft, espionage, sabotage,
cyber terrorism, and cyberstalking (Boateng, 2011), (Department of Economic and Social affairs, 2012),
(Greitzer and Frincke, 2010), (M. Arif Mansur and Gultom, 2005), (Suhariyanto, 2012), cyber security is
therefore needed to guarantee people who use internet to be safe.
Theoretically, cyber security has to fulfill 3 (three) critical points: measure to protect information technology; the
degree of protection resulting from application of those measures; and the associated field of professional
endeavor (Fisher, 2009). The three critical aspects of cyber security play an important role to protect a personal
data of every person, government, and businesses. Those data are pivotal because they can be misused or
manipulated by other person for criminal purposes.
Internet misuse and manipulation are mostly committed by young and adult people especially people who in
level senior high school and university students. In South Sulawesi for example, some Hasanuddin University
students in 2011 committed financial fraud (Indonesia Hackers, 2011). The crime usually intended to the
personal information stored on personal data forms in computer, such as credit card number and ATM PIN
numbers. They were then arrested by the police and should face suing for their committed crime.
2. Complexity definition of cyber security
It is quite difficult to define what does cyber security mean? The difficulty definition arises from several reasons
and tends to be complex. (Fisher, 2009). According to Eric A. Fisher, “there are many components of
cyberspace and many potential components of cyberspace” to be used in order to determine the cyberspace’s
meanings. (Fisher, 2009).
The meaning of cyber security tends to be decided in different context. In some cases, it refers to economic terms
or in social and cultural terms or even in politic and military terms. As it is commonly used, “cyber security
refers to 3 (three) things:
1. A set of activities and other measures intended to protect — from attack, disruption, or other threats —
computers, computer networks, related hardware and devices software, and the information they contain
and communicate, including software and data, as well as other elements of cyberspace. The activities
can include security audits, patch management, authentication procedures, access management, and so
forth. They can involve, for example, examining and evaluating the strengths and vulnerabilities of the
hardware and software used in the country’s political and economic electronic infrastructure. They also
involve detection and reaction to security events, mitigation of impacts, and recovery of affected
components. Other measures can include such things as hardware and software firewalls, physical
security such as hardened facilities, and personnel training and responsibilities.

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2. The state or quality of being protected from such threats;
3. The broad field of endeavor, including research and analysis, aimed at implementing and improving
those activities and quality.”(Fisher, 2009).
According to Rich Rosenthal’s Cyber Assure Program (Andress, 2011), the complexity of definition of
cyber security can be drawn as if:
Source: Rich Rosenthal’s Cyber Assure Program
The mapping as shown in figure 1 draws complexity of definition. There are 7 (seven) elements, namely as
policy, organization, core, processes, people, skills, and technology, that influence security in cyberspace. Those
elements essentially has connection one to another. They have to be developed in one system to create security in
the area of cyber space. For example, people as an actor of internet use have intention and skill to use internet in
appropriate ways. However, if other elements do not support their intention, it means that they cannot get any
advantages from it or otherwise.
According to Andress (2011), some of elements of cyber security issues definition as mentioned in figure 1 are
categorized as extremely difficult (ED). They are laws, threat/risk awareness, attribution, deterrence, mission
assurance, and resilience and supply chain. Other elements are classified as very difficult (VD) and difficult (D).
Classification of those elements actually shows that cyber security plays important role to create “peace” in
using internet. Indeed, it is realized that it is not easy-job to reach it.
3. Cyber Security: Rule of Use Internet
Internet user is growing dramatically in variety generation and the purpose of using internet then is done in
various ways as explained above. The number of internet users in Indonesia for example is increasing every year.
According to Internet World Stats (2010), commercial internet services commenced in Indonesia in 1995 and
coming into 2008, Indonesia had an estimated 25 million Internet users. It is predicted that in the beginning of
2013, the number of internet user in Indonesia is becoming bigger than in 2008. Guharoy and Morgan (the
Jakarta Post, 2012) furthermore states that internet users in Indonesia is climbing dramatically in the last two
years, “20 percent of Indonesians 14 years of age and older now access the Internet every month. That’s over 30
million people, and growing steadily each month. But we need to remember two important facts that characterize
the usage. First, roughly 10 of the 30 million users access the Internet via their mobile phones. Second, roughly
70 percent of those 30 million users visit Facebook and twitter each month, making it the most popular address
in the country”.
