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APACHE

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The Apache HTTP Server is open source web server software that played a key role in the early growth of the World Wide Web. It became a viable alternative to other web servers and is now one of the most widely used, running on Unix-like operating systems. Apache is developed by an open community under the Apache Software Foundation and is available for many platforms.

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APACHE The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache , is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.[2] In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone.[3] Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance. The majority of web servers using Apache run a Unix-like operating system. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including Unix, GNU, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, TPF, and eComStation. Released under the Apache License, Apache is characterized as open source software.
HISTORY OF APACHE The first version of the Apache web server software was created by Robert McCool, who was heavily involved with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications web server, known simply as NCSA HTTPd. When McCool left NCSA in mid-1994, the development of httpd stalled, leaving a variety of patches for improvements circulating through e-mails. These patches were provided by a number of other developers besides McCool: Brian Behlendorf, Roy Fielding, Rob Hartill, David Robinson, Cliff Skolnick, Randy Terbush, Robert S. Thau, Andrew Wilson, Eric Hagberg, Frank Peters and Nicolas Pioch, and they thus helped to form the original "Apache Group".
FEATURES OF APACHE Filtering — Modules can act as content filters. Refer to Section 10.2.4 Modules and Apache HTTP Server 2.0 for more on how filtering works. IPv6 Support — The next generation IP addressing format is supported. Simplified Directives — A number of confusing directives have been removed while others have been simplified. Multilingual Error Responses — When using Server Side Include (SSI) documents, customizable error response pages can be delivered in multiple languages. Multiprotocol Support — Multiple protocols are supported.
USES Apache is primarily used to serve both static content and dynamic Web pages on the World Wide Web. Many web applications are designed expecting the environment and features that Apache provides. Apache is redistributed as part of various proprietary software packages including the Oracle Database and the IBM WebSphere application server. Apache is included with many Linux distributions. Apache is used for many other tasks where content needs to be made available in a secure and reliable way. One example is sharing files from a personal computer over the Internet. A user who has Apache installed on their desktop can put arbitrary files in Apache's document root which can then be shared. Programmers developing web applications often use a locally installed version of Apache in order to preview and test code as it is being developed.
INSTALLATION Steps included while installling apache: Download Extract Configuring the source tree Build Install Customize Test Upgrading
DOWNLOAD The Apache HTTP Server can be downloaded from the Apache HTTP Server download site, which lists several mirrors. Most users of Apache HTTPd on unix-like systems will be better off downloading and compiling a source version. The build process (described below) is easy, and it allows you to customize your server to suit your needs. In addition, binary releases are often not up to date with the latest source releases. If you do download a binary, follow the instructions in the INSTALL.bindist file inside the distribution. After downloading, it is important to verify that you have a complete and unmodified version of the Apache HTTP Server. This can be accomplished by testing the downloaded tarball against the PGP signature. Details on how to do this are available on the download page and an extended example is available describing the use of PGP.
EXTRACT Extracting the source from the Apache HTTPd tarball is a simple matter of uncompressing, and then untarring: $ gzip -d httpd-NN.tar.gz $ tar xvf httpd-NN.tar This will create a new directory under the current directory containing the source code for the distribution. You should cd into that directory before proceeding with compiling the server.
CONFIGURING THE SOURCE TREE The next step is to configure the Apache HTTPd source tree for your particular platform and personal requirements. This is done using the script configure included in the root directory of the distribution. (Developers downloading an unreleased version of the Apache HTTPd source tree will need to have autoconf and libtool installed and will need to run buildconf before proceeding with the next steps. This is not necessary for official releases.) To configure the source tree using all the default options, simply type ./configure. To change the default options, configure accepts a variety of variables and command line options. The most important option is the location --prefix where the Apache HTTP Server is to be installed later, because Apache HTTPd has to be configured for this location to work correctly. More fine-tuned control of the location of files is possible with additional configure options. Also at this point, you can specify which features you want included in Apache HTTPd by enabling and disabling modules. The Apache HTTP Server comes with a Base set of modules included by default. Other modules are enabled using the --enable-module option, where module is the name of the module with the mod_ string removed and with any underscore converted to a dash. You can also choose to compile modules as shared objects (DSOs) -- which can be loaded or unloaded at runtime -- by using the option --enable-module=shared. Similarly, you can disable Base modules with the --disable-module option. Be careful when using these options, since configure cannot warn you if the module you specify does not exist; it will simply ignore the option.
