Allergen Immunotherapy

Allergen Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy and its advantages:
Allergen immunotherapy can be described as a therapeutic technique used to treat symptoms of
allergies and reduces the underlying immunological hypersensitivity (1). In this method the patients
are provided gradually increasing levels of the sensitized allergen, the dose of which is properly
administrated. Consequently the immunological response towards this allergen decreases. The issue
with the normal treatment against allergies including the anti allergy drugs and an
immunomodulatory agent such as anti–IgE is that they only temporarily decrease the symptoms of
the allergies, however if the drug intake is discontinued, these symptoms are evident again (1).
Contrary to the normal anti–allergy treatments, it is suggested that immunotherapy may be effective
in long time remission (2, 3), reduction in the probability of developing new sensitizations and
prevention of rhinitis conversion to asthma (4, 5). Hence suggesting that immunotherapy is a more
effective way to treat allergies and their associated response in comparison to the traditional anti–
allergic treatments. The two methods through which the allergen ... Show more content on
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Sixty studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, among which 49 were suitable for meta–analysis. There
was significant reduction in the symptoms (SMD –0.49; 95%CI (0.64 to 0.34, P < 0.00001)) and the
use of medications (SMD –0.32; 95%CI (0.43 to 0.21, P < 0.00001)). Several systematic reviews
(20, 21, 22) have suggested the efficacy of the SLIT in asthma patients, illustrating a reduction in
the symptom score and medication requirement score. However these reviews show heterogeneity
and variability, because of the small number of studies with few numbers of participants. Therefore
further research is required in order to prove the efficacy across all age groups, genders and with
large number of
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Providing the basis of nineteenth century physics, Young's...
Providing the basis of nineteenth century physics, Young's Double Slit Experiment proved that light
was made up of waves. During Thomas Young's time, it was very difficult to describe the behavior
of light. The predominant theory was that light was made up of particles. However, in his
experiment, Young was able to observe the interaction of light waves when passed through two slits,
showing the wave–like nature of light. This report will cover the reasons for Young's experiment, the
experiment itself, and its implications. The question Thomas Young sought to resolve was whether
light was made of a stream of particles or waves. Sir Isaac Newton, a strong proponent of the
particle theory, showed that a white light beam passing through ... Show more content on
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The places where the tops meet create the bright spots and the places where the waves cancel each
other out creates the dark spots. Therefore, Young's experiment showed that light had a wave–like
nature. Concluding that light was wave–like in behavior, Thomas Young was able to develop an
equation that relates a light's wavelength, the separation between slits, the distance between the slits
and the screen, and fringe spacing. The results of Young's experiment confused physicists because
they didn't know how light could travel in particles and behave like a wave. Believing that the
results were because a group of particles formed a wave, physicists repeated the experiment but shot
one photon at a time. However, the screen continued to reflect an interference pattern, confirming
the wave theory once again. To physicists, this was impossible. Therefore, they attempted to
determine which slit the photon went through. However, when a detector was placed in the
experiment, the resulting pattern changed. Physicists concluded that light can behave as both a
particle and a wave, and is influenced by the experiment and observations. In summation, Young's
Double Slit Experiment showed that light could behave like a wave not just a particle, making a way
for physicists to delve deeper into quantum mechanics. Physicists were able to use

Physics : Physics And Physics
In short, quantum mechanics is 'a mathematical framework that plays a huge role in modern physics
and chemistry'. It was interpreted in many ways, however the Copenhagen Interpretation was the
most widely held view, largely developed by Danish physicist Neils Bohr who worked in
Copenhagen. The framework can be applied to different scientific phenomena and can be used to
investigate the behaviour of the building blocks of the universe, all elementary particles. The
complex mathematics is useful for these particles as they act in ways classical physics cannot
explain. [1]
Classical physics is the study of physics which describes the activity of matter and energy on a scale
that is relative to human experience, including astronomical bodies, thus examining the
macrophysics of the world around us. However towards the end of the 19th century, scientists such
as Thomas Kuhn began to find phenomena in both macro and microphysics that classical physics
could not explain. His analysis of the philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
influenced two major revolutions in the development of physics that created a shift in the original
scientific models of the theory of relativity ¬¬and the development of quantum mechanics.
Wave Particle Duality [6]
The word quantum describes the smallest amount of any physical energy interaction. Certain
characteristics of matter can only take discrete values. Light behaves in a way that differs from the
norm – it displays some

Visible Light Lab Report
The percentage error was calculated to be 2.53%, which indicated that the calculated experimental
value of the wavelength of the laser was very similar to the theoretical value.
Visible light is an extremely small proportion of the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible light ranges from 390nm to 780nm. The theoretical wavelength of the laser was 633nm,
indicating a light red. The experimental wavelength calculated from the experiment was 617nm,
implying that it is dark orange. The laser used in the experiment emitted a light red color, thus
implying that there was a small amount of error that affected the results from the experiment. In the
equation ∆y=λL/d, the values of d and the wavelength were provided from the manufactures, ...
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This error may have potentially reduced the accuracy and precision of the measurements taken. Eyes
facing perfectly perpendicular to the ruler can minimize the effect of this error. Parallax error is not
avoidable but can be minimized when more samples are added.
Systematic errors (ordered from most impactful to least impactful): Incorrect alignment of laser.
Experiment being conducted in bright space.
The laser and the double slit may not have been correctly aligned in a straight line that is perfectly
perpendicular to the screen. This would also mean that the slits might not have been perfectly
perpendicular to the laser. These factors would have caused the interference patter on the screen to
be incorrect. Also, if the laser at an angel other than 90°, L would be a different value.
This experiment was conducted in a bright space. This caused disadvantages when copying the
interference pattern on paper due to the blurriness of the boundaries. This error would decrease the
accuracy of the experiment. This error could be reduced if the experiment were to be performed in
darker conditions, allowing for the bright bands to be more distinct on the interference pattern,
allowing for more accurate

