Browser Serving Your Web Application Security - Madison PHP 2017
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- The document discusses various techniques for securing web applications, including using HTTP headers like X-Frame-Options, Content-Security-Policy, and Access-Control-Allow-Origin to protect against clickjacking, cross-site scripting, and cross-origin resource sharing. It also covers using the meta robots tag and .htaccess files to restrict access to development sites. - Configuration options for PHP like session.cookie_secure and session.cookie_httponly are presented to better protect user sessions. Setting secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite attributes on cookies is also recommended for additional security. - Browser support and examples are provided for each technique discussed to help implementers properly secure their web applications and sites.
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Browser Serving Your Web Application Security - Madison PHP 2017
- 1. BROWSER SERVING YOUR WEB APPLICATION SECURITY ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW
- 2. ABOUT ME HI I’M PHILIPPE I’m a Developer Evangelist for kuzzle.io. Long-time internet developer, author, screen caster, podcaster and speaker. I’m specializes in PHP, Symfony, Kuzzle, security, code quality, performance, real time and geolocation. • Sécurité PHP 5 et MySQL 5 • OWASP Montreal • PHP Quebec • Table Top Game Developer • Pen & Paper RPG Writer
- 3. PURPOSE OF THE PRESENTATION • Improve the code of your website • Protect your site against certain attacks • Protect your users from certain attacks • Protect your development sites WHY WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THIS?
- 4. PROTECT YOUR DEV SITES • Dev/test/qa/regression servers • If they are available via the web • Robots.txt is not enough • forget • File compliance AVOID LEAKS
- 6. PROTECT YOUR SITES • name • robots for all robots • specific: • Googlebot: Googlebot-News, Googlebot-Image, Googlebot-Video, Googlebot- Mobile, Mediapartners-Google, Mediapartners, AdsBot-Google, AdsBot- Google-Mobile-Apps • slurp • msnbot, bingbot • teoma META NAME=ROBOTS
- 7. PROTECT YOUR SITES • content • all • index • follow META NAME=ROBOTS
- 8. PROTECT YOUR SITES • content • none • noindex • noarchive • nocache • nofollow META NAME=ROBOTS
- 9. PROTECT YOUR SITES • content • nosnippet • noodp • noydir • notranslate • noimageindex • unavailable_after: [RFC-850 date/time] META NAME=ROBOTS
- 10. HEADER : X-ROBOTS-TAG APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set X-Robots-Tag “noindex, nofollow, noarchive" <FilesMatch “.(doc|pdf|png|jpe?g|gif)$”> Header set X-Robots-Tag “noindex, noarchive, nosnippet" </FilesMatch> <IfModule>
- 11. HEADER : X-ROBOTS-TAG PHP EXAMPLE <?php header(“X-Robots-Tag : noindex”, true);
- 12. HEADER : X-ROBOTS-TAG EXAMPLES X-Robots-Tag: noarchive X-Robots-Tag: unavailable_after: 25 Jun 2010 15:00:00 PST X-Robots-Tag: googlebot: nofollow X-Robots-Tag: otherbot: noindex, nofollow
- 13. IMPROVE YOUR CODE • Normally, for IE8 + • Requests IE to use the latest render engines or a particular version. • Should use the ChromeFrame renderer (for IE6 and IE7) • Does not validate • Reduce the display speed of the site if it needs to change mode • Does not work in a conditional comment ( <!--[if lt IE 7]> ) META/HEADER : X-UA-COMPATIBLE
- 14. META: X-UA-COMPATIBLE CODE <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible” content="IE=9">
- 15. HEADER: X-UA-COMPATIBLE CODE PHP <?php header (“X-UA-Compatible : IE=Edge,chrome=1”, true);
- 16. HEADER: X-UA-COMPATIBLE APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set X-UA-Compatible “IE=Edge,chrome=1” # Mod_headers Does not use the content type, # but we do not want to send this header <FilesMatch “.(js|css|gif|png|jpe?g|pdf|xml|oga|ogg|m4a|ogv|mp4| m4v|webm|svg|svgz|eot|ttf|otf|woff|ico|webp|appcache|manifest|htc| crx|oex|xpi|safariextz|vcf)$” > Header unset X-UA-Compatible </FilesMatch> </IfModule>
- 17. CLICKJACKING PROTECTION • “Clickjacking” protection • <frame> • <iframe> • <object> • Value • DENY • SAMEORIGIN • ALLOW-FROM uri META/HEADER : X-FRAME-OPTIONS
- 18. META/HEADER : X-FRAME-OPTIONS BROWSER SUPPORT Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari X-Frame-Option 4+ 4+ 12+ 4+ 8+ 10.5+ 4.0+ Allow-from N/A N/A* N/A* 18+ 9+ N/A N/A* *Use CSP frame-ancestors directive instead
- 19. HEADER : X-FRAME-OPTIONS APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set X-Frame-Options “deny” </IfModule>
