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NikhilAmauriya

This document provides an overview of Cassandra, a NoSQL database. It discusses that Cassandra is an open source, distributed database designed to handle large amounts of structured data across nodes. The document outlines Cassandra's architecture, which involves distributing data across peer nodes so that there is no single point of failure. It also discusses Cassandra's data model, including keyspaces, column families, and the use of the Cassandra Query Language to define schemas, insert and query data. In closing, the document notes that Cassandra is well-suited for applications that require scaling to handle large, variable workloads across data centers with high performance and availability.

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Cassandra Under Guidance Of – T. B Patil Sir Roll No. - 35 PRN - 1914110227 Name - Aditya Bhateja
Table of Contents!  NoSQL Database  Apache Cassandra  Architecture  Data Model  Future Scope  References  CQL
01 NoSQL Database
● A NoSQL database (sometimes called as Not Only SQL) is a database that provides a mechanism to store and retrieve data other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. These databases are schema-free, support easy replication , eventually consistent, and can handle huge amounts of data. ● The primary objective of a NoSQL database is to haves NoSQL Database 1. implicitly of design, 2. horizontal scaling, and 3. finer control over availability.
● NoSql databases use different data structures compared to relational databases. It makes some operations faster in SQL. The suitability of a given NoSQL database depends on the problem it must solve. NoSQL Database
Besides Cassandra, we have the following NoSQL databases that are quite popular − 1. Apache HBase 2. MongoDB NoSQL Database
Apache Cassandra 02
Apache Cassandra is an open source, distributed and Decentralized/distributed storage system (database), for managing very large amounts of structured data spread out across the world. It provides highly available service with no single point of failure. Apache Cassandra
Features of Cassandra
03 Architecture
Architecture The design goal of Cassandra is to handle big data workloads across multiple nodes without any single point of failure. Cassandra has peer-to-peer distributed system across its nodes, and data is distributed among all the nodes in a cluster. • All the nodes in a cluster play the same role. Each node is independent and at the same time interconnected to other nodes. • Each node in a cluster can accept read and write requests, regardless of where the data is actually located in the cluster. • When a node goes down, read/write requests can be served from other nodes in the network.
Data Replication in Cassandra In Cassandra, one or more of the nodes in a cluster act as replicas for a given piece of data. If it is detected that some of the nodes responded with an out-of-date value, Cassandra will return the most recent value to the client. After returning the most recent value, Cassandra performs a read repair in the background to update the stale values
Components of Cassandra The key components of Cassandra are as follows − i. Node − It is the place where data is stored. ii. Data center − It is a collection of related nodes. iii. Cluster − A cluster is a component that contains one or more data centers. iv. Commit log − The commit log is a crash-recovery mechanism in Cassandra. Every write operation is written to the commit log. v. Mem-table − A mem-table is a memory-resident data structure. After commit log, the data will be written to the mem-table. Sometimes, for a single-column family, there will be multiple mem- tables. vi. SSTable − It is a disk file to which the data is flushed from the mem-table when its contents reach a threshold value.
04 Data Model
Cluster Cassandra database is distributed over several machines that operate together. The outermost container is known as the Cluster. For failure handling, every node contains a replica, and in case of a failure, the replica takes charge. Cassandra arranges the nodes in a cluster, in a ring format, and assigns data to them.
Key Space Key space is the outermost container for data in Cassandra. The basic attributes of a Key space in Cassandra are − 1. Replication factor − It is the number of machines in the cluster that will receive copies of the same data. 2. Replica placement strategy − It is nothing but the strategy to place replicas in the ring. We have strategies such as simple strategy (rack-aware strategy), old network topology strategy (rack-aware strategy), and network topology strategy (datacenter-shared strategy). 3. Column families − Key space is a container for a list of one or more column families. A column family, in turn, is a container of a collection of rows. Each row contains ordered columns. Column families represent the structure of your data. Each key space has at least one and often many column families.