Device That Can Be Thought As A Gun
device that can be thought as a gun. The second screen has a surface that can record or detect any
wave or particle that manages to pass through the slits and strike the screen. As will be seen,
sometime the researcher will open just one slit and other times both slits. The experiment is
conducted in stages in order to contrast waves from particles.
In the first stage a series of bullets (particles) will be fired toward the barrier with one slit open. As
expected a vertical pattern of bullet holes will appear behind slit 1. After opening the second slit and
firing another volley, a second vertical pattern will appear right next to the first one. In other words
the bullets behave just like particles in accordance with classical physics as would be expected.
In stage two a monochromatic light (light with just one wavelength) will be emitted toward the
screen. This is in contrast to the light from a normal light bulb that is composed of many differing
wavelengths (making it difficult to observe the interference pattern). The second screen is coated
with a chemical that illuminates when impacted by light. When the monochromatic light is emitted
with only one slit open, a pattern of brightness appears just behind the slit. But with both slits open
an interference pattern is observed consisting of bright bands where constructive interference
occurred and dark bands where destructive interference occurred. Again, this is just what is
expected.
In the third stage

Why Evolution Is True?
Why is Evolution True Essay – Final
Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution
true. In Jerry Coyne's work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin's
theory of evolution. The first evidence includes the six testable predictions of evolution: evolution,
gradualism, speciation, common–ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of
evolutionary change. The second evidence that Coyne noted in his work is the retrodiction. In
Coyne's work, Why Evolution is True, a retrodiction is the facts and data that are not necessarily
predicted by the theory of evolution but it makes sense only in the light of the theory of evolution.
Retrodiction uses present theories to explain events that happens in the past. Since evolution is a
slow process, theories could not be tested. Therefore, we explain the existence of vestigial structures
and how humans share a common ancestor with fish through the theory of evolution. Throughout
the text, examples of retrodiction are the imperfect adaptation of a panda's thumb and gill slits in the
beginning stages of a human embryo. Common ancestry is proven by the existence of fossils and
these evidences proves that evolution is true.
Imperfect adaptation is a fundamental element that makes up part of retrodiction. If a creature on
earth is perfectly adapted to their ways of life, they would thrive exponentially, but eventually all of
their food sources will go

Fundamentals for Chemistry-Quantitative Measurements
1 Lab Assignment #5 Write–Up
2
General Info:
Name:
Date:
Purpose: Of Exp #5: In this experiment we will learn about the spectroscope and how it works. To
learn the concept of quantitative measurements, to construct a spectroscope and, to use it for taking
quantitative measurements.
Experimental Questions:
Please complete this section of your write–up as you work on the experimental portion of this lab.
1. Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an angle. Look at the grating that you will be
using. Describe what you see at the grating surface. I see different color of the rainbow and when I
change the angle that am holding the diffraction grating
Hold the grating up to your eye and look through it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many spaces from the center of violet line to center of green line? 2 spaces. How many spaces
from the center of violet line to center of yellow line? 3 spaces.
4. Finding the nm/space for your spectroscope:
= difference in wavelength /# of spaces between two lines
Using the violet and green lines: =(538nm–436nm)/( 2 ) = 50 nm/space (value#1)
Using the violet and yellow lines: =(580nm–436nm)/( 3 ) = 48 nm/space (value#2)
Average nm/space: = (Value #1 +Value #2)/2 = (50+48)/2 = 49 nm/space
Agreement of the two values: % difference = 100 x |value 1 – value 2|/(average value) = 100 x | 50 –
48 |/( 49 ) =4.1%

is this value < 10%__Yes_.( go through calibration process until you can say "yes.")
Your spectroscope is now calibrated. Do not move the light rod – tape in place with clear tape if you
have not yet done so. In event that light rod moves, place reference mark in center of violet line, and
re–secure light rod.
Questions and Conclusions:
Now that you better understand the functioning of a spectroscope, answer the following questions.
1. What is white light? White light is mixture of all color in spectra.
What experimental evidence do you personally have to support this idea? ( By looking to the white
light (light source) of my

Slit Drum History
The evolution of the drums has varied from being made from a simple wood log, to having a hollow
object covered in rawhide, to being completely electronic. Like any instrument, each one produces a
different sound. Some may sound light like a snare, deep like a bass, or metronomic by simply
producing a clicking noise to keep count. Some are completely electronic, even.
Starting from one of the oldest drums in the world, the slit drum is an instrument originating from
Africa that is made from a hollow piece of wood or carved from bamboo. They are typically made
with three slits, (hence the name 'slit drum') each one producing a different tone. Like most drums,
slit drums can be played using rubber mallet or with the tips of your finger tips. Unlike today, where
we have telephones and social media to talk to one another long distantly, this instrument was once,
and probably still is, used as a form of communication. For war cries, signaling, storytelling, and
ceremonies. The djembe drum is made somewhat like the slit drum. Made with a hardwood that is
hollowed out, however, this drum is made with a piece of animal hide covering the top of it. It is
also a bit like the slit drum in a sense that it is mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This drum is estimated to be around five to eight hundred years old, and was created during the
Malian Empire by the Mande people. What's different from the djembe drum than any other drums
created is that it is very spiritual to make them. One has to make a sacrifice and get permission to
cut down a tree to make it. After it is cut down, typically the wood is custom fitted to specifically fit
the drummer. It's a tradition to this day that you have to be born into in order to play, or be interested
in playing the djembe drum. Children are typically taught how to play with coffee cans on the side
of the road or with pots and pans. Sounds familiar,

