Cox Presentation Ep 2009

The document summarizes energy consumption and production trends in Pakistan from 1996-1997 to 2006-2007. Some key points: - Energy consumption grew faster in non-OECD countries like China and South Asia (3.0% annually) than in OECD countries (1.0%) from 1996-1997 to 2005-2006. - Primary energy supplies in Pakistan increased 4.3% from 55.5 MTOE in 2004-2005 to 57.9 MTOE in 2005-2006. Natural gas accounted for 50.4% of supplies and oil 28.4%. - Electricity generation capacity was 19,440 MW in July-March 2006-2007. WAPDA generated 63,

Last week, the UK’s Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) published the results of its 12-month, £2.5million CO2 Storage Appraisal Project, Progressing development of the UK’s Strategic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resource. The Project, funded by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change and carried out by Pale Blue Dot Energy, Axis Well Technology and Costain, confirmed that there are no technical hurdles to permanently storing large volumes of CO2 in offshore geological storage off the coast of the UK, including sites large enough to comfortably service CO2 supplies from mainland Europe. Over the course of 12 months this ambitious Project identified 20 specific CO2 storage sites (from a potential 579 sites) which together represent the tip of a very large strategic national CO2 storage resource potential, estimated to be around 78GT (78,000 million tonnes). Five of these sites were then selected for further detailed analysis given their potential contribution to mobilise commercial-scale CCS projects for power and industrial use in the UK. This Webinar provided an opportunity to dig deeper into the wealth of comprehensive data and modelling that has been made publically available through the publishing of this report, and to consider its significance for helping to de-risk future CCS investment decisions. To expertly guide us through this process, the Global CCS Institute was delighted to welcome Andrew Green, Programme Manager - Carbon Capture & Storage at the ETI, and Alan James, Managing Director at Pale Blue Dot Energy (the Consortium Lead for this project) to join us for the webinar. After an overview of the Project and a more detailed look at the final outcomes, Andrew and Alan were joined by subject matter specialists: Steve Murphy – Pale Blue Dot Energy, Angus Reid – Costain, and Sharon McCollough – Axis Well Technologies, for a live Q&A session for the second half of the webinar.

The document discusses the ongoing global transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy. It outlines the rise of solar, wind, and other renewable sources of energy as coal, oil, and nuclear power decline. Coal use is peaking in many countries as plants close due to regulations and competition from cheaper renewables and natural gas. Solar and wind power have experienced remarkable cost declines and are increasingly outcompeting fossil fuels in many places. The transition is being driven by falling prices, technological advances, concerns about pollution and climate change, and shrinking fossil fuel reserves that are harder and more expensive to access.

The document discusses carbon trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which allows developed countries to implement emissions-reducing projects in developing countries to earn carbon credits. It provides background on climate change and outlines how the CDM works and its objectives. Case studies of the CDM in Malaysia and China are presented, highlighting different project types and the economic and environmental benefits, as well as challenges, of the CDM.

This document discusses using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) for upgrading oil sands, coal, biomass, and transportation fuels with less energy than conventional processes. It describes how scCO2 can play several key roles in bitumen upgrading and integrated clean coal and biomass technologies. Experimental results show superior hydrogen desulfurization and denitrogenation conversions in scCO2 compared to conventional solvents, at remarkably mild conditions (100-200°C lower). Reactions produced high levels of hydrocracking products like ethylcyclohexane. The findings suggest scCO2 is a promising medium to develop highly active hydrogenating catalysts for ultra-deep desulfurization needed to meet stringent fuel regulations.

In a new study, Agora Energiewende and Forum Energii analyse the opportunity for a phase out from lignite and the effects this would have in the power sector in Poland, Czech Republic, and Germany by 2032. The study finds that an accelerated phase out is technically and economically feasible if coordinated among the three countries – provided, lignite is being substituted by renewable energy sources.

Air Capture & Carbon Negative Technology - Economics & Engineering - Graciela Chichilnisky (October 17, 2012 @ Cambridge University)

The liquefied natural gas sector has experienced large growth in the last decade and is expected to grow more in the decades to come. WorleyParsons recently completed a study for the Global CCS Institute to identify the trends in the LNG sector and to make a range of assessments on how these trends may impact on the CCS industry. At this webinar, Graeme Cox, Principal Consultant from WorleyParsons focused on looking at industry wide and project specific aspects of LNG and relate these to industry wide and project specific aspects of CCS. The cost escalation of LNG projects was explained as well as the impact this may have on the deployment of CCS. Graeme concluded by identifying opportunities whereby LNG and CCS can be integrated.

This document provides an overview and update of the Caledonia Clean Energy Project (CCEP). It summarizes that CCEP aims to build a 570MW gasification power plant in Grangemouth, Scotland that would capture 94% of CO2 emissions from coal. It would transport the captured CO2 via existing pipelines to offshore storage. The project is currently finalizing a grant agreement and work program to further develop preliminary design and feasibility over 18 months. Long term, CCEP aims to be the anchor project for a full integrated CCS system in Scotland capturing from multiple sources and storing in multiple offshore locations while enabling enhanced oil recovery.

