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Aerial Photography - Geoforum 2016 - Richard Evans, Getmapping

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EDINA, University of Edinburgh
EDINA, University of Edinburgh

The history and technology of Aerial Photography, delivered at Geoforum 2016, prior to the launch of the Aerial Digimap service.

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Aerial Photography – An Introduction Richard Evans – Getmapping
Aerial Photography Introduction: What is Aerial Photography? Historical Aerial Photography About Getmapping Collecting and Processing the imagery Making Use of Aerial Photography Satellite Imagery and Colour Infrared
Aerial Photography What is Aerial Photography A type of remote sensing involving the capture of images from a position above the Earth’s surface, using a camera in not supported by a ground based structure . A snapshot of the Earth at a particular instant in time. Contains mass data and can be interpreted for a range of purposes.
Aerial Photography Can be collected from a range of platforms. - Aircraft - Kites - Helicopters - UAV/Drones - Blimps - Balloons - Rockets - Pigeons
Aerial Photography The level of details is determined by the resolution of the imagery This is the Ground Sample Distance (GSD). The standard resolution is 12.5cm, available over most of England, South Wales and Central Scotland 25cm resolution is available over Scotland, Wales and rural areas Imagery can be captured up to any resolution required – 5cm Enfield
Historic Aerial Photography Oldest Surviving Aerial Photograph “Boston as the Eagle and Wild Geese See it” – 1860 Captured from a balloon at 1200 feet. First Aerial Photograph was captured over Paris in 1858 which is 45 years before the Wright Brothers pioneered powered flight The same technique was used for reconnaissance in the American Civil War
Historic Aerial Photography First extensive use of Aerial Photography was during the First World War. Many of the techniques still used for capture and image processing today to were pioneered during WWI. Aerial Photographs were used to identify enemy positions, troop movements and improvements to trenches Image – German Lines at 8,000ft
Historic Aerial Photography Commercial surveying began after the First World War with a British Company called Aerofilms. Vertical Imagery captured was typically used to aid in the creation of mapping Aerial Reconnaissance was used extensively during the Second World War to identify targets such as V1 and V2 sites Image – Sword Beach at 1,000ft
About Getmapping Founded in 1998 with a remit to Create the first full seamless image of England and Wales in between 1999- 2001 – Millennium Map The only commercial organisation committed to capturing aerial photography across the whole of GB Imagery captured at high resolution Capture done on behalf of Central and Local Government and for commercial projects
About Getmapping Most area across Great Britain have been captured over the last 5 years The map shows capture over the last 3 years in Scotland Data is captured for many clients including UK and Scottish Governments, Local Authorities, and commercial organisations.
Capturing Aerial Photography Getmapping capture aerial photography from fixed wing twin- engine turboprop aircraft All Aircraft are based at Oxford but are able to deploy from other airports if the weather is favourable 2 man crew consist of a survey pilot trained to fly in a certain way to collect the imagery and a camera operator
Capturing Aerial Photography Getmapping make use of the latest in digital camera technology Vexcel Ultramap Eagle Camera Capture height 1,000-7,000m 260 mega pixel camera Captures imagery through hole in the base of fuselage Sits with a gyroscopic mount which compensates for the motion of the plane GPS IMU measures X, Y, Z position of aircraft and pitch, yaw, role for each frame captured
Capturing Aerial Photography The flying season in the UK is between April and October Areas are captured on 3-5 year cycle. Targets areas are determined by ages of existing imagery and customer requirements Flying target blocks are established and non standard flight plans (NSFs) are submitted for approval to ATC Typically 50,000sqkm of new capture per year
Capturing Aerial Photography Imagery is captured by specialist survey pilots Capture in flight-lines running W-E or N-S depending the shape of the block Each “frame” overlaps the previous one by 60% or 80% and flight lines overlap by 30% or 40%. Stereo capture allows for ortho- rectification and AT All imagery is captured to specification laid out by RICS
Issues with Capturing Data Weather
Issues with Capturing Data Weather
Issues with Capturing Data Air Traffic Restrictions Volcanic Ash Cloud Military Exercises
Post Processing After capture data processing takes approximately 4 months. Processing has several stages - Colour Balancing - Aerial Triangulation - Orthorectification - Mosaicing - Edge-matching Processing of the imagery is done in South Africa by teams of people using the latest post-processing software
Post Processing All data is checked to ensure no issues like cloud, haze. Colour balance done first to ensure imagery is homogenous and adheres to RICS specification Ground control points are then collected Aerial Triangulation uses IMU data in conjunction with ground control to ensure each frame is positioned correctly.
Post Processing
Post Processing Every frame needs to go through the process of Ortho-rectification Ortho-rectifies involves draping the imagery over the terrain then flattening to create a 2D image. First a DSM or DTM is created which is used to orthorectify the imagery using the AT results All imagery is created in British National Grid projection
Post Processing All Orthorectified frames in a flying block are combined in to a single image called a mosaic. The mosaic is then split in to tiles 1km x 1km Edge-matching done to ensure the mosaic is seamless. Time consuming process involving drawing around existing ground features.
Uses of Aerial Photography Map Making
Uses of Aerial Photography Infrastructure Planning
Uses of Aerial Photography Event Planning
Uses of Aerial Photography Land Management
Uses of Aerial Photography Archaeology
Uses of Aerial Photography Change Detection
Uses of Aerial Photography Media
Uses of Aerial Photography Ecology Online Mapping Tools - Google/Bing 3D modelling Simulation Surveillance
Colour Infrared Imagery
Satellite Photography Use similar camera technology to Aerial Photography Altitude 700km Capture about 50-60cm resolution Capture through Atmosphere
Summery Definition of aerial photography History of Aerial Photography How aerial photography is collected How it is processed How it is used Any Questions?
gis.getmapping.com @GetmappingPLC LinkedIn.com/getmapping YouTube.com/getmapping09