- 20. HEADER : X-FRAME-OPTIONS PHP CODE <?php header(“X-Frame-Options: deny”, true);
- 21. META : X-FRAME-OPTIONS CODE <meta http-equiv="X-Frame-Options” content="deny">
- 22. PROTECT AGAINS DRIVE-BY ATTAQUE • Only one value: nosniff HEADER : X-CONTENT-TYPE-OPTIONS Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari nosniff 3+ 1.0+* 11+ 50+** 8+ 13+ N/A * during download ** or with NoScript
- 23. HEADER : X-CONTENT-TYPE-OPTIONS APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set X-Content-Type-Options “nosniff” </IfModule>
- 24. HEADER : X-CONTENT-TYPE-OPTIONS PHP CODE <?php header(“X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff”, true);
- 25. XSS PROTECTION • Automatic protection against XSS • mode=block • report=<reporting-URI> META/HEADER : X-XSS-PROTECTION Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari X-XSS-Protection (Yes) 4+ 11+ N/A* 8+ Yes 4+ report No Chromium No No No No No * yes with NoScript
- 26. HEADER : X-XSS-PROTECTION APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set X-XSS-Protection “1; mode=block” </IfModule>
- 28. META : X-XSS-PROTECTION EXAMPLE <meta http-equiv="X-XSS-Protection" content="1"> <meta http-equiv="X-XSS-Protection" content="1; mode=block"> <meta http-equiv="X-XSS-Protection” content="0"> <!-- Chromium only --> <meta http-equiv="X-XSS-Protection” content="1; report=<url>">
- 29. SUPER PROTECTION • 3 level of specification • Specification 1.0 Recommendation • http://w3c.org/TR/CSP1 • Specification 2.0 Recommendation • http://w3c.org/TR/CSP2 • Specification 3.0 Working Draft • http://w3c.org/TR/CSP3 META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY
- 30. SUPER PROTECTION META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Recommendation 1 4.4+ 25+ 12+ 23+ 11+ 7+ X-Content-Security-Policy 12+* 4+ 10+ X-WebKit-CSP 14+ 5.1+ Recommendation 2 53+ 40+ 15+ 31+** 27+ 10+ Working Draft 3 * Limited ** Partial
- 31. META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY • default-src (csp 1, 2, 3) • child-src (csp 2, 3) • connect-src (csp 1, 2, 3) • font-src (csp 1, 2, 3) • frame-src (csp 1, 3) • img-src (csp 1, 2, 3) • manifest-src (csp 3) • media-src (csp 1, 2) • object-src (csp 1, 2) • script-src (csp 1, 2) • style-src (csp 1, 2) • worker-src (csp 3) FETCH DIRECTIVES
- 32. META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY • * (csp 1, 2, 3) • 'self' (csp 1, 2, 3) • 'none' (csp 1, 2, 3) • uri (csp 1, 2, 3) • media1.example.com • *.cdn.example.com • protocol • https: (csp 1, 2, 3) • http: (csp 1, 2, 3) • data: (csp 1, 2, 3) • mediastream: (csp 2, 3) • blob: (csp 2, 3) • filesystem: (csp 2, 3) • unsafe-inline (csp 1, 2, 3) • unsafe-eval (csp 1, 2, 3) • 'nonce-<base64-value>' (csp 2, 3) • <hash-source> (csp 2, 3) • 'strict-dynamic' (csp 2, 3) FETCH DIRECTIVES VALUES
- 33. META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY • Document Directives • base-uri (csp 2, 3) • disown-opener (csp 3) • plugin-types (csp 2, 3) • sandbox (csp 1, 2, 3) • Navigation Directives • form-action (csp 2, 3) • frame-ancestors (csp 2, 3) • Directives Defined in Other Documents • block-all-mixed-content (csp 3) • require-sri-for (csp 3) • upgrade-insecure-requests (csp 3) DIRECTIVES
- 34. META/HEADER: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY • allow-forms • allow-modals • allow-orientation-lock • allow-pointer-lock • allow-popups • allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox • allow-presentation • allow-same-origin • allow-scripts • allow-top-navigation SANDBOX VALUE
- 35. HEADER: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set Content-Security-Policy “default-src ‘self’;” </IfModule>
- 36. HEADER: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY PHP CODE <?php header(“Content-Security-Policy: default-src ‘self’;”, true);
- 37. META: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY CODE <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src https:">
- 38. META/HEADER: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY EXAMPLES default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; script-src 'self' www.google-analytics.com ajax.googleapis.com; default-src 'none'; script-src 'self'; connect-src 'self'; img-src 'self'; style-src 'self'; default-src 'self'; img-src *; object-src media1.example.com media2.example.com *.cdn.example.com; script-src trustedscripts.example.com default-src https: 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' default-src *; script-src https://example.com/js/;” default-src *; sandbox allow-scripts