In addition, it is sometimes necessary to provide the configure script with extra information about the location of your compiler, libraries, or header files. This is done by passing either environment variables or command line options to configure. For more information, see the configure manual page. For a short impression of what possibilities you have, here is a typical example which compiles Apache for the installation tree /sw/pkg/apache with a particular compiler and flags plus the two additional modules mod_rewrite and mod_speling for later loading through the DSO mechanism: $ CC="pgcc" CFLAGS="-O2" ./configure --prefix=/sw/pkg/apache --enable-rewrite=shared --enable-speling=shared When configure is run it will take several minutes to test for the availability of features on your system and build Makefiles which will later be used to compile the server. Details on all the different configure options are available on the configure manual page.
BUILD Now you can build the various parts which form the Apache HTTPd package by simply running the command: $ make One has to be patient here, since a base configuration takes several minutes to compile and the time will vary widely depending on your hardware and the number of modules that you have enabled.
INSTALL Now it's time to install the package under the configured installation PREFIX (see --prefix option above) by running: $ make install If you are upgrading, the installation will not overwrite your configuration files or documents. top
CUSTOMIZE Next, you can customize your Apache HTTP Server by editing the configuration files under PREFIX/conf/. $ vi PREFIX/conf/httpd.conf
TEST Now you can start your Apache HTTP Server by immediately running: $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k start and then you should be able to request your first document via URL http://localhost/. The web page you see is located under the DocumentRoot, which will usually be PREFIX/htdocs/. Then stop the server again by running: $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k stop
UPGRADING The first step in upgrading is to read the release announcement and the file CHANGES in the source distribution to find any changes that may affect your site. When changing between major releases (for example, from 1.3 to 2.0 or from 2.0 to 2.2), there will likely be major differences in the compile-time and run-time configuration that will require manual adjustments. All modules will also need to be upgraded to accomodate changes in the module API.Upgrading from one minor version to the next (for example, from 2.2.55 to 2.2.57) is easier. The make install process will not overwrite any of your existing documents, log files, or configuration files. In addition, the developers make every effort to avoid incompatible changes in the configure options, run-time configuration, or the module API between minor versions. In most cases you should be able to use an identical configure command line, an identical configuration file, and all of your modules should continue to work. To upgrade across minor versions, start by finding the file config.nice in the build directory of your installed server or at the root of the source tree for your old install. This will contain the exact configure command line that you used to configure the source tree. Then to upgrade from one version to the next, you need only copy the config.nice file to the source tree of the new version, edit it to make any desired changes, and then run: $ ./config.nice $ make $ make install $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k graceful-stop $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k start
CONFIGURATION Configuration options Installation directories System types Optional features Options for support programs
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS -C --config-cache This is an alias for --cache-file=config.cache --cache-file=FILE The test results will be cached in file FILE. This option is disabled by default. -h --help [short|recursive] Output the help and exit. With the argument short only options specific to this package will displayed. The argument recursive displays the short help of all the included packages. -n --no-create The configure script is run normally but does not create output files. This is useful to check the test results before generating makefiles for compilation.
INSTALLATION DIRECTORIES These options define the installation directory. The installation tree depends on the selected layout. --prefix=PREFIX Install architecture-independent files in PREFIX. By default the installation directory is set to /usr/local/apache2. --exec-prefix=EPREFIX Install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX. By default the installation directory is set to the PREFIX directory.
SYSTEM TYPES These options are used to cross-compile the Apache HTTP Server to run on another system. In normal cases, when building and running the server on the same system, these options are not used. --build=BUILD It defines the system type of the system on which the tools are being built. It defaults to the result of the script config.guess. --host=HOST It defines the system type of the system on which the server will run. HOST defaults to BUILD. --target=TARGET It configures for building compilers for the system type TARGET. It defaults to HOST. This option is offered by autoconf and not necessary for the Apache HTTP Server.
OPTIONAL FEATURES Generally you can use the following syntax to enable or disable a feature: --disable-FEATURE Do not include FEATURE. This is the same as --enable-FEATURE=no. --enable-FEATURE[=ARG] Include FEATURE. The default value for ARG is yes. --enable-MODULE=shared The corresponding module will be build as DSO module. --enable-MODULE=static By default enabled modules are linked statically. You can force this explicitly.
OPTIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM -enable-static-support Build a statically linked version of the support binaries. This means, a stand-alone executable will be built with all the necessary libraries integrated. Otherwise the support binaries are linked dynamically by default. --enable-suexec Use this option to enable suexec, which allows you to set uid and gid for spawned processes. Do not use this option unless you understand all the security implications of running a suid binary on your server. Further options to configure suexec are described below.