Assignment 1: Explain The Concept Of Exam Lane
Goal: Explain the concept of "exam lanes" and rank on Google for the key phrase
Total words in this document:
Title: Excellent Exam Lanes: What You Need to Know
Exam Lanes 101: A Crash Course
More than just an exam room, an exam lane is the comprehensive site where patients have their
vision checked and ophthalmic professionals spend eight to ten hours of their day conducting exams
and meeting with patients.
Exam lanes include a number of pieces and tools to diagnose various conditions, prescribe
corrective lenses for patients, and give detailed, descriptive reports that improve the ease of
diagnosis while reducing the margin of error. These pieces range from the seat where patients sit for
the exam to the slit lamp, visual acuity system, and more in–depth pieces designed to measure and
test parts of the eye.
In the past, exam rooms were the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating an efficient exam lane, first and foremost, is vital to providing professionals with a
workstation that is conducive to good health for the professional as well as the patient. Rather than
hunching over a slit lamp, stretching to reach an ophthalmoscope or visual acuity tool, or contorting
your body to fit the demands of using a manual refractor, newer exam lanes include automated
equipment that alleviates pain. The exam chair and slit lamp are set to an optimal height that helps to
reduce the risk of severe discomfort and later physical conditions.
Compact: An efficient exam lane will have space for each necessary component. By purchasing a
package, the exam lane has been designed to provide a space for each tool. Not only will this
increase the ergonomic benefits, but will also save time during each appointment. Rather that
searching for tools when they are needed, the exam lane will allow professionals to find what they
need, when the item is

Fundamentals for Chemistry-Quantitative Measurements
1 Lab Assignment #5 Write–Up 2 General Info: Name: Date: Purpose: Of Exp #5: In this
experiment we will learn about the spectroscope and how it works. To learn the concept of
quantitative measurements, to construct a spectroscope and, to use it for taking quantitative
measurements. Experimental Questions: Please complete this section of your write–up as you work
on the experimental portion of this lab. 1. Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an
angle. Look at the grating that you will be using. Describe what you see at the grating surface. I see
different color of the rainbow and when I change the angle that am holding the diffraction grating
Hold the grating up to your eye and look through it. Describe what you ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
– Figuring wavelengths using a calibrated light rod: This is an e–mail that I sent to a student last
quarter. She had already figured out how many nm each light rod division was worth, but

Stenopaic Slit Lab Report
1.
(a) Indications
–The stenopaic slit refraction is useful for confirming the results of other refraction techniques for
patients with irregular astigmatism or reduced visual acuity.
– It is helpful for patients who have difficulty understanding the complex instructions associated
with other subjective techniques.
–It is important to note that, like the pinhole, the stenopaic slit may be used diagnostically to
determine a patient's potential visual acuity.
–The astigmatism present in the patient's old spectacles should be considered
–The small amount of cylindrical power is of little consequences, in that the subjective end point
can quickly be rechecked after the stenopaic slit is removed
(b) Techniques
Axis determination
i. remove ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Axis rotation | Patients with astigmatism >1.00 DC | 1. The best vision sphere should have been
determined as previously described2. Use the cylinder power and axis as determined from objective
techniques or the patient's old spectacles3. ask the patient to look at the line of best VA4. explain the
test to the patient. 'I am going to blur the letters and i want you to tell me as soon as you see them
blur5. rotate the axis of the cylinder clockwise until the patient reports blur and note this point6.
return to the original axis and from there, rotate the axis anticlockwise until the patient reports blur
and note this point7. the axis position determined by this technique is that halfway between the two
blur points. For example, if the two blur points were 40 and 100, the axis position would be 708. this
axis should be considered as supplementary information to that determined by objective techniques
and should not be considered as the definitive test | Robinson Cohen slide | Patients that have
astigmatism with chromatic aberrations of the eye. | 1. The broken line cross was rotated until one of
the two–lines is in the most distinct position, minus cylinder then being introduced with their axes
90 degrees from the most distinct line, until the two broken line are equally distinct. | Paraboline test
| | 1. Remove all except +0.50DS of the working distance lens power from the retinoscopy, which
will then

Diameter Of Light Investigation Essay
The aim of this investigation is to measure the diameter of human hair by using a laser beam. This
can be measured by using methods of diffraction and interference which is similar to Young's double
slit experiment but with a single slit which is the human hair and the 0.12mm steel wire. Diffraction
is the bending which takes place when a wave of light passes through an object or a slit, such as
human hair. Light can behave like a wave, and when it encounters the piece of hair it is divided into
pattern of lines. A scattered pattern will be created on the wall and the size of the pattern, through
this method of diffraction is related to the size of the hair which caused the scattered pattern. Hence,
measuring the size of the light scatter can help determine the diameter of the hair. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two parts for this; constructive interference and destructive interference. Constructive
interference occurs when the crest of one wave aligns with the crest of the second wave and the
trough of the first wave aligns with the trough of the second wave. Whereas, destructive interference
occurs when two waves are out of phase as the crest of one wave is lined up with the trough of one
wave and the trough of the first wave aligns with the crest of the second wave (as shown below in
Figure

What Is Reality?
What is reality? Is it something that shapes us and alters our entire life and everything around us or
is reality something that we create? That's a question that puzzles a lot of us but one guy in
particular was puzzled a lot. His name was Thomas Young and he discovered that the laws of
quantum mechanics can sometimes be altered just by looking at them. In this essay I talk about how
Young devised and executed an experiment that was very interesting because it made discoveries in
light waves, particle duality, and what reality is.
For centuries people have questioned if light is a particle or a wave. In fact in the late sixteen
hundreds newton stated that light is a particle. Also at the same time period a Dutch physics by the
name of Christiaan Huygens claimed that light was a wave. But in the early eighteen hundreds
Thomas Young decided he was going to devised a plan on how to test it. Mr. Young invented the
double slit experiment but before someone can they need to understand how particles and waves act.
Let's imagine you have a gun that shoots marbles at a wall with a slit in it. On the other side of the
wall there is another wall with a line in is showing where the marbles hit it. Now let's imagine the
same thing again but with two slits. What happens? Well two lines with show up on the back wall of
course because the marbles shoot in one direction and shoot straight through one of the slits and into
the wall. Well what if we try the same thing but with waves. If we