- 39. META/HEADER: CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY EXAMPLES default-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none' base-uri 'self' object-src 'none' plugin-types application/x-shockwave-flash plugin-types application/x-java-applet form-action 'none' default-src 'self'; require-sri-for script style block-all-mixed-content upgrade-insecure-requests; default-src https:
- 40. META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY • Reporting Directives • report-uri (CSP 1, 2, 3) • report-to (CSP 3) • Meta/Header • Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only REPORT
- 41. HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY APACHE EXAMPLE REPORT Content-Security-Policy “default-src ‘self’; report-uri http://example.org/csp-report.php” http://evil.example.com/image.png
- 42. META/HEADER : CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY RESPONSE { “csp-report”: { “document-uri”: “http://example.org/page.html", “referrer”: “http://evil.example.com/haxor.html", “blocked-uri”: “http://evil.example.com/image.png", “violated-directive”: “default-src ‘self’”, “original-policy”: “default-src ‘self’; report-uri http://example.org/csp-report.cgi” } }
- 43. CROSS-ORIGIN RESOURCE SHARING • Access-Control-Allow-Credentials • Access-Control-Allow-Headers • Access-Control-Allow-Methods • Access-Control-Allow-Origin • Access-Control-Expose-Headers • Access-Control-Max-Age • Access-Control-Request-Headers • Access-Control-Request-Method META/HEADER: ACCESS-CONTROL-*
- 44. CROSS-ORIGIN RESOURCE SHARING META/HEADER: ACCESS-CONTROL-* Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Access-Control-* 2.1+ 4+ 12+ 3.5+ 10+ 12+ 4+
- 45. META: ACCESS-CONTROL-* CODE <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Origin” content="*"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Origin” content="http://kuzzle.io"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Credentials” content="true"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Headers” content="Content-Length, X-Powered-By"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Methods” content="POST, GET, OPTIONS"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Expose-Headers” content="Content-Length, X-Powered-By"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Max-Age” content="600"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Request-Headers” content="Content-Length, X-Powered-By"> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Request-Methods” content="POST">
- 46. HEADER: ACCESS-CONTROL-* APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin “http://kuzzle.io” Header set Access-Control-Allow-Credentials “true” Header set Access-Control-Allow-Headers “Content-Length, X-Powered-By” Header set Access-Control-Allow-Methods “POST, GET, OPTIONS” Header set Access-Control-Expose-Headers “Content-Length, X-Powered-By” Header set Access-Control-Max-Age “60” Header set Access-Control-Request-Headers “Content-Length, X-Powered-By” Header set Access-Control-Request-Methods “POST” </IfModule>
- 47. HEADER: ACCESS-CONTROL-* PHP CODE <?php header(“Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://kuzzle.io”, true); header(“Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true”, true); header(“Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Length, X-Powered-By”, true); header(“Access-Control-Allow-Methods: POST, GET, OPTIONS”, true); header(“Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Length, X-Powered-By”, true); header(“Access-Control-Max-Age: 60”, true); header(“Access-Control-Request-Headers: Content-Length, X-Powered-By”, true); header(“Access-Control-Request-Methods: POST”, true);
- 48. PROTECT YOUR SESSIONS • Stealing session (session cookie) is quite simple. • Use HTTPS on your server if you use sessions. • But it is not enough... PHP CONFIGURATION
- 49. PROTECT YOUR SESSIONS PHP CONFIGURATION session.use_cookies “1” session.use_only_cookies “1” session.cookie_secure “1” session.cookie_httponly “1”
- 50. PROTECT YOUR COOKIES • Secure • HttpOnly • SameSite SETCOOKIE Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Secure 1+ 1+ 10+ 3+ 9+ 11+ 5+ HttpOnly 1+ 1+ 10+ 3+ 9+ 11+ 5+ SameSite 51+ 51+ N/A N/A N/A 39+ N/A
- 51. PROTECT YOUR COOKIES PHP CODE bool setcookie ( string $name [, string $value = "" [, int $expire = 0 [, string $path = "" [, string $domain = "" [, bool $secure = false [, bool $httponly = false ]]]]]] )
