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Cardiovascular system

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San Antonio de Padua - Center for Alternative Mathematics
San Antonio de Padua - Center for Alternative Mathematics

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It uses a closed circulatory system to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to pump blood into vessels. Blood is transported to tissues via arteries, capillaries, and veins to supply oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are different blood types based on antigens on red blood cells. The cardiovascular system functions to transport substances, regulate materials, and protect the body.

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The Cardiovascular System The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types
The Closed Circulatory System •Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. –The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. –Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
The HEART The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue –highly interconnected cells –four chambers •Right atrium •Right ventricle •Left atrium •Left ventricle
Functions of the Heart • Generating blood pressure • Routing blood – Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations • Ensuring one-way blood flow – Heart valves ensure one-way flow • Regulating blood supply – Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
Figure 15.3a
Figure 15.3c
Chambers • 4 chambers • 2 upper chambers= Atria – Between is interatrial septum – Contains fossa ovalis- remnant of foramen ovalis • 2 lower chambers = ventricles – Between is interventricular septum • Wall thickness depends on work load – Atria thinnest – Right ventricle pumps to lungs & thinner
Blood Flow Through Heart
Conduction System of the Heart – Sinoatrial (SA) Node • Heartbeat is initiated by the cardiac muscle fibers of the sinoatrial (SA) node. – located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava • Act as the pacemaker. – rhythmic center that establishes the pace for cardiac activity • Initiates impulses 70 - 80 times per minute. • STETHOSCOPE – instrument that hears the heartbeat (lub-dub)
Circulations•Pulmonary circuit –responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and then returning the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. •systemic circuit - responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the different
Figure 15.4ab
Figure 15.4d
The BLOOD VESSELS A network of tubes –Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart •Contains oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery) –Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place. –VeinsVenules moves towards the heart •Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs •One way values •When they break - varicose veins form •Contains deoxygenated blood (except the aorta)
Cardiovascular system
The BLOOD • Considered a connective tissue: contains – Cells – a liquid ground substance (called plasma) – dissolved protein fibers. • About four times more viscous (or thicker) than water. • Temperature of blood is about 1°C higher than measured body temperature.
Functions • Transportation-hormones, gases, nutrients, ions, heat • Regulation- pH, temperature, water balance in cells • Protection- clotting, white cells interferons, complement
Composition • Connective tissue-Two parts – Plasma = soluble materials (~55%) – Formed Elements = cells (~45%) • Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct) • White blood cells (WBC) ~1%
A. Plasma Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste
B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells –Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not have a nucleus and live only about 120 days. –Can not repair themselves.
C. Leukocytes – White Blood cells –Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow –Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
•D. Thrombocytes – Platelets. –These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow from magakaryocytes. –Clot Blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin.
Blood Types • Surface antigens- react with antibodies • Two antigens = A & B • If have only A –type A • If have only B –type B • If neither then Type O • Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens – e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody • You don’t react with your own antigens
Transfusions • If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells • Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients • Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors
Figure 14.6
Rh Blood Group • Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey • If have antigen- Rh+ • Normally don’t have antibodies • antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion
Checking Circulation- Pulse • Pulse in arteries = HR – Use radial artery at wrist, – carotid artery, – brachial artery • Tachycardia = rapid rest rate (>100 bpm) • Bradycardia= slow rest rate (<50 bpm)
Blood Pressure • Use sphygmomanometer – Usually on brachial artery • Raise pressure above systolic- – stop flow • Lower pressure in cuff until flow just starts – first sound  Systolic Pressure • Lower until sound suddenly gets faint  Diastolic pressure • Normal values <120 mmHg for systolic & < 80 mmHg for diastolic
Blood Pressure • Force/unit area blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel. • Measures in mmHg • Sphygmomanometer: device to measure blood pressure. • Systolic blood pressure (contraction) • Diastolic blood pressure (relaxation) • 120/80 mmHg
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System • Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count • Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia • Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in thrombocytes • Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems • Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction
Effects of Aging on the Heart • Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise • Hypertrophy of left ventricle • Maximum heart rate decreases • Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur • Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood
Stiffening of the aorta Atherosclerosis Arterosclerosis Aerobic exercise (longer than 20 mins) strengthens cardiovascular system

