LTE is a cellular wireless system standard that uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. Key LTE technologies include bandwidth flexibility, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination, and a two-layered HARQ protocol to provide low latency and high reliability data transmission. LTE aims to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, support new services, and provide higher data rates and lower latencies compared to previous cellular standards.
This document summarizes the work being done by CPqD towards developing terabit optical networks. It discusses:
1. The evolution of optical transmission rates from 100G to 400G and 1T using technologies like coherent transmission, higher order modulation formats, and carrier aggregation.
2. Advances in optical networking components like amplifiers, ROADMs, and integrated photonics to enable network control and monitoring.
3. Microelectronic developments like high-speed DACs and ASIC DSPs to support coherent transmission systems.
4. Experimental demonstrations and field trials of terabit superchannels using techniques like CO-OFDM, carrier aggregation, and flexible transmitters.
5G-NR (New Radio) is the 5G wireless standard developed by 3GPP to support both sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrum. It supports three main use cases - enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). 5G-NR can operate in both non-standalone and standalone modes, with non-standalone relying on the existing 4G LTE network for core functionality and standalone operating independently. Key 5G technologies include higher peak data rates up to 20 Gbps, lower latency around 1 ms, support for high mobility up to 500 km/h, and ability to connect a massive number of devices
Technologies for future mobile transport networksITU
This presentation presents several technologies for future mobile transport networks using the seamless convergence of fiber and wireless access networks. We first present a flexible and efficient mobile fronthaul system for ultra-dense small cells using a convergence of fiber and millimeter-wave systems. We then present a simple and low cost optical system for simultaneous transmission of multiple heterogeneous wireless signals, such as multi-RATs, operators, mobile signals and fronthaul/backhaul signals, using subcarrier multiplexing intermediate frequency over fiber system and efficient data mapping and de-mapping algorithms. Finally, we present an efficient solution to provide high-speed communications to high-speed trains using a seamless convergence of wavelength-division multiplexing radio-over-fiber and linearly located linear cell systems.
Author : Pham Tien Dat, NICT Japan
Presented at ITU-T Focus Group IMT-2020 Workshop and Demo Day, 7 December 2016.
More details on the event : http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/201612/Pages/Programme.aspx
5G network architecture will include new functional blocks and interfaces defined by 3GPP. 5G can operate in both standalone and non-standalone modes with an EPC or NGC core. Adding 5G to existing LTE macro sites will require at least 10Gbps backhaul to support features like massive MIMO and wider channel bandwidths. Migration strategies involve moving between EPC and NGC cores while maintaining interoperability and backward compatibility with earlier RATs.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture and interfaces, radio interface technologies, capacity planning considerations, and spectrum and heterogeneous network topics. The key points covered are:
- The EPC core network connects to the eUTRAN access network and other networks via standardized interfaces like S1, S3, S4 and SGi.
- The eUTRAN uses OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink to support flexible bandwidths, MIMO, and efficient multipath performance.
- Cell capacity depends on user distribution and location within the cell, with average throughput lower than maximum potential due to modulation and coding adaptations.
- Heterogeneous networks integrate macro
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate MAPL using propagation model (Hata, Cost231 etc.)
Given: Carrier freq = 900MHz, BS height = 30m, Tx power = 20W
Using Hata model, calculate MAPL
2) Calculate cell range using MAPL
Cell range = sqrt(MAPL/2)
3) Calculate number of cells required for 100sqkm area
Number of cells = Area/Cell area
Cell area = pi * (Cell range)^2
4) Number of sites = Number of cells
For the given parameters, the calculations would provide the number of sites required.
Webinar Keysight: Soluções de Teste para Tecnologias Emergentes 5G-NR e IoT-L...Embarcados
Keysight Technologies provides electronic measurement solutions for 5G network deployment and testing. It was formed from businesses originally part of Hewlett-Packard and Agilent Technologies. Keysight focuses on enabling 5G network interoperability testing through solutions like channel emulation, RF testing, and network monitoring. 5G new radio specifications are being developed to support new services like enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
1. The document discusses the various 5G non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) architecture options defined by 3GPP, including their characteristics and differences. 2. The key NSA options are Option 3, 4, and 7 which rely on existing LTE networks, while Option 2 is the main SA option which uses only 5G NR and is connected to the 5G core. 3. SA Option 2 can fully support new 5G services like URLLC and network slicing, while NSA options have limited 5G capabilities due to dependencies on LTE core networks.