- 52. PROTECT IN TRANSIT DATA • Require the browser to use a site in SSL (and retains the information) HTTP STRICT TRANSPORT SECURITY Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Strict-Transport- Security 4.4+ 4+ 12+ 4+ 11+ 12+ 7+
- 53. HTTP STRICT TRANSPORT SECURITY EXAMPLES Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<expire-time> Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<expire-time>; includeSubDomains Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<expire-time>; preload Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<expire-time>; includeSubDomains; preload
- 54. HTTP STRICT TRANSPORT SECURITY APACHE EXAMPLE #apache <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAlias * RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [redirect=301] </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:443> ServerAlias * ... <IfModule mod_headers.c> Header set Strict-Transport-Security “max-age=16070400; preload" </IfModule> </VirtualHost>
- 55. HTTP STRICT TRANSPORT SECURITY PHP EXAMPLE <?php // IIS defines the HTTPS protocol to be “off” for non-SSL requests if (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && $_SERVER['HTTPS'] != 'off') { header(’Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=16070400’); } else { header('Location: https://’.$_SERVER[’HTTP_HOST'] . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], true, 301); exit; }
- 56. PROTECT IN TRANSIT DATA • Tells a Web client to associate a specific public cryptographic public key to a Web server to reduce the risk of MITM attacks with falsified certificates. HTTP PUBLIC KEY PINNING (HPKP) Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Public-Key-Pins 38+ 38+ N/A 35+ N/A 25+ N/A Report-uri 46+ 46+ N/A N/A N/A 33+ N/A
- 57. HTTP PUBLIC KEY PINNING (HPKP) EXAMPLES Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256=<base64==>; max-age=<expireTime>; Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256=<base64==>; max-age=<expireTime>; includeSubDomains Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256=<base64==>; max-age=<expireTime>; report-uri=<reportURI> Public-Key-Pins-Report-Only: pin-sha256=<base64==>; max-age=<expireTime>; report- uri=<reportURI>
- 58. PROTECT IMPORTED FILES INTEGRITIES • Verify extracted files are delivered without unexpected manipulation. • Uses a cryptographic hash. • <script>, <link> • Base64 of • sha256 • sha384 • sha512 SUBRESOURCE INTEGRITY
- 59. SUBRESOURCE INTEGRITY EXAMPLES <script src="https://example.com/example-framework.js" integrity="sha384-oqVuAfXRKap7fdgcCY5uykM6+R9GqQ8K/uxy9rx7HNQlGYl1kPzQho1wx4JwY8wC" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link rel="stylesheet” href="https://site53.example.net/style.css" integrity="sha384-+/M6kredJcxdsqkczBUjMLvqyHb1K/JThDXWsBVxMEeZHEaMKEOEct339VItX1zB" crossorigin="anonymous"> cat example-framework.js | openssl dgst -sha384 -binary | openssl enc -base64 -A
- 60. PROTECT YOUR • Allows you to specify when the browser will define a Referer header.no- referrer • no-referrer • no-referrer-when-downgrade • origin • origin-when-cross-origin • same-origin • strict-origin • strict-origin-when-cross-origin • unsafe-url HEADER: REFERRER-POLICY
- 61. HEADER: REFERRER-POLICY COMPATIBILITY Android Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Referrer-Policy 56+ 56+ N/A 50+ N/A 43+ N/A same-origin N/A N/A N/A 52+ N/A N/A N/A strict-origin N/A N/A N/A 52+ N/A N/A N/A strict-origin- when-cross- origin N/A N/A N/A 52+ N/A N/A N/A
- 62. MISSING IN THIS TALK • Meta/Header : X-UA-Compatible • Meta/Header : X-Frame-Options • Protect your session • Protect your cookie CAN BE FOUND IN THE DOWNLOAD VERSION
- 63. ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU! If you want to talk more, feel free to contact me. http://kuzzle.io This presentation was created using Keynote. The text is set in Oswald and Ubuntu. The source code is set in Ubuntu Mono. The iconography is provided by Keynote, kuzzle.io and Font Awesome. Unless otherwise noted, all photographs are used by permission under a Creative Commons license. Please refer to the Photo Credits slide for more information. Copyright © This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. For uses not covered under this license, please contact the author. hello@kuzzle.io @kuzzleio Kuzzle kuzzleio http://kuzzle.io Browser Serving Your Web Application Security 2014-2017 Philippe Gamache GAMACHE, Philippe. “Browser Serving Your Web Application Security” NorthEast PHP Conference. August 10, 2017. Conference presentation. pgamache@kuzzle.io @philoupedia philippegamache joind.in/talk/d11a0 Please visit us at: