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Basics of-linux

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Singsys Pte Ltd
Singsys Pte Ltd

This document provides an overview of the basics of Linux, including its key components and common commands. It describes Linux as an open source, Unix-based operating system developed by the community. The core component is the Linux kernel, which uses a monolithic microkernel design. Common shells for the user interface include BASH, SH, and KSH. Basic commands covered include ls, cd, pwd, echo, cat, cp, mv, mkdir, rm, and tar for archiving and compressing files. The document also discusses file permissions and ownership, represented using octal notation, and crontab for scheduling tasks.

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Basics of Linux Gulshan Verma Singsys Pte. Ltd.
Tux Tux The Penguin, Mascot of Linux
 It is Unix based Operating System developed by community.  Originated at 1991.  It is free open source software (FOSS)  The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel  Monolithic  Micro  The user interface, also known as the shell, is either a commandline interface (CLI)  Sh – simple shell  BASH – Bourne Again Shell  KSH – Korne Shell  CSH – C Shell  SSH – Secure Shell  Text Editor: VI, Emacs, gEdit, kWrite, Pico, Nano etc.
Basics Commands of Linux
Basic Commands $ ls List with filename only $ ls –l List with all details $ ls –a List with hidden files $ ls -la List with hidden files and details
Basic Commands (cont) $ cd /usr/bin Open folder path $ pwd returns full path of the current directory $ which ls $ whereis ls $ locate filename $ find / | something.sh $ echo $ cat filename $ cp $ mv
Basic Commands (cont) $ mkdir $ rm $ chgrp $ chown $ chmod $ tar –cvfp filename.tar /folder $ unzip filename $ tar –xvfp filename.tar $ touch
Basic Commands (cont)                  Linux TAR Command Create linux tar gz (Gzip) archive tar -czvf myarchive.tgz mydirectory/ -c, –create create a new archive Note that .tgz is the same thing as .tar.gz Create linux simple tar archive (withouth compresion) tar -cvf myarchive.tar mydirectory/ Extracting linux tar archive: Extract linux tar gz (Gzip) archive tar -xzvf mystuff.tgz Extract linux simple tar archive tar -xvf mystuff.tar We use -x to extract the files form the tar archive -x, –extract, –get extract files from an archive Extract linux tar archive to speciefied directory tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz -C /desired/path And now let us shortly explain this command Usage: tar [OPTION]… [FILE]… Let us check the option used in this example -c, –create create a new archive -z, –gzip, –ungzip filter the archive through gzip -v, –verbose verbosely list files processed -f, –file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE -C directory file
File Permission
File Permission (Cont)  Octal numbers and permissions  You can use octal number to represent mode/permission: r : 4 w : 2 x : 1  0+r+w+x = 0+4+2+1 = 7  Only Read and write permission on a file in octal is 0+r+w+x = 0+4+2+0 = 6  Only read and execute permission on a file in octal is 0+r+w+x = 0+4+0+1 = 5  User  Group  Others = r+w+x = 0+4+2+1 = 7 = r+w+x = 0+4+2+0 = 6 = r+w+x = 0+0+0+1 = 1
File Permission (Cont)
Creating a crontab file You can create a crontab file by entering the following terminal command: $ crontab –e To List all the cron job: $ crontab -l
Crontab Syntax
Crontab examples * * * * * <command> #Runs every minute 30 * * * * <command> #Runs at 30 minutes past the hour 45 6 * * * <command> #Runs at 6:45 am every day 45 18 * * * <command> #Runs at 6:45 pm every day 00 1 * * 0 <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 00 1 * * 7 <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 00 1 * * Sun <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 30 8 1 * * <command> #Runs at 8:30 am on the first day of every month 00 0-23/2 02 07 * <command> #Runs every other hour on the 2nd of July
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Basics of-linux