More Related Content

Aerial Photography - Geoforum 2016 - Richard Evans, Getmapping

  • 1. Aerial Photography – An Introduction Richard Evans – Getmapping
  • 2. Aerial Photography Introduction: What is Aerial Photography? Historical Aerial Photography About Getmapping Collecting and Processing the imagery Making Use of Aerial Photography Satellite Imagery and Colour Infrared
  • 3. Aerial Photography What is Aerial Photography A type of remote sensing involving the capture of images from a position above the Earth’s surface, using a camera in not supported by a ground based structure . A snapshot of the Earth at a particular instant in time. Contains mass data and can be interpreted for a range of purposes.
  • 4. Aerial Photography Can be collected from a range of platforms. - Aircraft - Kites - Helicopters - UAV/Drones - Blimps - Balloons - Rockets - Pigeons
  • 5. Aerial Photography The level of details is determined by the resolution of the imagery This is the Ground Sample Distance (GSD). The standard resolution is 12.5cm, available over most of England, South Wales and Central Scotland 25cm resolution is available over Scotland, Wales and rural areas Imagery can be captured up to any resolution required – 5cm Enfield
  • 6. Historic Aerial Photography Oldest Surviving Aerial Photograph “Boston as the Eagle and Wild Geese See it” – 1860 Captured from a balloon at 1200 feet. First Aerial Photograph was captured over Paris in 1858 which is 45 years before the Wright Brothers pioneered powered flight The same technique was used for reconnaissance in the American Civil War
  • 7. Historic Aerial Photography First extensive use of Aerial Photography was during the First World War. Many of the techniques still used for capture and image processing today to were pioneered during WWI. Aerial Photographs were used to identify enemy positions, troop movements and improvements to trenches Image – German Lines at 8,000ft
  • 8. Historic Aerial Photography Commercial surveying began after the First World War with a British Company called Aerofilms. Vertical Imagery captured was typically used to aid in the creation of mapping Aerial Reconnaissance was used extensively during the Second World War to identify targets such as V1 and V2 sites Image – Sword Beach at 1,000ft
  • 9. About Getmapping Founded in 1998 with a remit to Create the first full seamless image of England and Wales in between 1999- 2001 – Millennium Map The only commercial organisation committed to capturing aerial photography across the whole of GB Imagery captured at high resolution Capture done on behalf of Central and Local Government and for commercial projects
  • 10. About Getmapping Most area across Great Britain have been captured over the last 5 years The map shows capture over the last 3 years in Scotland Data is captured for many clients including UK and Scottish Governments, Local Authorities, and commercial organisations.
  • 11. Capturing Aerial Photography Getmapping capture aerial photography from fixed wing twin- engine turboprop aircraft All Aircraft are based at Oxford but are able to deploy from other airports if the weather is favourable 2 man crew consist of a survey pilot trained to fly in a certain way to collect the imagery and a camera operator