Column Family A column family is a container for an ordered collection of rows. Each row, in turn, is an ordered collection of columns. The following table lists the points that differentiate a column family from a table of relational databases. Column Super Column
05 CQL
CQL Cassandra provides a prompt Cassandra query language shell (cqlsh) that allows users to communicate with it. Using this shell, you can execute Cassandra Query Language (CQL). Using cqlsh, you can •define a schema, •insert data, and •execute a query. •Cqlsh − As discussed above, this command is used to start the cqlsh prompt. In addition, it supports a few more options as well. The following table explains all the options of cqlsh and their usage. Creating a Table You can create a table using the command CREATE TABLE. Given below is the syntax for creating a table. Syntax CREATE (TABLE | COLUMNFAMILY) <tablename> ('<column-definition>' , '<column-definition>') (WITH <option> AND <option>) Altering a Table You can alter a table using the command ALTER TABLE. Given below is the syntax for creating a table. Syntax ALTER (TABLE | COLUMNFAMILY) <tablename> <instruction>
Given below is an example to create a table in Cassandra using cqlsh. Here we are • Using the keyspace Student • Creating a table named emp It will have details such as employee name, id, city, salary, and phone number. Employee id is the primary key. Example cqlsh> USE Student; cqlsh:Student>; CREATE TABLE emp( emp_id int PRIMARY KEY, emp_name text, emp_city text, emp_sal varint, emp_phone varint );
Future Scope 06 With the modern world being trademarked by a data boom, having a robust database management system is a necessity for businesses. Apache Cassandra, a NoSQL database is an excellent choice for the use cases across many different applications like business and e- commerce apps. It can be scaled linearly, provides high-octane performance even with variable workloads, and is easily available. Add to that, the support that Cassandra can provide for replicating across multiple data centers. It is probably the best-in-class, rendering lower latency for users. The operators love it because it can survive regional outages.
Refrences 07 1. John Lemprière, Lemprière’s Classical Dictionary, first published 1788, London 2. Avery, Catherine B. (1962). New Century Classical Handbook. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts. p. 258. 3.Lycophron, Alexandra 30; Pausanias, 3.19, 3. 26. 4. Wilhelm Schulze, Kleine Schriften (1966), 698, J. B. Hoffmann, Glotta 28, 52 5. Edgar Howard Sturtevant, Class. Phil. 21, 248ff. 6. J. Davreux, La légende de la prophétesse Cassandre (Paris, 1942) 90ff. 7. Albert Carnoy, Les ét. class. 22, 344 8.R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 654 9. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
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Cassndra (4).pptx

  • 1. Cassandra Under Guidance Of – T. B Patil Sir Roll No. - 35 PRN - 1914110227 Name - Aditya Bhateja
  • 2. Table of Contents!  NoSQL Database  Apache Cassandra  Architecture  Data Model  Future Scope  References  CQL
  • 4. ● A NoSQL database (sometimes called as Not Only SQL) is a database that provides a mechanism to store and retrieve data other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. These databases are schema-free, support easy replication , eventually consistent, and can handle huge amounts of data. ● The primary objective of a NoSQL database is to haves NoSQL Database 1. implicitly of design, 2. horizontal scaling, and 3. finer control over availability.
  • 5. ● NoSql databases use different data structures compared to relational databases. It makes some operations faster in SQL. The suitability of a given NoSQL database depends on the problem it must solve. NoSQL Database
  • 6. Besides Cassandra, we have the following NoSQL databases that are quite popular − 1. Apache HBase 2. MongoDB NoSQL Database
  • 8. Apache Cassandra is an open source, distributed and Decentralized/distributed storage system (database), for managing very large amounts of structured data spread out across the world. It provides highly available service with no single point of failure. Apache Cassandra
  • 11. Architecture The design goal of Cassandra is to handle big data workloads across multiple nodes without any single point of failure. Cassandra has peer-to-peer distributed system across its nodes, and data is distributed among all the nodes in a cluster. • All the nodes in a cluster play the same role. Each node is independent and at the same time interconnected to other nodes. • Each node in a cluster can accept read and write requests, regardless of where the data is actually located in the cluster. • When a node goes down, read/write requests can be served from other nodes in the network.