This fact actually is not surprising because computer and its function including internet as introduction have
been introduced since the young people in elementary school. It means that the Indonesian young people
especially university students have skill to access internet but they are also potentially to misuse or to be misused
by the internet. Presence of internet for students in university actually helps them to get a lot of information
related to their tasks. The information is provided in forms of book online and journals. Both books and journals
give an easy task for the students to finish their tasks particular when they conduct their final paper to be
graduated. However, a lot of cases of misuse the internet function also conducted by university students.
Plagiarism is one of the most internet misuse conducted by the students. They tend to copy some materials to
their tasks but they do not mention the author’s name. Other internet misuse can be found such as illegal contents,
online fraud, and identity theft.
According to National Research Council (2003), there are 3 (three) classes of attack that addressed to internet, as
following:

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1. Service disruption; it causes a loss of service and can result from disabling of networks through a
variety of attacks such as denial of service (DoS) and destruction of information.
2. Theft of assets; it misuses critical information on a large enough scale to have major impact.
3. Capture and control; it involves taking control of cyberspace and using them as a weapon.
Those classes of attacks are then classified as cybercrime and also have been modified in various modus. Those
modus in fact threaten all human beings activities including infrastructure. To handle and to prevent those crimes,
cyber security plays important role to guarantee people to use internet safely.
As we known, cyberspace compiles a huge range of related elements of cyberspace activities and it is therefore
cyberspace activities are potentially at risk. To eliminate or dismiss the risk, protection of cyberspace
infrastructure is needed in order to stop hackers to commit their crimes. The protection of the infrastructure must
cover internet hardware, telecommunications infrastructure, computing devices as control system and computing
devices as desktop computer (Fisher, 2019). Andress (2011) furthermore stipulates that to eliminate the risk is
not only protection to the infrastructure (hardware) but also must protect the software.
Protection of software is intended to help everybody to use computer/internet safely. It is because so many
computers are used in homes and businesses. The computer operating systems and email programs are two
aspects of computer/internet that is vulnerable to be attacked and exploited. Case of computer worms that
attacked Microsoft Windows operating system in 2003 was a proof to see that the protection of software is
needed to protect the internet user (Scheiner); or other sample of a worm (spionage) took place in 2010, when a
worm called stuxnet was launched to attack the Iranian nuclear program (Farewell and Rohozinski, 2010).
Both protection of hardware and software are the main point of cyber security. They are able to guarantee people
to use internet safely. People will use internet to support their activities without any worry to negative impacts of
internet. However, both protections must be implemented and embedded in national and international strategy
(regulation) to reach its goals. In United States, for example, it can be found National Strategy for Homeland
Security. The purposes of this strategy are to prevent cyber attacks against critical infrastructure; to reduce
national vulnerabilities to cyber attack; and, to minimize the damage and recovery time from cyber attacks that
do occur (Anonymous, 2003); or another example in Canada, its national strategy is placed on three pillars:
securing government systems; partnering with the private sector; and helping Canadians to be secure online
through awareness raising (Deibert, 2012).
In terms of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in which Indonesia one of its members, its
regional strategy is put in the area of economic and security cooperative comprised of 10 member nations from
Southeast Asia. According to its Roadmap for an ASEAN Community 2009-2015, it has effort to combat
transnational cybercrime by fostering cooperation among member-nations’ law enforcement agencies and
promoting the adoption of cybercrime legislation. In addition, the road map calls for activities to develop
information infrastructure and expand computer emergency response teams (CERT) and associated drills to all
ASEAN partners (United States Government Accountability Office, 2010). To develop information
infrastructure as one of the ASEAN’ roadmap, Indonesia continues to complete Indonesian Law Number
11/2008 Concerning Information and Electronic Transaction. One of its efforts is enacting some Government
Decree such as the Government Decree No. 82/2012 Concerning Maintenance System and Electronic
Transactions.
Those regulation strategies as implemented in domestic law each country essentially show huge effort of them to
create convenience and comfortable environment to internet user to feel safely. Those regulations also must be
completed every time to respond some changes related to using internet. So, cyber security goals can be reached
and are able to eliminate and dismiss negative side of internet usage as discussed above.
4. Cyber Security and Access to Get Information/Freedom of Expression
Access to get information or freedom of expression basically is one of role of cyber security. As mentioned by
Fisher (2009) that cyber security focuses on protection hardware and software, including the information they
may contain and communicate. Indeed, information in this term plays important role for people to express those
information for some purposes. However, it becomes a critical point when the idea of cyber security
(information) has to be correlated with right people to get information or right people to express the idea..
As we know, right to access information and right freedom of expression is governed by International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc.
A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976. Those rights precisely can be found in
article 19 ICCPR. The Article 19 states that:
1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.
