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Brienna hick sound recording glossary

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This document contains a glossary of terms related to sound design and production for computer games. It provides researched definitions from online sources for terms like Foley artistry, sound libraries, file formats like .wav and .aiff, compression types, audio hardware limitations, recording systems, MIDI, sampling, and more. For each term, it also describes the relevance to the author's own production practice, such as how sound libraries are used to store sound effects for use in projects.

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Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 1 Produce a glossary of terms specific to the methods and principles of sound design and production. Using a provided template, you must research and gather definitions specific to provided glossary terms. Any definitions must be referenced with the URL link of the website you have obtained the definition. You must also, where possible, provide specific details of how researched definitions relate to your own production practice. Name: Brienna Hick RESEARCHED DEFINITION (provide short internet researched definition and URL link) DESCRIBE THE RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCHED TERM TO YOUR OWN PRODUCTION PRACTICE? SOUND DESIGN METHODOLOGY Foley Artistry Foleyartists matchlive sound effects with the action ofthe picture. The sound effects are laid "manually" and not cut inwithfilm. http://www.filmsound.org/terminology/foley.htm FoleyArtistryis the creationandmatching of sound effects to the actions happening in a picture. These effects are not cut in with the filmandare laidmanually. Sound Libraries a collectionof sounds storedon file (for example on CDs, DVDs, or as digitalaudio files) http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sound- library A sound libraryis where theystore a collectionof sounds that canbe takenout and usedat anytime. Theycanbe stored on CDs, DVDs or as a digitalaudio file. SOUND FILE FORMATS Uncompressed Uncompressedaudiofiles are the most accurate digital representation of a soundwave, but can also be the most resource-intensive methodof recording andstoring digital audio, bothinterms of storage andmanagement. Their accuracymakes themsuitable for archiving and delivering audioat high resolution, andworking withaudio at a professional level, andtheyare the 'master' audioformat of choice. http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/uncompressed-audio- file-formats Uncompressedaudiofiles are the “master” audioformat as theyare the most accurate digital representation ofa soundwave. This accuracymakes themthe most suitable for storingand delivering high resolutionaudio and working with audioat a professional level. .wav Waveform AudioFile Format (WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension) (rarely, Audiofor Windows)is a Microsoft andIBMaudio file format standard for storing an audiobitstream onPCs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV .wavor waveform is anaudiofile format that is the standardfile type for storing audiobitstreamon PCs. .aiff Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is an audiofile format standardusedfor storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices. AIFF is a fileformat whichis used for the storage ofsounddata onPCs andother electronic audio devices.
Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format .au AU is a file extensionfor a soundfile format belongingto Sun, NeXT and DECandusedinUNIX. The AU file format is also known as the Sparc-audioor u-law fomat. AU files containthree parts:the audio data andtext for a header (containing 24 bytes) andan annotationblock. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/AU-Sun-NeXT-DEC- UNIX-sound-file An .au file is a file containingthree parts (audiodata, text for the header and an annotationblock)andIs a soundfile format that belongs to Sunandusedin UNIX. .smp Music file usedbySmartMusic, a music practice application for band, orchestra, andvoice; saves an accompaniment that can be usedfor practicing solos andother musical parts;includes the sheet music informationandcan be used for assessment; replacedbythe .SMPXin Finale 2014. http://fileinfo.com/extension/smp .smp is a file type used bySmartMusic. Lossy Compression lossycompressionreduces a file bypermanentlyeliminating certaininformation, especiallyredundant information. When the file is uncompressed, onlya part ofthe original information is still there (althoughthe user maynot notice it). Lossy compressionis generallyusedfor videoandsound, where a certainamount of information loss willnot be detectedby most users. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/lossless-and-lossy- compression Lossycompressioneliminatescertain informationfroma file permanentlyin order to reduce it. Onlysome ofthe originalinformationwill stillbe present once the file is uncompressed, although the user maynot notice this as it usually losesthe redundant aspects of the file. .mp3 MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)is a standardtechnologyand format for compressing a soundsequence intoa very small file (about one-twelfth the size ofthe original file) while preserving the original level of soundqualitywhenit is played. MP3 provides near CD qualityaudio. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/MP3-MPEG-Audio- Layer-3-AC3-file Mp3 compresses a soundsequence intoa smaller file whilst still keepingits original soundqualitywhenplayed. AUDIO LIMITATIONS Sound Processor Unit (SPU) The SPU is the unit responsible for allaural capabilities ofthe psx. It handles 24 voices, has a 512kbsoundbuffer, hasADSR envelope filters for each voice andlots of other features. http://psx.rules.org/spu.txt Digital Sound Processor (DSP) Digital signal processors take a digital signal and process it to improve the signal intoclearer sound, faster data or sharper images. Digital Signal Processors use video, voice, audio, temperature or position signals that have beendigitizedand Digital signal processors process a digital signal andimprove the signal so that it is clearer. Thisis usedto create clearer sound, faster data or sharper images.
Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 3 mathematicallymanipulate them. http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/microprocessors/digital- signal-processors.aspx Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM(pronounced ramm) is anacronym for randomaccess memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly;that is, anybyte ofmemorycan be accessedwithout touching the preceding bytes. RAMis the most commontype of memoryfoundincomputers and other devices, suchas printers. https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome- instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF- 8#q=what+is+random+access+memory Random access memoryis the most common type ofmemoryfoundin computers and devicessuch as printers, in RAManybyte of memorycan be accessed without havingto touchanyof the preceding bytes. Mono Audio Mono Audio. When you're using headphones, youmaymiss some audio if you're deaf or hardof hearing in one ear. That's because stereorecordings usuallyhave distinct left- and right- channelaudio tracks. https://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/ Mono Audio is when the soundis played through one speaker as a whole rather than split into twoseparate left andright channels. Stereo Audio Audio stereo means soundwhichis divided into twoseparate channels. These twochannelsare playedbacksimultaneously via separate speakers. The effect is to create a fuller sound, and provide the abilityto mix certainsounds between channels. http://www.mediacollege.com/glossary/s/stereo.html Stereo Audiois whenthe soundis played through two speakers separatedintoa left and right channel to give a more full sound to the track. Surround Sound Surroundsoundis a term usedto describe a type of audio output inwhich the sound appears to "surroundthe listener" by360 degrees. Surroundsoundsystems use three or more channels andspeakers in front andbehind the listener to create a surrounding envelope of sound and directional audio sources. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/surround_sound.html Surroundsoundis whenthe audioplays through three or more channelsthat surround the listener. Thiscreates a surroundingenvelope of sound. It also provides directional audiosources. Direct Audio (Pulse Code Modulation – PCM) Pulse-code modulation(PCM) is a methodusedto digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standardform of digital audioincomputers, Compact Discs, digitaltelephony and other digital audio applications. Ina PCMstream, the amplitude ofthe analog signalis sampled regularlyat uniform intervals, andeach sample is quantizedto the nearest value within a range ofdigital steps. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation PCM is usedto digitallyrepresent sampled analogue signals. The analogue signal is sampledregularlyat uniformintervals.
Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 4 AUDIO RECORDING SYSTEMS Analogue Analog (or analogue) recording(Greek, ana is "accordingto" and logos "relationship") is a technique usedfor the recording of analogsignals which, among manypossibilities, analogaudio and analog videofor later playback. Analogrecording methods store signals as a continuous signal in or onthe media. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_recording Analogue is a recording technique which records analogue signals whichit then stores as a continuous signalinor on the media. Digital Mini Disc One easywayto think about a MiniDisc is like a floppydisk-- you can record and erase files ona MiniDisc just as easilyas you can on a floppydisk. The bigdifference betweenthe a MiniDisc anda floppydiskis that a MiniDisc canholdabout 100 times more data (about 140 megabytes indata mode, 160 megabytes inaudiomode vs. 1.44 megabytes for a floppy). http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question55.htm A Minidisc canbe usedto recordor erase files andholds about 140 – 160 megabytes of data. Compact Disc (CD) A compact disc [sometimesspelleddisk](CD) is a small, portable, round medium made of moldedpolymer (close in size to the floppydisk)for electronicallyrecording, storing, and playing backaudio, video, text, and other informationindigital form. http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/compact-disc A compact disc is a formof portable electronic storage that canbe usedfor recording or playing back videos, audio and other digital information. Digital Audio Tape (DAT) DAT (Digital AudioTape)is a standard mediumandtechnology for the digital recordingof audioon tape at a professional level of quality. A DAT drive is a digitaltape recorder withrotating heads similar to those foundin a video deck. Most DAT drives can record at sample rates of44.1 kHz, the CD audiostandard, and 48 kHz. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/DAT-Digital-Audio- Tape Digital Audiotape is usedfor the digital recording ofaudio ontoa tape at a professional level of quality. MIDI MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol developedinthe 1980's which allows electronic instruments and other digital musicaltools to communicate witheach other. http://www.instructables.com/id/What-is-MIDI/ MIDI is a protocol allowing electronic instruments andother digital tools to communicate;thiswas developedinthe 1980’s. Software Sequencers In digital audiorecording, a sequencer is a program in a computer or stand-alone keyboardunit that puts together a soundsequence from a series(or sequence) of Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI ) events (operations). http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/sequencer A software sequencer is a programme that puts a sequence of sounds from a series of MIDI events. Software Plug-ins In computing, a plug-in(or add-in/ addin, plugin, extension or add-on / addon)is a software component that adds a specific A software plug-inis anextension to an existingpiece of software that adds a
Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 5 feature to an existing software application. When an applicationsupports plug-ins, it enables customization. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_%28computing%29 specific feature or customizable option. MIDI Keyboard Instruments MIDI musicalinstruments, alsoknownas synthesizers, come in all different shapesandsizes. Their chiefcharacteristic -- or what differentiatesthem from MIDI controllers -- is that they generate sound as wellas MIDI data. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/midi2.htm MIDI instruments will generate soundas well as MIDI data, these are also knownas synthesizers. AUDIO SAMPLING File Size Constraints - Bit-depth Bit depthis the number of bits used to carrythe data ineach sample of audio. The bit depthchosen for recording limits the dynamic range of the recording. http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/Bit_Depth The bit-depth will limit the dynamic range that the recording canreach. File Size Constraints - Sample Rate Sample rate is the number of samplesof audiocarriedper second, measuredinHz or kHz (one kHz being 1 000 Hz). For example, 44 100 samples per secondcanbe expressedas either 44 100 Hz, or 44.1 kHz. Bandwidthis the difference between the highest andlowest frequenciescarriedinan audiostream. The samplerate of playback or recording determines the maximum audio frequencythat canbe reproduced. http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/Sample_Rates The sample rate whichcanbe measured as KHz or Hz is the number of samplesof audiothat are carriedper second. The sample rate ofthe playback or recording shows the maximumaudiofrequencythat it can reproduce.

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Brienna hick sound recording glossary

  • 1. Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 1 Produce a glossary of terms specific to the methods and principles of sound design and production. Using a provided template, you must research and gather definitions specific to provided glossary terms. Any definitions must be referenced with the URL link of the website you have obtained the definition. You must also, where possible, provide specific details of how researched definitions relate to your own production practice. Name: Brienna Hick RESEARCHED DEFINITION (provide short internet researched definition and URL link) DESCRIBE THE RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCHED TERM TO YOUR OWN PRODUCTION PRACTICE? SOUND DESIGN METHODOLOGY Foley Artistry Foleyartists matchlive sound effects with the action ofthe picture. The sound effects are laid "manually" and not cut inwithfilm. http://www.filmsound.org/terminology/foley.htm FoleyArtistryis the creationandmatching of sound effects to the actions happening in a picture. These effects are not cut in with the filmandare laidmanually. Sound Libraries a collectionof sounds storedon file (for example on CDs, DVDs, or as digitalaudio files) http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sound- library A sound libraryis where theystore a collectionof sounds that canbe takenout and usedat anytime. Theycanbe stored on CDs, DVDs or as a digitalaudio file. SOUND FILE FORMATS Uncompressed Uncompressedaudiofiles are the most accurate digital representation of a soundwave, but can also be the most resource-intensive methodof recording andstoring digital audio, bothinterms of storage andmanagement. Their accuracymakes themsuitable for archiving and delivering audioat high resolution, andworking withaudio at a professional level, andtheyare the 'master' audioformat of choice. http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/uncompressed-audio- file-formats Uncompressedaudiofiles are the “master” audioformat as theyare the most accurate digital representation ofa soundwave. This accuracymakes themthe most suitable for storingand delivering high resolutionaudio and working with audioat a professional level. .wav Waveform AudioFile Format (WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension) (rarely, Audiofor Windows)is a Microsoft andIBMaudio file format standard for storing an audiobitstream onPCs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV .wavor waveform is anaudiofile format that is the standardfile type for storing audiobitstreamon PCs. .aiff Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is an audiofile format standardusedfor storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices. AIFF is a fileformat whichis used for the storage ofsounddata onPCs andother electronic audio devices.