  • 12. Data Replication in Cassandra In Cassandra, one or more of the nodes in a cluster act as replicas for a given piece of data. If it is detected that some of the nodes responded with an out-of-date value, Cassandra will return the most recent value to the client. After returning the most recent value, Cassandra performs a read repair in the background to update the stale values
  • 13. Components of Cassandra The key components of Cassandra are as follows − i. Node − It is the place where data is stored. ii. Data center − It is a collection of related nodes. iii. Cluster − A cluster is a component that contains one or more data centers. iv. Commit log − The commit log is a crash-recovery mechanism in Cassandra. Every write operation is written to the commit log. v. Mem-table − A mem-table is a memory-resident data structure. After commit log, the data will be written to the mem-table. Sometimes, for a single-column family, there will be multiple mem- tables. vi. SSTable − It is a disk file to which the data is flushed from the mem-table when its contents reach a threshold value.
  • 15. Cluster Cassandra database is distributed over several machines that operate together. The outermost container is known as the Cluster. For failure handling, every node contains a replica, and in case of a failure, the replica takes charge. Cassandra arranges the nodes in a cluster, in a ring format, and assigns data to them.
  • 16. Key Space Key space is the outermost container for data in Cassandra. The basic attributes of a Key space in Cassandra are − 1. Replication factor − It is the number of machines in the cluster that will receive copies of the same data. 2. Replica placement strategy − It is nothing but the strategy to place replicas in the ring. We have strategies such as simple strategy (rack-aware strategy), old network topology strategy (rack-aware strategy), and network topology strategy (datacenter-shared strategy). 3. Column families − Key space is a container for a list of one or more column families. A column family, in turn, is a container of a collection of rows. Each row contains ordered columns. Column families represent the structure of your data. Each key space has at least one and often many column families.
  • 17. Column Family A column family is a container for an ordered collection of rows. Each row, in turn, is an ordered collection of columns. The following table lists the points that differentiate a column family from a table of relational databases. Column Super Column
  • 19. CQL Cassandra provides a prompt Cassandra query language shell (cqlsh) that allows users to communicate with it. Using this shell, you can execute Cassandra Query Language (CQL). Using cqlsh, you can •define a schema, •insert data, and •execute a query. •Cqlsh − As discussed above, this command is used to start the cqlsh prompt. In addition, it supports a few more options as well. The following table explains all the options of cqlsh and their usage. Creating a Table You can create a table using the command CREATE TABLE. Given below is the syntax for creating a table. Syntax CREATE (TABLE | COLUMNFAMILY) <tablename> ('<column-definition>' , '<column-definition>') (WITH <option> AND <option>) Altering a Table You can alter a table using the command ALTER TABLE. Given below is the syntax for creating a table. Syntax ALTER (TABLE | COLUMNFAMILY) <tablename> <instruction>
  • 20. Given below is an example to create a table in Cassandra using cqlsh. Here we are • Using the keyspace Student • Creating a table named emp It will have details such as employee name, id, city, salary, and phone number. Employee id is the primary key. Example cqlsh> USE Student; cqlsh:Student>; CREATE TABLE emp( emp_id int PRIMARY KEY, emp_name text, emp_city text, emp_sal varint, emp_phone varint );
  • 21. Future Scope 06 With the modern world being trademarked by a data boom, having a robust database management system is a necessity for businesses. Apache Cassandra, a NoSQL database is an excellent choice for the use cases across many different applications like business and e- commerce apps. It can be scaled linearly, provides high-octane performance even with variable workloads, and is easily available. Add to that, the support that Cassandra can provide for replicating across multiple data centers. It is probably the best-in-class, rendering lower latency for users. The operators love it because it can survive regional outages.
  • 22. Refrences 07 1. John Lemprière, Lemprière’s Classical Dictionary, first published 1788, London 2. Avery, Catherine B. (1962). New Century Classical Handbook. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts. p. 258. 3.Lycophron, Alexandra 30; Pausanias, 3.19, 3. 26. 4. Wilhelm Schulze, Kleine Schriften (1966), 698, J. B. Hoffmann, Glotta 28, 52 5. Edgar Howard Sturtevant, Class. Phil. 21, 248ff. 6. J. Davreux, La légende de la prophétesse Cassandre (Paris, 1942) 90ff. 7. Albert Carnoy, Les ét. class. 22, 344 8.R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 654 9. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved November 27, 2021.