Without light, life on Earth would not exist. It is the...
Without light, life on Earth would not exist. It is the most essential component in all of the universe
and it is very complex. In 1799, Thomas Young began to study sight and the behavior of light,
otherwise known as optics. During his time, Young made many scientific advancements in the field
of optics that have impacted the world we know today. This report will be discussing the topic of
Thomas Young's Double–Slit Experiment. Take note of the diagrams as presented in paragraphs one
and three. The main ideas of this topic are the properties of light, the interference of light, and the
details that make up Young's experiment. To start off, light has many complex properties. Light has
the property of waves in the form of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, a source of light shines on a screen in which there are two extremely narrow
slits, the light that passes through these slits is shown on another screen as shown below.
When Young observed the phenomenon that occurred during this experiment with light particles, it
made him question whether this same phenomenon would occur with matter particles as well. When
he tested this, he fired a stream of electrons at a cathode–ray tube screen. The electrons made a
single strike on the screen just like the photons did, and this time, if the electron stream was slowed
to about one per second then the interference pattern stayed the same, and even built up with time.
When the experiment was slowed to let only a single electron through the slit, would it still be able
to interfere with something? There would not be two waves to be destructively or constructively
interfered with. Young observed that the electron seemed to be interfering with itself; the properties
of the waves were interfering with its own wave. The only way to explain this occurrence is to
completely throw out the idea that a photon or an electron has a location. The microscopic world of
photons and electrons cannot be observed directly. In order to observe an electron, at least one
photon of light must bounce off of the electron and then back to the human eye. The fact that
electrons are so small means that when the photon bounces off, it changes the

Is Light a Wave or a Particle?
Is light a wave or a particle? This is a question that has been debated for centuries and still is
unproven to be only one or the other. This report is about explaining Young's Double Slit
Experiment, which tried to prove light as a wave, and the results of his experiment. This report is
also to inform and explain the modern physics world, and it will accomplish this by explaining
Young's Double Slit Experiment to help understand a small part of the modern physics world. In the
modern physics world there are many phenomena that are unexplainable just like Young's Double
Slit Experiment. In Young's Double Slit Experiment, he wanted to prove whether light is a wave or a
particle. This might seem to be rather simplistic but, in all reality, it is anything but simple. A
particle, when passed through a vertical slit, will form a vertical line on an object that is on the other
side of the slit and when you add another slit it will form a similar vertical line that is separated by
about the same distance as the slits are separated. It will look something like this: A wave, when
passed through a vertical slit, will form spaced lines on the object with the most prominent line,
which has the most intensity, being in line with the center of the slit through which the wave passed
and when you add another slit it created an interference pattern from which the waves collide with
each other and either cancel the wave out or create stronger waves depending upon whether or not
the wave is

Proposed New Drainage System For Waitemata Football Club
Proposed New Drainage System for Waitemata Football Club Prepared for: Jonathan Smith
Chairman of Waitemata Football Club Prepared by: Ravnil Ram Civil Engineer Unitec Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE 3 1.2
PROCEDURE 3 1.3 BACKGROUND¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ 3 2.0 FINDINGS 4 2.1 SAND–SLIT
DRAINS 4 2.2 SAND–FILLED DRAINS 5 2.3 SAND BASED FIELDS 6 2.4 SURVEY RESULTS
7 3.0 CONCLUSIONS 8 3.1 SAND–SLIT DRAINS 8 3.2 SAND–FILLED DRAINS

Bottle Rocket Research Paper
For the rocket we build the nose of the rocket first. To make the nose we cut the top portion out of
the second two liter bottle. Then we will need to cut out a slit on the bottle in the shape of a
rectangle. We made sure to leave one side attached to the bottle. We cut the very top of the nose and
replaced the top with a half of a ping–pong ball for the tip of the nose. Then after the nose was dried
we secured the ping pong with duct tape. In the inside we took the balled up clay and glued it down
to the inside of the nose for stability . Then we started to make the wings. We cut the 2 large taperd
fins out of the foam board and 2 smaller tapered fins . We then attached the wings that were covered
in red duct tape for decoration to the

Efficacy And Safety Of Accelerated Crosslinking System
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of accelerated crosslinking system in the treatment of
.keratoconus
Methods: Accelerated crosslinking was done using the CCL–365–18 Peschke GmbH. Follow up
was done after 3 days for contact lens removal, then after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months
for assessment of uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and slit lamp
.examination. Refractive and topographic changes were also recorded
Results: The study included 40 eyes of 21 patients. All patients completed at least 6 months
postoperative follow up. There were 13 females and 8 males. Age ranged from 18 to 32 years with a
mean 25.9  5years.There was a statistically significant improvement in average keratometry
readings (P< 0.001*). The preoperative mean average keratometry was 48.4633.1 D( 43.74 – 54)
.and changed to 47.322.9 D (42.15 – 53) at 6 months of follow up
Conclusion: Accelerated corneal collagen cross–linking can be considered as a safe procedure for
.the treatment of keratoconus
Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia characterised by progressive thinning and protrusion of the central
and paracentral cornea 1–5 that gives rise to irregular myopic astigmatism and a decrease in visual
acuity. It is generally a bilateral process, however it presents and develops asymmetrically.6,7
Changes in the corneal collagen structure, and extracellular matrix, apoptosis and necrosis of
keratocytes are documented in the anterior stroma and Bowman membrane of weakened

Physics : Physics Of Physics
n the early 20th century it was discovered that particle such as the electron could be in two locations
simultaneously . The behaviour of these particles is governed by quantum mechanics, a set of
outlandish physical laws. Laws that allow these particles to be in an infinite number of states at a
time, allowing them to be be in an infinite number of locations with an infinite range of
characteristics simultaneously. However, can this observed behaviour be applied to actual people? It
seems strange to think that I am in many places at one time but I will be exploring the implications
of this if this is the case.
The purpose of physics has always been to explain what the world does and how it does it. We need
a theory that describes the whole world we see around us but quantum mechanics does not always
do that. We use classical mechanics or Newtonian mechanics to describe the behaviour of all
everyday objects. However, none of newtons laws can be applied to subatomic particles. Particles
such as the electron behave completely differently to things that are immediately visible to us.
Realism is a feature of classical mechanics and it assumes that all things exist, have physical
properties, have causes and effects and behave logically.
Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics assumes that there are particles which have specific
positions and momentums and interact with each other through forces whose strength depend on the
position and momentum of particles. Our