5G NR (New Radio) Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
5G NR Training, 5G New Radio (NR) Training is a 2-day technical course covering all aspects of 5G New Radio (NR) air interface, protocols, operations and procedures.
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, the attendees will be able to:
Understand the basics of 5G NR (New Radio)
List basic 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G New Radio (NR) features and capabilities
List the relevant innovations and technologies for 5G NR
Compare and Contrast Non-standalone 5G NR and Standalone 5G NR specifications
List 5G NR air interface, protocols, operations and procedures
Explain the different deployment scenarios for 5G NR
Describe the underlying technologies and protocols related to 5G NR
Compare and contrast 3GPP and Verizon 5G TF (Verizon 5th Generation Radio Access)
Explain the future technology and application trends in 5G NR
Course Outline:
5G NR (New Radio)
Radio Access Architecture and Interfaces
5G NR: NG-RAN Architecture Description
5G NR Physical Layer General Description
5G NR Physical Layer Details
User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception
5G NR L2 and L3 Protocols
User Equipment (UE) Conformance Specification
3GPP vs Verizon 5GTF
Workshop and Deep Dive Activities coverage
Physical Layer Procedures
5G NR Validation
Participants will learn about the real 5G networks and 5G NR, not so-called “5G Evolution” networks which largely consist of the rebranding existing LTE technologies as many service providers have already adopted.
Request more information. Visit Tonex website link below
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/5g-nr-training-5g-new-radio/
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
This document provides an overview and technical details regarding beamforming and sounding reference signal optimization for LTE. It discusses sector beamforming for common channels using weighted factors. It compares RL15 single-stream beamforming (TM7) to RL25 dual-stream beamforming (TM8), describing their implementations. The document also covers sounding reference signal configurations, including hopping patterns and parameters. Performance results and configuration parameters for beamforming are presented.
Positioning techniques in 3 g networks (1)kike2005
Independent Study Presentation on Positioning Techniques in 3G Networks. The presentation discusses [1] positioning parameters in 3G networks such as RSCP, RSS, RTT, and AoA; and [2] positioning techniques including enhancements to the basic Cell ID method, OTDOA methods using IPDL and CVB, the Database Correlation Method using power delay profiles, and the Pilot Correlation Method using pilot signal measurements. Simulation results are presented showing the accuracy of some of these techniques.
RAN - Intro, I&C & Basic Troubleshooting (3).pptxFelix Franco
The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 3G to 4G and 5G, including an overview of 4G LTE and 5G NSA architectures. It then outlines 4 deployment scenarios for a SKY network modernization project involving replacing 3G nodes with 4G and 5G nodes at existing sites, adding new 4G-only outdoor sites, and providing indoor 4G coverage. Product descriptions are provided for the Ericsson baseband 6630 and RAN processor 6337 for 4G/5G deployment.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 3G to 4G and 5G, and provides an overview of SKY Network's plan to modernize its radio access network (RAN). The modernization will involve deploying 4G and 5G radio nodes across different scenarios, including replacing existing 3G nodes with 4G/5G, deploying new 4G-only nodes, and using indoor small cells. The interfaces, architectures and equipment involved are also described at a high level.
The document discusses 5G new radio (NR) physical layer resources including numerology, time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, and space-domain resources. It provides details on key 5G NR concepts such as subcarrier spacing, symbols, slots and frames. Cyclic prefix length is determined based on subcarrier spacing to maintain consistent overhead. Slot formats in 5G NR provide more flexibility with symbol level uplink/downlink switching compared to LTE.
Huawei's MIMO solution uses techniques like spatial multiplexing, pre-coding and adaptive selection of MIMO mode to improve throughput and coverage. Field tests showed a 4x2 MIMO configuration increased sector throughput by 17-35% over 2x2 MIMO. Uplink 4-antenna receive diversity increased cell average throughput by 35% and cell edge throughput by 52% over 2-antenna diversity. Intra-site CoMP improved cell edge user throughput by 61.5-146.4% compared to LTE without CoMP.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
A System's View of Metro and Regional Optical NetworksCedric Lam
The document discusses optical network technologies for upgrading to higher data rates. It introduces dense multi-carrier (DMC) technology as a cost-effective solution to upgrade existing 10Gb/s networks to 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s. DMC works by slicing signals into multiple lower symbol rate sub-carriers. It also discusses scalable reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) architectures to provide a flexible backbone without bandwidth constraints. Field trials showed DMC successfully transmitting 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s over long distances with high tolerance to nonlinearities and impairments.