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APACHE

  • 1. APACHE The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache , is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.[2] In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone.[3] Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance. The majority of web servers using Apache run a Unix-like operating system. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including Unix, GNU, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, TPF, and eComStation. Released under the Apache License, Apache is characterized as open source software.
  • 2. HISTORY OF APACHE The first version of the Apache web server software was created by Robert McCool, who was heavily involved with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications web server, known simply as NCSA HTTPd. When McCool left NCSA in mid-1994, the development of httpd stalled, leaving a variety of patches for improvements circulating through e-mails. These patches were provided by a number of other developers besides McCool: Brian Behlendorf, Roy Fielding, Rob Hartill, David Robinson, Cliff Skolnick, Randy Terbush, Robert S. Thau, Andrew Wilson, Eric Hagberg, Frank Peters and Nicolas Pioch, and they thus helped to form the original "Apache Group".
  • 3. FEATURES OF APACHE Filtering — Modules can act as content filters. Refer to Section 10.2.4 Modules and Apache HTTP Server 2.0 for more on how filtering works. IPv6 Support — The next generation IP addressing format is supported. Simplified Directives — A number of confusing directives have been removed while others have been simplified. Multilingual Error Responses — When using Server Side Include (SSI) documents, customizable error response pages can be delivered in multiple languages. Multiprotocol Support — Multiple protocols are supported.
  • 4. USES Apache is primarily used to serve both static content and dynamic Web pages on the World Wide Web. Many web applications are designed expecting the environment and features that Apache provides. Apache is redistributed as part of various proprietary software packages including the Oracle Database and the IBM WebSphere application server. Apache is included with many Linux distributions. Apache is used for many other tasks where content needs to be made available in a secure and reliable way. One example is sharing files from a personal computer over the Internet. A user who has Apache installed on their desktop can put arbitrary files in Apache's document root which can then be shared. Programmers developing web applications often use a locally installed version of Apache in order to preview and test code as it is being developed.
  • 5. INSTALLATION Steps included while installling apache: Download Extract Configuring the source tree Build Install Customize Test Upgrading
  • 6. DOWNLOAD The Apache HTTP Server can be downloaded from the Apache HTTP Server download site, which lists several mirrors. Most users of Apache HTTPd on unix-like systems will be better off downloading and compiling a source version. The build process (described below) is easy, and it allows you to customize your server to suit your needs. In addition, binary releases are often not up to date with the latest source releases. If you do download a binary, follow the instructions in the INSTALL.bindist file inside the distribution. After downloading, it is important to verify that you have a complete and unmodified version of the Apache HTTP Server. This can be accomplished by testing the downloaded tarball against the PGP signature. Details on how to do this are available on the download page and an extended example is available describing the use of PGP.
  • 7. EXTRACT Extracting the source from the Apache HTTPd tarball is a simple matter of uncompressing, and then untarring: $ gzip -d httpd-NN.tar.gz $ tar xvf httpd-NN.tar This will create a new directory under the current directory containing the source code for the distribution. You should cd into that directory before proceeding with compiling the server.
  • 8. CONFIGURING THE SOURCE TREE The next step is to configure the Apache HTTPd source tree for your particular platform and personal requirements. This is done using the script configure included in the root directory of the distribution. (Developers downloading an unreleased version of the Apache HTTPd source tree will need to have autoconf and libtool installed and will need to run buildconf before proceeding with the next steps. This is not necessary for official releases.) To configure the source tree using all the default options, simply type ./configure. To change the default options, configure accepts a variety of variables and command line options. The most important option is the location --prefix where the Apache HTTP Server is to be installed later, because Apache HTTPd has to be configured for this location to work correctly. More fine-tuned control of the location of files is possible with additional configure options. Also at this point, you can specify which features you want included in Apache HTTPd by enabling and disabling modules. The Apache HTTP Server comes with a Base set of modules included by default. Other modules are enabled using the --enable-module option, where module is the name of the module with the mod_ string removed and with any underscore converted to a dash. You can also choose to compile modules as shared objects (DSOs) -- which can be loaded or unloaded at runtime -- by using the option --enable-module=shared. Similarly, you can disable Base modules with the --disable-module option. Be careful when using these options, since configure cannot warn you if the module you specify does not exist; it will simply ignore the option.