Snellen Cheat Sheet
We all know that having good eyesight is fundamental to driving safely. The often quoted standard
for having good eyesight is the measure we know as 20/20. But what does 20/20 mean? To
understand that you must look at a Snellen Chart. That's the name of the collection of letters
displayed in ever decreasing sizes on the wall chart used by Ophthalmologists and doctors' to check
your vision. The chart is named after its inventor in 1862, Dr Hermann Snellen, a Dutch
Ophthalmologist.Snellen
The fractions shown at the side of the letters, 20/20, 20/30 etc., are measures of sharpness of sight or
visual acuity. August Colenbrander, M.D. (Smith–Kettlewell Eye research Institute and California
Pacific Medical Center) offers a good explanation of acuity measurement. He says: "If a subject
needs letters (or symbols) that are twice as large or twice as close as those that can just be seen by a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Snellen fraction 20/20, the first number represents the test distance, 20 feet. The second
number represents the distance that the average eye can see the letters on a certain line of the eye
chart. So, 20/20 means that the eye being tested can read a certain size letter when it is 20 feet away.
If a person sees 20/40, at 20 feet from the chart that person can read letters that a person with 20/20
vision could read from 40 feet away. The 20/40 letters are twice the size of 20/20 letters; however, it
does not mean 50% vision since 20/20 sounds like it is one half of 20/40. If 20/20 is considered
100% visual effiency, 20/40 visual acuity is 85% efficient.
If a patient sees 20/200, the smallest letter that they can see at 20 feet could be seen by a normal eye
at 200 feet. This is the Snellen Acuity (English). In Metric Acuity, 20/20 equals 6/6. The conversion
is that 20 feet equals approximately 6 meters (actually 6.096).
The "Tumbling E" Eye

Identifying Human Hair and Animal Fair by Laser Diffraction
1. Introduction:
1.1 Overview
The ability to identify an animal by examining its fur is a useful one for taxonomists and biologists.
The hair of prey is often not digested by a predator, and so can be found in the predators scat and
measured to ascertain its diet (Anwar et al., 2011). An electron microscope can be used to obtain a
lot of data from hair, including its width and the shape and texture of its surface, however electron
microscopes are expensive and time consuming to operate (Sessions et al., 2009). Lasers are much
cheaper and can be used to easily measure the width of narrow objects by measuring the interference
pattern created when laser light is diffracted around the object. As a result, laser diffraction may be a
more preferable method for identifying hairs based on their width. This experiment hopes to show
that laser diffraction is an accurate enough method for obtaining the width of narrow objects, such as
animal and human hairs, to allow comparison between them.
1.2 Wave interactions
1.2.1 Diffraction:
Diffraction is a physical phenomenon that occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or gap between
obstacles. Depending on the wavelength of the wave and the size of the obstacle or gap waves bend
and spread out. Waves tend to diffract more around objects or gaps of a similar size to their
wavelength. How a wave will diffract when it meets an object can be modelled using Huygen's
construction. Huygen's construction is based on Huygen's principle of light

The Physics Of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics was developed over many decades ago,Quantum mechanics is science dealing
with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and
account for the properties of molecules and atoms and their constituents–electrons, protons,
neutrons, and other more particles. This type of physics beginning as a set of controversial
mathematical explanations of experiments that the math of classical mechanics could not explain. It
began at the turn of the 20th century, around the same time that Albert Einstein published his theory
of relativity, a separate mathematical revolution in physics that describes the motion of things at
high speeds. Unlike relativity, however, the origins of quantum mechanics cannot be attributed to
any one scientist. Rather, multiple scientists contributed to a foundation of three revolutionary
principles that gradually gained acceptance and experimental verification between 1900 and 1930.
One experiment that is known in this field of physics is the double slit experiment. The double–slit
experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both regular
defined waves and particles; in addition, it displays the fundamentally probabilistic nature of
quantum mechanical occurrence. A simpler form of the double–slit experiment was performed
originally by Thomas Young in 1801. He believed it demonstrated that the wave theory of light was
correct and his experiment is

Stan Winder Case Study
No one could explain a Palm Sunday miracle but one person and his name is Stan Winder from
Ravenel, South Carolina. In 2005 Stan was diagnosed with hereditary spastic paraplegia which
refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity
(stiffness) of the legs. There is no treatment to prevent, slow or reverse the degenerative process.
This caused Stan to be wheel chair bound. He could use a walker, but only for short distances. On
Palm Sunday morning in 2009 Stan said he heard a voice in his head telling him to do something
which seemed impossible and that was to get up and walk. While laying in bed on Palm Sunday
Stan was reading his Bible. He was reading from Acts 3, the story of Peter

Costs and Hill Paper Company
FOREST HILL PAPER COMPANY
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. How would you classify Forest Hill Paper Company in terms
of size and ownership?
Forest Hill Paper Company is a small, closely–held company. Relatively few shareholders own the
majority shares of the company. It is most likely a private company. 2. What is the nature of the
industry in which Forest Hill competes?
Forest Hill is a small company, but has to compete against large companies in a commodity market.
Paper and paperboard producers operate in a cyclical economic environment, with upswings every
three to four years. 3. Identify and discuss the strategy used by Forest Hill to compete in a
commodity market.
The owners of FHPC have long pursued the strategy of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Prove the overhead rate is 105% of material cost.)
Forest Hill traditionally applied overhead to its products as a function of material costs. Average |
Material Cost | Total Material Cost | Reels per Batch | per Reel | per Batch | 50 | $ 4,800 | $ 240,000 |
2 | $ 5,200 | $ 10,400 | 35 | $ 5,600 | $ 196,000 | 175 | $ 7,400 | $ 1,295,000 | | | $1,741,400 | | | | | | | |
The Overhead Rate=Total Overhead Incurred/Total Material Cost per Batch | | |
=$1,828,470/$1,741,400=1.05=105% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Calculate the volume–based (traditional)
cost per reel for grades A–D identified in Exhibit 1. | | | The OH Rate | 1.05 | | Product | | Coated |
Material Cost | Allocated | Total Cost | (Grade) | Caliper | / Uncoated | per Reel | Overhead | Per Reel
| A | .013 | Coated | $ 4,800 | $ 5,040 | $ 9,840 | B | .014 | Uncoated | $ 5,200 | $ 5,460 | $ 10,660 | C |
.015 | Coated | $ 5,600 | $ 5,880 | $ 11,480 | D | .020 | Coated | $ 7,400 | $ 7,770 | $ 15,170 | 7. What
is the cost for Forest Hill to conduct a grade change? | | | Grade Change | Depreciation | | $ 8,000 |
Labor | | | 3,000