  • 1. Basics of Linux Gulshan Verma Singsys Pte. Ltd.
  • 2. Tux Tux The Penguin, Mascot of Linux
  • 3.  It is Unix based Operating System developed by community.  Originated at 1991.  It is free open source software (FOSS)  The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel  Monolithic  Micro  The user interface, also known as the shell, is either a commandline interface (CLI)  Sh – simple shell  BASH – Bourne Again Shell  KSH – Korne Shell  CSH – C Shell  SSH – Secure Shell  Text Editor: VI, Emacs, gEdit, kWrite, Pico, Nano etc.
  • 5. Basic Commands $ ls List with filename only $ ls –l List with all details $ ls –a List with hidden files $ ls -la List with hidden files and details
  • 6. Basic Commands (cont) $ cd /usr/bin Open folder path $ pwd returns full path of the current directory $ which ls $ whereis ls $ locate filename $ find / | something.sh $ echo $ cat filename $ cp $ mv
  • 7. Basic Commands (cont) $ mkdir $ rm $ chgrp $ chown $ chmod $ tar –cvfp filename.tar /folder $ unzip filename $ tar –xvfp filename.tar $ touch
  • 8. Basic Commands (cont)                  Linux TAR Command Create linux tar gz (Gzip) archive tar -czvf myarchive.tgz mydirectory/ -c, –create create a new archive Note that .tgz is the same thing as .tar.gz Create linux simple tar archive (withouth compresion) tar -cvf myarchive.tar mydirectory/ Extracting linux tar archive: Extract linux tar gz (Gzip) archive tar -xzvf mystuff.tgz Extract linux simple tar archive tar -xvf mystuff.tar We use -x to extract the files form the tar archive -x, –extract, –get extract files from an archive Extract linux tar archive to speciefied directory tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz -C /desired/path And now let us shortly explain this command Usage: tar [OPTION]… [FILE]… Let us check the option used in this example -c, –create create a new archive -z, –gzip, –ungzip filter the archive through gzip -v, –verbose verbosely list files processed -f, –file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE -C directory file
  • 10. File Permission (Cont)  Octal numbers and permissions  You can use octal number to represent mode/permission: r : 4 w : 2 x : 1  0+r+w+x = 0+4+2+1 = 7  Only Read and write permission on a file in octal is 0+r+w+x = 0+4+2+0 = 6  Only read and execute permission on a file in octal is 0+r+w+x = 0+4+0+1 = 5  User  Group  Others = r+w+x = 0+4+2+1 = 7 = r+w+x = 0+4+2+0 = 6 = r+w+x = 0+0+0+1 = 1
  • 12. Creating a crontab file You can create a crontab file by entering the following terminal command: $ crontab –e To List all the cron job: $ crontab -l
  • 14. Crontab examples * * * * * <command> #Runs every minute 30 * * * * <command> #Runs at 30 minutes past the hour 45 6 * * * <command> #Runs at 6:45 am every day 45 18 * * * <command> #Runs at 6:45 pm every day 00 1 * * 0 <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 00 1 * * 7 <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 00 1 * * Sun <command> #Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday 30 8 1 * * <command> #Runs at 8:30 am on the first day of every month 00 0-23/2 02 07 * <command> #Runs every other hour on the 2nd of July

Editor's Notes

  1. So, the first one is Social.Social refers to the interaction of people with other people and to their surroundings, irrespective of whether they are aware of it or not, and irrespective of whether the interaction is voluntary or involuntary.Now how these interactions happens.Earlier yellow pages, magazines and newspapers were responsible for these interactions but with the rise of technology and Social Media a whole new era of social interactions came to existence.
  2. Multics – 1964Unics – 1969Minix – 1990Linux – 1991Free - Means Liberty and not related to Price or costOpen – Source code is available and any body can contribute to the development. Organization independent4 Freedoms with FOSSFreedom to run the software anywhereFreedom to study how the programs work. i.e source code will be accessibleFreedom to redistribute copiesFreedom to improve the software
  3. Media that allow users to communicate with one another is Social. Businesses, brands, groups, and individuals can share information freely with their followers using the internet or with their mobile phone.