2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

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3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and
responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are
provided by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or
morals.
The article 19 ICCPR actually is accordance with the idea of cyber security. There is no disagreement between
both of them. People are able to express their idea into internet. They are allowed to post, seek, receive and
impart information and ideas of all kinds, as long as the law does not prohibit.
Related to right to access information and right freedom of expression, an internet is one of media for people to
access information and expresses the people’s idea. People today live in the era which they are bombarded with
internet news and events either in positive or negative sides (Andress, 2011). In positive sides, internet news and
events cannot create debate, but in negative side, it will be debatable. The debate of it is resulted from the reason
of right people to access information and right freedom of expression and the security perspective. Question
arises from this view is: could people have their right to access and express their idea without consider to other
people right to secure?
As a right, they are right people to get it as governed by ICCPR. However, they are also not allowed to use it by
against the law. As we know, the use of internet is growing fast in a decade and possibility to misuse it is open.
Therefore, as computer or internet users, they need to watch out the latest phishing attack trying to steal the
identity information, new zero day attack against smart phones, Facebook privacy compromised, someone took
down Twitter, and something very scary – called cyber war (Andress, 2011).
Those of internet misuse are a fact that people are able to post some information to the internet that is harm for
other people rights. It also can threaten other people interest and national interest. So that is way, article 19
ICCPR point 3 stipulate the exceptional condition for those people rights. They can have their right fully but in
some condition those rights are limited for respect of the rights or reputations of others and for the protection of
national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or morals. In the area of this restriction,
cyber security can be applied to keep and maintenance not only other people rights but also national security.
Therefore, as a forum for free expression, the internet contents and information shall be governed carefully
including to be to censorship and discrimination at a variety of chokepoints (Nunciato, 2009).
5. Conclusion
Internet has become a global phenomenon; numerous advantages and disadvantages (crimes) are being gotten
and committed through the internet. To cope with both advantages and disadvantages, cyber security is needed to
guarantee people to use internet safely, particular to young people including university students. Cyber security
covers hardware and software infrastructure that is supported by national and international strategy and
regulations.
Terms of cyber security is also accordance with the right people to access information and freedom to express as
mentioned in article 19 ICCPR. The article has shown the rights people to access and express their idea with
some restriction such as respect of the rights or reputations of others and the protection of national security or of
public order (order public), or of public health or morals .
References
Andress, Jason, et.al., (2011). Cyber Warfare: Tehcniques, tactics and Tools for Security Practitioners, Waltham,
Elsevier.
Anonymous, (2003). “Securing Cyberspace”. Business Credit,July/Aug, 2003, 60.
Boateng, Richard, et.al., (2011), “Sakawa – Cybercrime and Criminality in Ghana”, Journal of Information
Technology Impact, Vol. 11 No. 2., 85-100.
Deibert, Ron. (2012). Distributed Security as Cyber Strategy: Outlining a Comprehensive Approach for Canada
in Cyberspace. Canada, Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute.
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approach, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/ecosoc/cybersecurity-demands-global-approach.html,
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Insider Threats in Cyber Security, New York, Springer. 85-86.
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July, 2012, 14.
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http://forum.indonesianhacker.or.id/showthread.php?7757-Ditangkap-Polisi-saat-Bobol-Kartu-Kredit.
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D/ict/facts/material/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf,
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Nunziato, Dawn C. (2009). Virtual Freedom: Net Neutrality and Free Speech in Internet Age, Stanford, Stanford
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Brief Bibligraphies
Member of Association
• Firma Hukum Ilmar and partners, 2008-Now.
• Director of Centre of Analysis of law and Local Autonomy, 2008-Now.
• Member of Center Human Rights and Conflict Resolution, School of Law, Hasanuddin University, 2012-
2016.
• Member of Center law and Development School of Law, Hasanuddin University, 2013-2017.
• Member of Center of Maritime Law
Personal Identity
N a m e : Maskun, S.H.,LL.M.
Place/Date of Birth : Abeli, 29 Nopember 1976
Ocupation : Lecturer at Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University
Address : Jl. A.P. Pettarani II lrg. 2G/1 Makassar, Phone. +62 411 443352 atau + 62
81342 977 094
Educational Backgraound
1. Elemenatary School, Kendari-South East Sulawesi, 1988.
2. Junior High School, Kendari-South East Sulawesi,1991.
3. Senior High School, Kendari-South East Sulawesi,1994.
4. Bachelor Degree, Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University , 1998.
5. Master Degree, the University of New South Wales (UNSW). Sydney, Australia, 2004.

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