Similar to 5G bootcamp Sep 2020 (NPI initiative).pptx (20)
Improving Learning Content Efficiency with Reusable Learning ContentEnterprise Knowledge
Enterprise Knowledge’s Emily Crockett, Content Engineering Consultant, presented “Improve Learning Content Efficiency with Reusable Learning Content” at the Learning Ideas conference on June 13th, 2024.
This presentation explored the basics of reusable learning content, including the types of reuse and the key benefits of reuse such as improved content maintenance efficiency, reduced organizational risk, and scalable differentiated instruction & personalization. After this primer on reuse, Crockett laid out the basic steps to start building reusable learning content alongside a real-life example and the technology stack needed to support dynamic content. Key objectives included:
- Be able to explain the difference between reusable learning content and duplicate content
- Explore how a well-designed learning content model can reduce duplicate content and improve your team’s efficiency
- Identify key tasks and steps in creating a learning content model
Types of Weaving loom machine & it's technologyldtexsolbl
Welcome to the presentation on the types of weaving loom machines, brought to you by LD Texsol, a leading manufacturer of electronic Jacquard machines. Weaving looms are pivotal in textile production, enabling the interlacing of warp and weft threads to create diverse fabrics. Our exploration begins with traditional handlooms, which have been in use since ancient times, preserving artisanal craftsmanship. We then move to frame and pit looms, simple yet effective tools for small-scale and traditional weaving.
Advancing to modern industrial applications, we discuss power looms, the backbone of high-speed textile manufacturing. These looms, integral to LD Texsol's product range, offer unmatched productivity and consistent quality, essential for large-scale apparel, home textiles, and technical fabrics. Rapier looms, another modern marvel, use rapier rods for versatile and rapid weaving of complex patterns.
Next, we explore air and water jet looms, known for their efficiency in lightweight fabric production. LD Texsol's state-of-the-art electronic Jacquard machines exemplify technological advancements, enabling intricate designs and patterns with precision control. Lastly, we examine dobby looms, ideal for medium-complexity patterns and versatile fabric production.
This presentation will deepen your understanding of weaving looms, their applications, and the innovations LD Texsol brings to the textile industry. Join us as we weave through the history, technology, and future of textile production. Visit our website www.ldtexsol.com for more information.
Sonkoloniya is a web-based realtime code editor with hosting functionality developed by Subham Mandal from ONEprojukti. Sonkoloniya enables users to write and run HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code in real-time. It features a user-friendly interface with separate code editing panes, live preview, console output, and file management capabilities.
It's your unstructured data: How to get your GenAI app to production (and spe...Zilliz
So you've successfully built a GenAI app POC for your company -- now comes the hard part: bringing it to production. Aparavi addresses the challenges of AI projects while addressing data privacy and PII. Our Service for RAG helps AI developers and data scientists to scale their app to 1000s to millions of users using corporate unstructured data. Aparavi’s AI Data Loader cleans, prepares and then loads only the relevant unstructured data for each AI project/app, enabling you to operationalize the creation of GenAI apps easily and accurately while giving you the time to focus on what you really want to do - building a great AI application with useful and relevant context. All within your environment and never having to share private corporate data with anyone - not even Aparavi.
Redefining Cybersecurity with AI CapabilitiesPriyanka Aash
In this comprehensive overview of Cisco's latest innovations in cybersecurity, the focus is squarely on resilience and adaptation in the face of evolving threats. The discussion covers the imperative of tackling Mal information, the increasing sophistication of insider attacks, and the expanding attack surfaces in a hybrid work environment. Emphasizing a shift towards integrated platforms over fragmented tools, Cisco introduces its Security Cloud, designed to provide end-to-end visibility and robust protection across user interactions, cloud environments, and breaches. AI emerges as a pivotal tool, from enhancing user experiences to predicting and defending against cyber threats. The blog underscores Cisco's commitment to simplifying security stacks while ensuring efficacy and economic feasibility, making a compelling case for their platform approach in safeguarding digital landscapes.
Using LLM Agents with Llama 3, LangGraph and MilvusZilliz
RAG systems are talked about in detail, but usually stick to the basics. In this talk, Stephen will show you how to build an Agentic RAG System using Langchain and Milvus.