Chapter 15: Interference, Diffraction, And Lasers
Chapter 15: Interference and Diffraction Chapter 15 is broken into three different sections;
Interference, Diffraction, and Lasers. Throughout the chapter there are various real world examples.
This chapter introduces the vocabulary words: coherence, path difference, order number, diffraction,
resolving power, and laser. There are inphase and outphase. The first section is titled, Interference.
Interference takes place between waves that have the same wavelengths. A resultant wave is formed
when two waves with the same wavelength interact. The resultant wave is the consequence of the
interference between two waves. With constructive interference, component waves combine and
form a resultant wave with equal wavelengths, but there is

Epipharyngeal Memory Study Guide
Epipharyngeal groove – *On the dorsal surface of roof of pharynx, another groove is present called
epipharyngeal groove. *Its lateral wall is made up of ciliated cells. d) Peripharyngeal bands –*These
are a pair of narrow ciliated tracts originating from the anterior end of endostyle. *They run upward
along the lateral sides of the pharynx and become united dorsally with the epipharyngeal groove. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*Epipharyngeal groove opens posteriorly into oesophagus. Oesophagus – *It is a short narrow and
ciliated structure

The Theory Of Quantum Mechanics
Our current inability to find a unified theory for explaining all types of forces in the Universe has
incited us to revise our understanding of the present theories. Out of the four fundamental forces
Nuclear,Electromagnetic,Weak, Gravitational first three are modelled as discrete quantum field
while last one as continuous classical field. As one can 't consistently couple a classical system to
quantum one this leads to the need of quantum mechanical description of the gravity. But there are
still loopholes in our present theories of quantum mechanics so one should aim at their modification
prior to unification. This motivates us to start from the fundamentals and find the limit upto which a
certain approximation of any principle hold.
One of the basic postulates of quantum mechanics is the Born's rule of probabilities. It states that
probability of a particle to lie within a certain volume element, at a particular time and position, is
equal to the square of the wavefunction representing the quantum mechanical state multiplied by the
volume element. This rule is foundational to the theory of quantum mechanics. However, it hasn 't
yet been tested experimentally to appropriate precision although bounds for its validity have been
suggested for triple slit interference experiment. One reason for limiting the accuracy of these tests
can be systematic errors. Another possible source of error can be the wrong application of
superposition principle. In the present work we are

Elie Saab Research Paper
With 100 boutiques and a $200 net worth, Elie Saab has proven that he has what it takes to be a part
of the fashion industry. He was born in Damour, Lebanon but he went to school in Paris. At only
eighteen years old, he started his own atelier with fifteen employees. An atelier is a designer's
studio. Over the years, he has dressed many important people, but his career really took off when he
dressed Halle Berry when she went to the Oscars in 2002.
Elie Saab's 2018 Spring Ready–to–Wear show was in Paris this year. There was a wide variety of
maxi and mini dresses. The fringes were able to play different roles to give the looks many different
feels. Some outfits felts as if they were ready for the beach or Coachella, while others were ready

Ciliary Simulation
As stated in the results section of this report, when viewing the conjunctival blood vessels in the
limbal region, 10 minutes after the 2.5% phenylephrine had been instilled, there was a clear change
seen. The tiny blood vessels in the limbal region previously seen relatively easily using the slit lamp
had significantly decreased in quantity and were hard to identify at all. However, the peripheral
blood vessels were still faintly visible.
The pharmacological basis for the observed changes is thought to be due to the eye drops
constricting the tiny vessels. This thought is backed up by Muchnick, as he states that "topical
decongestants, such as phenylephrine constrict conjunctival blood vessels." This constricting action
would lead to a decrease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These changes typically affect small blood vessels in the eye and compromise the blood–retinal
barrier. When viewing the retina with the use of an ophthalmoscope or via retinal imaging,
haemorrhages appearing as small red spots can be seen which are leaks in the blood vessels.
Overtime these tiny leaks within the affected blood vessels create inflammation within the retina. As
a result of these inflammatory processes, the retina releases angiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors
include the production of new blood vessels within the eye. These new blood vessels don't have
tight junctions and are therefore extremely leaky. If diabetic retinopathy is not treated it can result in
severe scarring on the retina which evidently gives reduction in

In the early 1800s the Newtonian concept of light as a...
In the early 1800s the Newtonian concept of light as a particle was widely accepted without regards
to further investigation or proof. Even though anomalies like the rainbow reflection pattern in
bubble or Newton rings disproved this concept, most scientist did not have sufficient proof to
disprove the decades of Newton's work. But, using only two frames a piece of paper and some
sunlight, Thomas Young discovered the true nature of light and how it reacts to other rays of light.
In the emerging Scientific Era, which partook in the late 1700s to early 1800s, scientific discovery
and investigation of the natural sciences were a "social normality" for the emerging science
population. Conducted in 1801, Young's experiment and modulus ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This discovery proved that the light waves themselves work like waves, equally branching out of
both slits and intersecting, creating both light fringes and dark fringes from the same right light
source; this discovery proved that light also refracts and spreads like a puddle, thus the refracted
fringes rather than edges. This puddle–like behavior also helped Young to postulate that since light
act like a puddle, when two or more are intersected they cancel each other out or enhance the
brightness based on the lights respective angle. These dark fringes were coined interference fringes,
which were a result of the situation previously stated, when light waves "cancel" each other out.
This interference pattern not only applies to slit experiments, but rather, any experiment that splits
light into two equal waves that can cancel and enhance each other. The experiment also applies to
wave–like particles like electrons and protons; protons bounce around like a beam of light and
cancel and emphasize each other, while electrons, while classified as waves, act like particles and hit
the paper. Young's experiment helped him to develop a double slit formula, which is the wavelength
of light equals the distance from the central fringe multiplied by the distance between the slits,
divided by the order of the fringe multiplied by the length of the slit screen from the viewing screen.
This formula can be used to measure the respective