  • 9. In addition, it is sometimes necessary to provide the configure script with extra information about the location of your compiler, libraries, or header files. This is done by passing either environment variables or command line options to configure. For more information, see the configure manual page. For a short impression of what possibilities you have, here is a typical example which compiles Apache for the installation tree /sw/pkg/apache with a particular compiler and flags plus the two additional modules mod_rewrite and mod_speling for later loading through the DSO mechanism: $ CC="pgcc" CFLAGS="-O2" ./configure --prefix=/sw/pkg/apache --enable-rewrite=shared --enable-speling=shared When configure is run it will take several minutes to test for the availability of features on your system and build Makefiles which will later be used to compile the server. Details on all the different configure options are available on the configure manual page.
  • 10. BUILD Now you can build the various parts which form the Apache HTTPd package by simply running the command: $ make One has to be patient here, since a base configuration takes several minutes to compile and the time will vary widely depending on your hardware and the number of modules that you have enabled.
  • 11. INSTALL Now it's time to install the package under the configured installation PREFIX (see --prefix option above) by running: $ make install If you are upgrading, the installation will not overwrite your configuration files or documents. top
  • 12. CUSTOMIZE Next, you can customize your Apache HTTP Server by editing the configuration files under PREFIX/conf/. $ vi PREFIX/conf/httpd.conf
  • 13. TEST Now you can start your Apache HTTP Server by immediately running: $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k start and then you should be able to request your first document via URL http://localhost/. The web page you see is located under the DocumentRoot, which will usually be PREFIX/htdocs/. Then stop the server again by running: $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k stop
  • 14. UPGRADING The first step in upgrading is to read the release announcement and the file CHANGES in the source distribution to find any changes that may affect your site. When changing between major releases (for example, from 1.3 to 2.0 or from 2.0 to 2.2), there will likely be major differences in the compile-time and run-time configuration that will require manual adjustments. All modules will also need to be upgraded to accomodate changes in the module API.Upgrading from one minor version to the next (for example, from 2.2.55 to 2.2.57) is easier. The make install process will not overwrite any of your existing documents, log files, or configuration files. In addition, the developers make every effort to avoid incompatible changes in the configure options, run-time configuration, or the module API between minor versions. In most cases you should be able to use an identical configure command line, an identical configuration file, and all of your modules should continue to work. To upgrade across minor versions, start by finding the file config.nice in the build directory of your installed server or at the root of the source tree for your old install. This will contain the exact configure command line that you used to configure the source tree. Then to upgrade from one version to the next, you need only copy the config.nice file to the source tree of the new version, edit it to make any desired changes, and then run: $ ./config.nice $ make $ make install $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k graceful-stop $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl -k start
  • 15. CONFIGURATION Configuration options Installation directories System types Optional features Options for support programs
  • 16. CONFIGURATION OPTIONS -C --config-cache This is an alias for --cache-file=config.cache --cache-file=FILE The test results will be cached in file FILE. This option is disabled by default. -h --help [short|recursive] Output the help and exit. With the argument short only options specific to this package will displayed. The argument recursive displays the short help of all the included packages. -n --no-create The configure script is run normally but does not create output files. This is useful to check the test results before generating makefiles for compilation.
  • 17. INSTALLATION DIRECTORIES These options define the installation directory. The installation tree depends on the selected layout. --prefix=PREFIX Install architecture-independent files in PREFIX. By default the installation directory is set to /usr/local/apache2. --exec-prefix=EPREFIX Install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX. By default the installation directory is set to the PREFIX directory.
  • 18. SYSTEM TYPES These options are used to cross-compile the Apache HTTP Server to run on another system. In normal cases, when building and running the server on the same system, these options are not used. --build=BUILD It defines the system type of the system on which the tools are being built. It defaults to the result of the script config.guess. --host=HOST It defines the system type of the system on which the server will run. HOST defaults to BUILD. --target=TARGET It configures for building compilers for the system type TARGET. It defaults to HOST. This option is offered by autoconf and not necessary for the Apache HTTP Server.
  • 19. OPTIONAL FEATURES Generally you can use the following syntax to enable or disable a feature: --disable-FEATURE Do not include FEATURE. This is the same as --enable-FEATURE=no. --enable-FEATURE[=ARG] Include FEATURE. The default value for ARG is yes. --enable-MODULE=shared The corresponding module will be build as DSO module. --enable-MODULE=static By default enabled modules are linked statically. You can force this explicitly.
  • 20. OPTIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM -enable-static-support Build a statically linked version of the support binaries. This means, a stand-alone executable will be built with all the necessary libraries integrated. Otherwise the support binaries are linked dynamically by default. --enable-suexec Use this option to enable suexec, which allows you to set uid and gid for spawned processes. Do not use this option unless you understand all the security implications of running a suid binary on your server. Further options to configure suexec are described below.