Slides used at the launch of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) new edition of the Medium-Term Gas Market Report (MTGMR), for 2013. The launch event was held at the International Economic Forum in St. Petersburg, Russia on June 20, 2013.

Rana Samaha, Middle East R&A Director at Energy Intelligence, presented at the 10th Gas Arabia Summit, Dubai, January 13, 2015. These slides include content on: 1.) US Shale gas developments: Key success factors 2.) GCC gas imbalances; role of unconventional gas developments 3.) GCC NOC's different approaches; Saudi Aramco's mandate

CO₂ Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in the North Sea: Securing a Low-Carbon Future for the UK, Stuart Haszeldine, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015

On 16 May 2013, the Global CCS Institute hosted its seventh study meeting in Tokyo. This presentation is by Holger Bietz, the Institute's General Manager, Projects, Financial and Commercial.

This document discusses the need for carbon removal technologies to combat climate change and proposes Global Thermostat's technology as a solution. It notes that carbon neutral is not enough and carbon negative approaches are required to reduce CO2 levels according to the IPCC. Global Thermostat has developed an air capture technology that can make going carbon negative possible. The document outlines Global Thermostat's pilot projects and describes how their technology could capture billions of tons of CO2 annually from power plant waste heat in the US. It proposes using funding from a Green Climate Fund and carbon market to build carbon negative power plants globally.

This document outlines a research plan for analyzing the price determinants and volatility of EU emission allowances (EUAs) and certified emission reductions (CERs). The plan includes an introduction to carbon finance, the Kyoto Protocol, and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). It then reviews relevant literature on EU ETS price formation, econometric modeling approaches, and determinants of carbon dioxide emissions. Finally, it describes the proposed research methodology, including identifying gaps in current research, objectives, design, variables, data sources, models, hypotheses, analyses, and implications. The plan is to guide research on the financial risk and opportunities associated with the carbon market.

Statoil is establishing a full-scale carbon capture project at Mongstad, Norway to capture up to 1.2 million tonnes of CO2 annually from the combined heat and power plant. This project is a collaboration between the Norwegian government, Statoil, Shell and Sasol to test and improve carbon capture technologies at an industrial scale. The captured CO2 will help Norway establish a complete carbon capture and storage value chain to combat climate change.

This document outlines a carbon capture and storage readiness study conducted in Guangdong, China. It provides background on carbon emissions and policy in China, highlighting the country's continued reliance on coal. The study aimed to determine if carbon capture and storage (CCS) is needed and applicable in Guangdong. Key tasks included analyzing emissions and storage capacity from major point sources in Guangdong. Preliminary results found power plants accounted for 66% of emissions. Two potential inland storage basins were identified but have low capacity. The Pearl River Mouth Basin offshore has potential for higher storage due to its large size and sediment thickness. The study seeks to inform Guangdong's CCS roadmap and policy.

The document discusses coal-to-liquid (CTL) technology, which converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. It describes the basic CTL process of coal gasification, syngas generation, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and product refining. While CTL provides energy security and fuel versatility, it also faces challenges of high costs and large carbon emissions. The global CTL market is projected to experience significant growth by 2030, especially in regions with abundant coal like North America, Asia Pacific, and South Africa.

Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.

Coal liquefaction and carbonization are processes to convert coal into liquid and gaseous fuels. Liquefaction increases the hydrogen to carbon ratio in coal to produce synthetic crude oil or other liquid hydrocarbon fuels through either direct or indirect methods. Carbonization is the process of heating coal to drive off volatile liquid and gaseous products, leaving behind a solid residue called coke. High-temperature carbonization produces metallurgical coke for blast furnaces, while low-temperature carbonization was developed to produce town gas and smokeless fuel.

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1. Key priorities for CCS discussed at the forum include developing frameworks to understand the interplay between CCS technologies and markets, screening new sorbents and solvents for CO2 capture, and de-risking CO2 storage infrastructure. 2. Standards need to be established for evaluating new CO2 capture processes, and utilizing CO2 via enhanced oil recovery can help develop transportation infrastructure in the near-term. 3. Meeting long-term climate targets requires supporting CCS research and deploying the technology, as options like BECCS rely on a mature CCS industry. Funding is urgently needed to progress CCS deployment.

Coal to liquid (CTL) is a process that converts coal into synthetic fuels by liquefying it. It was not economically viable when oil prices were low but interest has grown with higher oil prices. CTL is best for countries with large coal reserves but high oil import dependence, like India and China. While it enhances energy security, CTL faces challenges from high costs and environmental concerns unless carbon capture technology is used. Several CTL plants have been proposed or announced internationally but many face technical, economic, and environmental barriers.

As that known carbon dioxide recorded high level of this last years and as agreed in IPCC, that must take serious steps to prevent it and, carbon capture storage is the best candidate thing that has can be done to this issue.

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This document summarizes the proceedings from an expert meeting organized by the European Commission to review biomass pyrolysis and gasification technologies and explore policies to encourage their implementation. The following key points were discussed: 1) Gasification technology has progressed over 20 years of EC support but commercial deployment has been disappointing. Technical barriers like feeding systems and reactor design need further optimization. 2) Gas cleaning is now sufficiently reliable but demonstration is needed to prove solutions for difficult fuels and lower costs. Hot gas cleaning requires more research. 3) Non-technical barriers around modeling, data sharing, fuel flexibility, and demonstration at commercial scale also need addressing to accelerate implementation of gasification.