  • 2. Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format .au AU is a file extensionfor a soundfile format belongingto Sun, NeXT and DECandusedinUNIX. The AU file format is also known as the Sparc-audioor u-law fomat. AU files containthree parts:the audio data andtext for a header (containing 24 bytes) andan annotationblock. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/AU-Sun-NeXT-DEC- UNIX-sound-file An .au file is a file containingthree parts (audiodata, text for the header and an annotationblock)andIs a soundfile format that belongs to Sunandusedin UNIX. .smp Music file usedbySmartMusic, a music practice application for band, orchestra, andvoice; saves an accompaniment that can be usedfor practicing solos andother musical parts;includes the sheet music informationandcan be used for assessment; replacedbythe .SMPXin Finale 2014. http://fileinfo.com/extension/smp .smp is a file type used bySmartMusic. Lossy Compression lossycompressionreduces a file bypermanentlyeliminating certaininformation, especiallyredundant information. When the file is uncompressed, onlya part ofthe original information is still there (althoughthe user maynot notice it). Lossy compressionis generallyusedfor videoandsound, where a certainamount of information loss willnot be detectedby most users. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/lossless-and-lossy- compression Lossycompressioneliminatescertain informationfroma file permanentlyin order to reduce it. Onlysome ofthe originalinformationwill stillbe present once the file is uncompressed, although the user maynot notice this as it usually losesthe redundant aspects of the file. .mp3 MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)is a standardtechnologyand format for compressing a soundsequence intoa very small file (about one-twelfth the size ofthe original file) while preserving the original level of soundqualitywhenit is played. MP3 provides near CD qualityaudio. http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/MP3-MPEG-Audio- Layer-3-AC3-file Mp3 compresses a soundsequence intoa smaller file whilst still keepingits original soundqualitywhenplayed. AUDIO LIMITATIONS Sound Processor Unit (SPU) The SPU is the unit responsible for allaural capabilities ofthe psx. It handles 24 voices, has a 512kbsoundbuffer, hasADSR envelope filters for each voice andlots of other features. http://psx.rules.org/spu.txt Digital Sound Processor (DSP) Digital signal processors take a digital signal and process it to improve the signal intoclearer sound, faster data or sharper images. Digital Signal Processors use video, voice, audio, temperature or position signals that have beendigitizedand Digital signal processors process a digital signal andimprove the signal so that it is clearer. Thisis usedto create clearer sound, faster data or sharper images.
  • 3. Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 3 mathematicallymanipulate them. http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/microprocessors/digital- signal-processors.aspx Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM(pronounced ramm) is anacronym for randomaccess memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly;that is, anybyte ofmemorycan be accessedwithout touching the preceding bytes. RAMis the most commontype of memoryfoundincomputers and other devices, suchas printers. https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome- instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF- 8#q=what+is+random+access+memory Random access memoryis the most common type ofmemoryfoundin computers and devicessuch as printers, in RAManybyte of memorycan be accessed without havingto touchanyof the preceding bytes. Mono Audio Mono Audio. When you're using headphones, youmaymiss some audio if you're deaf or hardof hearing in one ear. That's because stereorecordings usuallyhave distinct left- and right- channelaudio tracks. https://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/ Mono Audio is when the soundis played through one speaker as a whole rather than split into twoseparate left andright channels. Stereo Audio Audio stereo means soundwhichis divided into twoseparate channels. These twochannelsare playedbacksimultaneously via separate speakers. The effect is to create a fuller sound, and provide the abilityto mix certainsounds between channels. http://www.mediacollege.com/glossary/s/stereo.html Stereo Audiois whenthe soundis played through two speakers separatedintoa left and right channel to give a more full sound to the track. Surround Sound Surroundsoundis a term usedto describe a type of audio output inwhich the sound appears to "surroundthe listener" by360 degrees. Surroundsoundsystems use three or more channels andspeakers in front andbehind the listener to create a surrounding envelope of sound and directional audio sources. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/surround_sound.html Surroundsoundis whenthe audioplays through three or more channelsthat surround the listener. Thiscreates a surroundingenvelope of sound. It also provides directional audiosources. Direct Audio (Pulse Code Modulation – PCM) Pulse-code modulation(PCM) is a methodusedto digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standardform of digital audioincomputers, Compact Discs, digitaltelephony and other digital audio applications. Ina PCMstream, the amplitude ofthe analog signalis sampled regularlyat uniform intervals, andeach sample is quantizedto the nearest value within a range ofdigital steps. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation PCM is usedto digitallyrepresent sampled analogue signals. The analogue signal is sampledregularlyat uniformintervals.
  • 4. Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 4 AUDIO RECORDING SYSTEMS Analogue Analog (or analogue) recording(Greek, ana is "accordingto" and logos "relationship") is a technique usedfor the recording of analogsignals which, among manypossibilities, analogaudio and analog videofor later playback. Analogrecording methods store signals as a continuous signal in or onthe media. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_recording Analogue is a recording technique which records analogue signals whichit then stores as a continuous signalinor on the media. Digital Mini Disc One easywayto think about a MiniDisc is like a floppydisk-- you can record and erase files ona MiniDisc just as easilyas you can on a floppydisk. The bigdifference betweenthe a MiniDisc anda floppydiskis that a MiniDisc canholdabout 100 times more data (about 140 megabytes indata mode, 160 megabytes inaudiomode vs. 1.44 megabytes for a floppy). http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question55.htm A Minidisc canbe usedto recordor erase files andholds about 140 – 160 megabytes of data. Compact Disc (CD) A compact disc [sometimesspelleddisk](CD) is a small, portable, round medium made of moldedpolymer (close in size to the floppydisk)for electronicallyrecording, storing, and playing backaudio, video, text, and other informationindigital form. http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/compact-disc A compact disc is a formof portable electronic storage that canbe usedfor recording or playing back videos, audio and other digital information. Digital Audio Tape (DAT) DAT (Digital AudioTape)is a standard mediumandtechnology for the digital recordingof audioon tape at a professional level of quality. A DAT drive is a digitaltape recorder withrotating heads similar to those foundin a video deck. Most DAT drives can record at sample rates of44.1 kHz, the CD audiostandard, and 48 kHz. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/DAT-Digital-Audio- Tape Digital Audiotape is usedfor the digital recording ofaudio ontoa tape at a professional level of quality. MIDI MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol developedinthe 1980's which allows electronic instruments and other digital musicaltools to communicate witheach other. http://www.instructables.com/id/What-is-MIDI/ MIDI is a protocol allowing electronic instruments andother digital tools to communicate;thiswas developedinthe 1980’s. Software Sequencers In digital audiorecording, a sequencer is a program in a computer or stand-alone keyboardunit that puts together a soundsequence from a series(or sequence) of Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI ) events (operations). http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/sequencer A software sequencer is a programme that puts a sequence of sounds from a series of MIDI events. Software Plug-ins In computing, a plug-in(or add-in/ addin, plugin, extension or add-on / addon)is a software component that adds a specific A software plug-inis anextension to an existingpiece of software that adds a
  • 5. Salford City College Eccles Sixth Form Centre BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games IG2 Task 1 5 feature to an existing software application. When an applicationsupports plug-ins, it enables customization. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_%28computing%29 specific feature or customizable option. MIDI Keyboard Instruments MIDI musicalinstruments, alsoknownas synthesizers, come in all different shapesandsizes. Their chiefcharacteristic -- or what differentiatesthem from MIDI controllers -- is that they generate sound as wellas MIDI data. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/midi2.htm MIDI instruments will generate soundas well as MIDI data, these are also knownas synthesizers. AUDIO SAMPLING File Size Constraints - Bit-depth Bit depthis the number of bits used to carrythe data ineach sample of audio. The bit depthchosen for recording limits the dynamic range of the recording. http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/Bit_Depth The bit-depth will limit the dynamic range that the recording canreach. File Size Constraints - Sample Rate Sample rate is the number of samplesof audiocarriedper second, measuredinHz or kHz (one kHz being 1 000 Hz). For example, 44 100 samples per secondcanbe expressedas either 44 100 Hz, or 44.1 kHz. Bandwidthis the difference between the highest andlowest frequenciescarriedinan audiostream. The samplerate of playback or recording determines the maximum audio frequencythat canbe reproduced. http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/Sample_Rates The sample rate whichcanbe measured as KHz or Hz is the number of samplesof audiothat are carriedper second. The sample rate ofthe playback or recording shows the maximumaudiofrequencythat it can reproduce.