Slit Lamp Test Lab Report
Learn About Detecting And Treating Cataracts
One condition your optometrist checks for during your regular eye examination is cataracts. A
cataract causes clouding of the lens of your eye. You can have cataracts in both eyes or just one. A
cataract can form in the center of the lens or along the edges. It may not interfere with your vision in
the early stages, but your optometrist can detect it during an examination. Here are a few things to
know about cataracts.
How A Cataract Is Diagnosed
Your optometrist examines your eyes in a number of ways during an exam. One method is the slit
lamp test. This is where your eye is examined with a slit of bright light that allows the optometrist to
see small sections of the front of your eye in an illuminated state. Abnormalities of your lens can be
detected in this way. He or she will also use an ophthalmoscope to brighten and magnify the
structures of your eye to check for indications of cataracts. In the case of very advanced cataracts,
the cloudy lens is clearly visible without the use of instruments because the lens of the eye takes on
a milky appearance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people have slow–growing cataracts and they may not need any treatment at all. If you have
fast–growing cataracts, you may notice a gradual decline in your vision. You'll need bright lights to
see well and your vision may be blurry. In addition, you might see halos around lights and your
night vision will be impacted. If the cataracts get bad enough, you may not be able to drive or do
many activities of daily life due to poor vision.
How Cataracts Are

The Wavelength Of The Beam Separation
Discussion:
The graph produce a straight line that passes through the origin, with the distance between adjacent
maxima ( ) and the inverse of the slit separation producing a having an equation of . This indicates
that there is a direct proportionality between and . As the slit separation increased, the distance
between adjacent maxima decreased, and as the slit separation decreased, the distance between
adjacent maxima increases.
The data from this experiment has the relationship , and by using the slope, the wavelength of the
laser's light can be calculated. The wavelength of the red laser pointer should be between 620nm and
670nm, and if the experimental value is within this range then the data can be assumed to be
accurate.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, there appears to have been very little impact on the data due to random errors. As the
data was close enough for the line of best fit to go through the origin, then it can be assumed that the
impact of systematic errors was quite low.
Discussion – Errors and Improvements
There were likely slight inconsistencies in the data which indicates that there was some impact due
to random and systematic errors.
A source of random error that likely occurred several times during this experiment, there were
several opportunities for an error of parallax to occur. The first would have been when a pencil was
used to mark the location of the fringes on the screen, where the person using the pencil was to the
left of the screen, allowing for incorrectly marking the centre of the fringes. The second time when
an error of parallax could have occurred was during the measurement of the total distance between
of the four gaps, using a millimetre ruler. As the precision required for measurements at this scale is
quite small, for the person performing the measurements, an error of parallax was likely to have
occurred. The possible impact of these errors was decreased by the repeated measurements and
mean averaging calculations, and as the data correlates strongly with the line of best fit, as indicated
by the R2 value, the impact due to random errors of parallax is likely small.
A source of systematic error is that the

Skin Allergy Research Paper
There is now a better way to treat pets with skin allergy and this one won't require your furry little
animal to get any shots at all. It is called the Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), a new alternative
according to experts when it comes to taking care of your pet's skin allergy issues.
Household pets are prone to skin allergies, which is why it is advised that pet owners give their
animals allergy shots. This would prevent and even treat their pet dog or cat if they have any type of
skin allergy. In an article published by The Huffington Post, SLIT is now considered as the best way
to treat pets from skin allergies and it is given orally.
But what exactly is their difference aside from the manner on how the medicine enters the animal's
body?

The Spectroscopy Lab Centralized On The Properties Of Waves
The spectroscopy lab centralized on the properties of waves and they relate to the emission
spectrum, however one must understand the Bohr model of the atom first. The Bohr model for the
atom depicts a planetary like structure, with a positively charged nucleus in the center with small,
negatively charged electrons rotating around in specific, fixed orbits at different distances from the
nucleus. When an electron transitions from a higher orbital, where it is in its excited state, back
down to a lower orbital where it is relaxed or in its ground state, it emits light. The emitted light is a
result of the electron releasing the previously absorbed energy. It is possible to observe an electron
in one state or another, however an electron never possesses the capability to be observed in
between states. Transitions between states that are closer together, produce a light of lower energy
transitions of a longer distance.
A spectroscope is able to display the emitted light by presenting the bright interference patterns of
the diverse wavelengths which make up the spectrum. By looking through the eyepiece, a spectrum
will appear on either side of the slit – the slit starts all of the light waves passing down the tube "in
phase" so that they arrive at the slits in the diffraction grating at the same time. When wavelengths
are in phase, they create constructive interference, which results in double the amplification, while
wave lengths that are out of phase produce destructive

The Importance Of Learning Computer Science
We live in the time period at which the vast majority of college students take fundamental level of
computer science.
It is because a lot of job requires some level of knowledge in it.
It also determines the payment in their future job. It is an indisputable fact that people who did not
learn computer science learn less salary than those who did learn. Therefore, the majority of the
college students are obsessed with computer science to acquire a financial advantage in the work
place.
In the first of class of IDS 190, Dr. James Lu explained to us that we would explore in this course on
one inquiry: is learning computer science important to our life?
Dr. Lu underscored throughout the semester that computer science can teach the skill of
computational thinking.
According Jeannette M. Wing, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, "computational
thinking[It] represents a universally applicable attitude and skill set everyone, not just computer
scientists, would be eager to learn and us."
In other word, computational thinking is relevant to algorithmic thinking, searching ability, logical
reasoning, abstraction, caching, recursion, representation, basic loop idiom, and nested loops, all of
which are computer science skills.
And knowing those specific techniques, according to Wing, will influence our problem–solving
ability, creativity, and thinking. However, though computer science can tremendously help develop
our capability, those developments are not