  • 12. Capturing Aerial Photography Getmapping make use of the latest in digital camera technology Vexcel Ultramap Eagle Camera Capture height 1,000-7,000m 260 mega pixel camera Captures imagery through hole in the base of fuselage Sits with a gyroscopic mount which compensates for the motion of the plane GPS IMU measures X, Y, Z position of aircraft and pitch, yaw, role for each frame captured
  • 13. Capturing Aerial Photography The flying season in the UK is between April and October Areas are captured on 3-5 year cycle. Targets areas are determined by ages of existing imagery and customer requirements Flying target blocks are established and non standard flight plans (NSFs) are submitted for approval to ATC Typically 50,000sqkm of new capture per year
  • 14. Capturing Aerial Photography Imagery is captured by specialist survey pilots Capture in flight-lines running W-E or N-S depending the shape of the block Each “frame” overlaps the previous one by 60% or 80% and flight lines overlap by 30% or 40%. Stereo capture allows for ortho- rectification and AT All imagery is captured to specification laid out by RICS
  • 15. Issues with Capturing Data Weather
  • 16. Issues with Capturing Data Weather
  • 17. Issues with Capturing Data Air Traffic Restrictions Volcanic Ash Cloud Military Exercises
  • 18. Post Processing After capture data processing takes approximately 4 months. Processing has several stages - Colour Balancing - Aerial Triangulation - Orthorectification - Mosaicing - Edge-matching Processing of the imagery is done in South Africa by teams of people using the latest post-processing software
  • 19. Post Processing All data is checked to ensure no issues like cloud, haze. Colour balance done first to ensure imagery is homogenous and adheres to RICS specification Ground control points are then collected Aerial Triangulation uses IMU data in conjunction with ground control to ensure each frame is positioned correctly.
  • 21. Post Processing Every frame needs to go through the process of Ortho-rectification Ortho-rectifies involves draping the imagery over the terrain then flattening to create a 2D image. First a DSM or DTM is created which is used to orthorectify the imagery using the AT results All imagery is created in British National Grid projection
  • 22. Post Processing All Orthorectified frames in a flying block are combined in to a single image called a mosaic. The mosaic is then split in to tiles 1km x 1km Edge-matching done to ensure the mosaic is seamless. Time consuming process involving drawing around existing ground features.
  • 23. Uses of Aerial Photography Map Making
  • 24. Uses of Aerial Photography Infrastructure Planning
  • 25. Uses of Aerial Photography Event Planning
  • 26. Uses of Aerial Photography Land Management
  • 27. Uses of Aerial Photography Archaeology
  • 28. Uses of Aerial Photography Change Detection
  • 29. Uses of Aerial Photography Media
  • 30. Uses of Aerial Photography Ecology Online Mapping Tools - Google/Bing 3D modelling Simulation Surveillance
  • 32. Satellite Photography Use similar camera technology to Aerial Photography Altitude 700km Capture about 50-60cm resolution Capture through Atmosphere
  • 33. Summery Definition of aerial photography History of Aerial Photography How aerial photography is collected How it is processed How it is used Any Questions?