The document discusses steel production, which produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct that is difficult to reduce. It outlines the Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) program in the EU that examined various CCS and non-CCS routes to significantly cut CO2 emissions from steelmaking. CCS is present in three of the four ULCOS solutions as it allows continued use of existing blast furnace processes. However, accurately assessing costs of applying CCS to steel production is challenging as the technologies require demonstration at scale with many uncertainties. The document considers some alternative policy approaches beyond

CO2 has been used for many decades in the industrial processes and food manufacturing, including soft drinks. Likewise, it is an essential component of other everyday items such as fire extinguishers. In very high concentrations, CO2 like any dense gas, can act as an asphyxiate material, which can be dangerous to humans with its adverse impact on respiration. Thus, CO2 is captured to minimize risks to humans’ health and the environment. A general overview of the current carbon capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) projects is presented in this paper. This work provides a summary of the current worldwide CCS and CO2-EOR projects along with their potential benefits. CCS is a process used to capture CO2 that is produced by industrial facilities. The CCS technology involves CO2 capture, transport and storage. On the other hand, EOR is a generic term for various techniques to increase recovery from oil fields. The injection of CO2 into underground rock formation of oil reservoirs in order to improve their recovery is called CO2-EOR.

The document discusses Amoco's strategy to capitalize on the emerging gas-to-liquids (GTL) industry through focusing on oxygenate products like methanol and dimethylether (DME). It describes GTL as a strategic inflection point that will transform the energy industry similarly to the past shift from coal to oil. Amoco aims to establish a commercial position in methanol and DME production through various projects and partnerships. This will allow them to control fundamental building blocks in chemical and fuel markets and monetize stranded natural gas resources. The key is to act quickly as a first mover to build capability and options before competitors, in order to influence the strategic changes coming to the energy industry through GTL.

Brad Crabtree, "The critical role of CCS and EOR in managing US carbon emissions" in "CO2 Summit II: Technologies and Opportunities", Holly Krutka, Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association Inc. Frank Zhu, UOP/Honeywell Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2016). http://dc.engconfintl.org/co2_summit2/3

Paul Fennell (Imperial College London) - Cost comparison of different technologies for industrial CCS - UKCCSRC Cranfield Biannual 21-22 April 2015

This document discusses policy options for transitioning to a low-carbon economy by 2050. It explores sustaining economic growth while transforming energy production and consumption. The presentation builds on previous publications by identifying policy ideas without prescribing specific approaches. It discusses challenges like uncertain development pathways and high/low carbon scenarios. Milestones by 2025 include efficiency gains, commercializing carbon capture and storage, renewable deployment, and vehicle efficiency. National policy frameworks and international cooperation on technology and emissions management can help achieve long-term climate goals.

This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.

Comparative economic analysis of the production of diesel through Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology and the production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) both using natural gas was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running GTL and LNG plants were obtained for the study. Plant procurement costs, shipping and tanker facilities costs, the expected capacities of the GTL and LNG plants and the feed gas volume needed to produce those capacities of liquid products were gathered with which the costs analyses and revenue analyses were conducted. Two assumptions made were that the diesel would be the only product of the GTL project and LNG, the only product of the LNG plant. The 33000bbl/day of liquid product from the GTL plant was taken to be all diesel while the 5mmtpa of NGL got from the LNG plant was ignored. The 33000bbl/day of diesel and 22mmtpa of LNG were then used for the analyses. Concentration was on the profit indicators used to evaluate the advantage of one over the other. Figures were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 9.16years for GTL and 1.97years for LNG respectively. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Profit per Dollar Invested (P/$) that make up the project economics were estimated for GTL and LNG. The NPV over 15years and at an expected rate of return of 10% was $2.11billion for GTL and $45.17billion for LNG. For GTL, the P/$ was 2.02 and for LNG, it was 6.62. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that the LNG project is more economically viable than the GTL project since the LNG project has higher NPV, lower pay-out and higher P/$ than the GTL project.

Gasification

The document summarizes key findings from the 2013 CCS Roadmap report: - CCS could contribute 14% of emissions reductions between 2015-2050 compared to business as usual and is critical for low-carbon energy. - Individual CCS technologies are well understood but large-scale demonstration projects integrating them remain a challenge. - Incentive frameworks and 30 operating CCS projects by 2020 are urgently needed. - 45% of captured CO2 from CCS could come from industrial applications between 2015-2050.

The document discusses the shift from integrated steel mills to minimills over the last 40 years. Minimills, which use electric arc furnaces to melt scrap steel, have lower costs and more flexibility than traditional blast furnace mills. The share of steel produced by minimills has been growing steadily in Europe and North America. Recently, access to cheap shale gas in the US has improved the competitiveness of direct reduced iron plants, which may further increase minimills' market share. Most overcapacity in the steel industry is currently found in integrated blast furnace mills, especially in Europe and North America.