How You Bring The World You See And Experience Into Form?
How You Bring The World You See And Experience Into Form?
Hopefully at this stage you have got the point that everything in the universe is 'made' of tiny
vibrating particles, and you are contemplating the holographic theory (there is no out there).
Now, the next question most people have is, if everything is made of tiny vibrating particles and
decoded in the brain to form pictures/images, that we see as our world, do we all decode in the same
way and do we all see the same things?
A perfect question. This is another totally crucial part of the jigsaw to understanding who you are
and how you have the potential to transform and create your life! It is beyond important.
You may have heard many quotes about the 'law of attraction', 'how ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This version is from the film and book called 'What the Bleep'. Captain Quantum demonstrates the
"most beautiful experiment of all time" as voted by readers of Physics World. You will find this
short 6min video called, Quantum Physics: Double Slit Experiment and Consciousness at:
Link: www.tinyurl.com/captainquantum
I am sure this video has helped clarify the points we have covered and you will probably need to
watch it a few more times to really help this concept settle comfortably within you.
So back to the question, do we all see the same things? Yes and no, here is why.
Everything in our world has its own energy information blueprint that has the potential to form an
image/object.
Now remember at this point nothing is manifest UNITIL we put our focus on it. When we put our
focused expectations on it, ONLY then will it become manifest.
It is a personal creation process that is guided either by your old programmed beliefs or by your
personal conscious creation to form your world.
Everything in this world is energy potential until we manifest it into form. This includes emotions,

health, relationships, finances, and friends, every one of our experiences.
You can take this expectation and manifestation process and apply it to every area of your life.
Positive thinking can transform negative programmed behaviour into positive expectations. This is
why the power of positive thinking works. We have

Essay on The Eyes of the Dragon
"A kingdom is in turmoil as the old King Roland dies and its worthy successor, Prince Peter, must
do battle to claim what is rightly his. Plotting against him is the evil Flagg and his pawn, young
Prince Thomas. Yet with every plan there are holes – like Thomas's terrible secret. And the
determined Prince Peter, who is planning a daring escape from his imprisonment..." (very first page)
The sequence of events that occur in the plot go like this: Two sons are born from Queen Sasha and
King Roland, Prince Peter then Prince Thomas. Fearing that the Queen Sasha would ruin his plans,
Flagg, the several hundred years old magician and royal advisor succeeded in deposing of her when
Peter is only five. Eleven years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was also a pawn in Flagg's plan to destroy the kingdom of Delain. Secondly, Thomas had a
terrible secret that would ultimately be a part of the downfall of Flagg. On the evening Flagg offered
the poisoned glass of wine to Roland, Thomas was there to witness the murder of his father.
There are many themes in the story of The Eyes of the Dragon. One of them is courage; another is
love for one's family. But the one that struck me as the most fascinating and also the most
reoccurring is the theme "Good always triumphs over Evil" or "Good vs. Evil." The devious and evil
Flagg was a baneful monster who had the downfall and corruption of the kingdom of Delain since
the day of Allen II, one of the very early rulers of Delain. He would serve as the ruler's advisor. The
birth of Peter marked the end of his reign. As fate would have it, a small miscalculation in Flagg's
careful planning would be his undoing.
The story is named The Eyes of the Dragon because Thomas's secret. Flagg once showed the young
prince a secret corridor. At the end of this passage was a wall with two small transparent slits. The
slits were the eyes of the dragon, Niner, which was displayed as a prized trophy head in one of the
king's many rooms. It was in this room that young Thomas witnessed the murder of his father the
King. Also, in king Roland's

Thomas Young: The Discovery Of Lights Nature
The complex journey to discover lights nature begins in the 1800s on (as I like to imagine) a bright,
sunny day when man named Thomas Young performed an experiment. In this experiment Young
shone a light through narrow slits, and then shone that light through two very narrow slits. If light is
made up of particles, then the particles should pass straight through the slits and produce two light
stripes on the screen, approximately the same size as the slit. On the other hand, if light is a wave,
then the two waves emerging from the two slits will interfere with each other and produce a pattern
of many stripes, not just two. Young observed many stripes clearly indicating light is infact a wave.
James Clerk Maxwell determined that light is an electromagnetic wave: a wave of oscillating
electric and magnetic fields. When Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed Maxwell's result It
seemed that the case was settled and light is indeed a wave, however this is not where lights journey
ends. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Albert Einstein carried Planck's discovery one step further when he applied it the "photoelectric
effect." When light is shone on a metal surface, electrons can be ejected from that surface. This is
called the photoelectric effect. Without going into detail, if light is a wave, as Young showed, then
certain features of the photoelectric effect seemed impossible. What Einstein showed is that if one
assumes that light is made up of particles, and if these particles have the properties described by
Planck for his small bursts of light, then the photoelectric effect makes

Does Light Behave Like a Particle or Like a Wave?
Does light behave like a particle, or does it behave like a wave? Thomas Young found the answer to
this in the Double Slit Experiment. Many scientists before Thomas had their own theories, which
fell short and never quite explained light to its full potential. This report about Young's Double Slit
Experiment will describe why it was created, how it was tested and the end result. To begin, the
Double Slit Experiment was brought about by a man named Thomas Young. Young brought up his
idea matching with Isaac Newton's theory of how light works. Young said instead being composed
of corpuscles, light was made of waves and thought it to be similar to how sound works. Later,
Young read more of Newton's theories about light and realized light did not just go straight through
objects, but instead bounces off other matter such as water and air, similar to sound bouncing off
walls. Young also predicted light makes an interference pattern across an object due to the fact light
waves intensify when crossed with another. In 1801, Young put Newton's theories to the test with his
Double Slit Experiment and proved light does act like a wave (Chodos). Next, Young tested how
light worked in his Double Slit Experiment, which dealt with light and how it behaves when put
through certain tests. Young tested some properties of light by shining it through boards with slits in
them and using a blank screen on the other end of the slits. He started with a single slit on a board
and shined light

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