More Related Content

Cardiovascular system

  • 1. The Cardiovascular System The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types
  • 2. The Closed Circulatory System •Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. –The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. –Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
  • 3. The HEART The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue –highly interconnected cells –four chambers •Right atrium •Right ventricle •Left atrium •Left ventricle
  • 4. Functions of the Heart • Generating blood pressure • Routing blood – Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations • Ensuring one-way blood flow – Heart valves ensure one-way flow • Regulating blood supply – Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
  • 7. Chambers • 4 chambers • 2 upper chambers= Atria – Between is interatrial septum – Contains fossa ovalis- remnant of foramen ovalis • 2 lower chambers = ventricles – Between is interventricular septum • Wall thickness depends on work load – Atria thinnest – Right ventricle pumps to lungs & thinner
  • 9. Conduction System of the Heart – Sinoatrial (SA) Node • Heartbeat is initiated by the cardiac muscle fibers of the sinoatrial (SA) node. – located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava • Act as the pacemaker. – rhythmic center that establishes the pace for cardiac activity • Initiates impulses 70 - 80 times per minute. • STETHOSCOPE – instrument that hears the heartbeat (lub-dub)
  • 10. Circulations•Pulmonary circuit –responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and then returning the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. •systemic circuit - responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the different
  • 13. The BLOOD VESSELS A network of tubes –Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart •Contains oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery) –Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place. –VeinsVenules moves towards the heart •Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs •One way values •When they break - varicose veins form •Contains deoxygenated blood (except the aorta)
  • 15. The BLOOD • Considered a connective tissue: contains – Cells – a liquid ground substance (called plasma) – dissolved protein fibers. • About four times more viscous (or thicker) than water. • Temperature of blood is about 1°C higher than measured body temperature.
  • 16. Functions • Transportation-hormones, gases, nutrients, ions, heat • Regulation- pH, temperature, water balance in cells • Protection- clotting, white cells interferons, complement
  • 17. Composition • Connective tissue-Two parts – Plasma = soluble materials (~55%) – Formed Elements = cells (~45%) • Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct) • White blood cells (WBC) ~1%
  • 18. A. Plasma Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste
  • 19. B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells –Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not have a nucleus and live only about 120 days. –Can not repair themselves.
  • 20. C. Leukocytes – White Blood cells –Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow –Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
  • 21. •D. Thrombocytes – Platelets. –These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow from magakaryocytes. –Clot Blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin.
  • 22. Blood Types • Surface antigens- react with antibodies • Two antigens = A & B • If have only A –type A • If have only B –type B • If neither then Type O • Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens – e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody • You don’t react with your own antigens
  • 23. Transfusions • If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells • Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients • Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors
  • 25. Rh Blood Group • Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey • If have antigen- Rh+ • Normally don’t have antibodies • antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion
  • 26. Checking Circulation- Pulse • Pulse in arteries = HR – Use radial artery at wrist, – carotid artery, – brachial artery • Tachycardia = rapid rest rate (>100 bpm) • Bradycardia= slow rest rate (<50 bpm)
  • 27. Blood Pressure • Use sphygmomanometer – Usually on brachial artery • Raise pressure above systolic- – stop flow • Lower pressure in cuff until flow just starts – first sound  Systolic Pressure • Lower until sound suddenly gets faint  Diastolic pressure • Normal values <120 mmHg for systolic & < 80 mmHg for diastolic
  • 28. Blood Pressure • Force/unit area blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel. • Measures in mmHg • Sphygmomanometer: device to measure blood pressure. • Systolic blood pressure (contraction) • Diastolic blood pressure (relaxation) • 120/80 mmHg
  • 29. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System • Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count • Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia • Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in thrombocytes • Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems • Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction
  • 30. Effects of Aging on the Heart • Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise • Hypertrophy of left ventricle • Maximum heart rate decreases • Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur • Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood
  • 31. Stiffening of the aorta Atherosclerosis Arterosclerosis Aerobic exercise (longer than 20 mins) strengthens cardiovascular system