Gen AI: Privacy Risks of Large Language Models (LLMs)Debmalya Biswas
In this presentation, we focus on the privacy risks of large language models (LLMs), with respect to their scaled deployment in enterprises.
We also see a growing (and worrisome) trend where enterprises are applying the privacy frameworks and controls that they had designed for their data science / predictive analytics pipelines — as-is to Gen AI / LLM use-cases.
This is clearly inefficient (and risky) and we need to adapt the enterprise privacy frameworks, checklists and tooling — to take into account the novel and differentiating privacy aspects of LLMs.
MAKE MONEY ONLINE Unlock Your Income Potential Today.pptxjanagijoythi
In today's digital age, the internet offers unparalleled opportunities to
generate income and build financial independence from the comfort of
your home or anywhere with an internet connection. Whether you're a
student looking to earn extra cash, a stay-at-home parent seeking
flexible work options, or a professional aiming to diversify your income
streams, this book is your comprehensive guide to navigating the vast
landscape of online earning.
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Why poor data curation is killing your AI models (an...Zilliz
Enterprises have traditionally prioritized data quantity, assuming more is better for AI performance. However, a new reality is setting in: high-quality data, not just volume, is the key. This shift exposes a critical gap – many organizations struggle to understand their existing data and lack effective curation strategies and tools. This talk dives into these data challenges and explores the methods of automating data curation.
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY - Advantages and DisadvantagesSAI KAILASH R
Explore the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain technology in this comprehensive SlideShare presentation. Blockchain, the backbone of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, is revolutionizing various industries by offering enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency. However, it also comes with challenges such as scalability issues and energy consumption. This presentation provides an in-depth analysis of the key benefits and drawbacks of blockchain, helping you understand its potential impact on the future of technology and business.
Uncharted Together- Navigating AI's New Frontiers in LibrariesBrian Pichman
Journey into the heart of innovation where the collaborative spirit between information professionals, technologists, and researchers illuminates the path forward through AI's uncharted territories. This opening keynote celebrates the unique potential of special libraries to spearhead AI-driven transformations. Join Brian Pichman as we saddle up to ride into the history of Artificial Intelligence, how its evolved over the years, and how its transforming today's frontiers. We will explore a variety of tools and strategies that leverage AI including some new ideas that may enhance cataloging, unlock personalized user experiences, or pioneer new ways to access specialized research. As with any frontier exploration, we will confront shared ethical challenges and explore how joint efforts can not only navigate but also shape AI's impact on equitable access and information integrity in special libraries. For the remainder of the conference, we will equip you with a "digital compass" where you can submit ideas and thoughts of what you've learned in sessions for a final reveal in the closing keynote.
The Impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on Smart Homes and CitiesArpan Buwa
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized both smart homes and cities by interconnecting devices and systems, enabling automation, efficiency, and enhanced quality of life. In smart homes, IoT devices like smart thermostats, lights, and appliances offer remote control and energy management, while sensors provide security and monitoring. In smart cities, IoT facilitates traffic management, waste management, and environmental monitoring, optimizing resource usage and urban planning. Overall, IoT transforms traditional living spaces and urban landscapes into interconnected, efficient, and sustainable environments.
2. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
5. 5G spectrum MANA
600MHz, nationwide
launch on Dec 2nd
850MHz, initial launch
on December 12th
600MHz,
initial launch
on March 6th
39Ghz (BW 400MHz) 28Ghz (BW 400Mhz)
39Ghz (BW 400MHz)
Planned launch in
850Mhz
28Ghz (BW 133Mhz)
39Ghz (BW 100MHz)
2.5Ghz (BW
60Mhz)
H
M
L
8. 3GPP connectivity options
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4
Option 5 Option 6 Option 7 Option 8
5GCN
eNB
LTE
5GCN
gNB
NR
eNB
LTE
EPC
gNB
NR
eNB
LTE
EPC
eNB
LTE
5GCN
gNB
NR
eNB
LTE
5GCN
gNB
NR
EPC
gNB
NR
EPC
gNB
NR
eNB
LTE
CP
UP
9. 5Garchitectureevolution
— Introduce 5GC and next generation services without
disturbing existing deployment (NR SA/Option 2)
— Fully leverageVoLTE for voice whileNR/5GC matures
— EPC-5GC interworking supporting migration
— Introduce NR air interface offerpeak data rates
early(NR NSA/Option 3)
— Fullyleverage VoLTE orfor voicewhile NR
matures
LTE LTE
EPC
LTE NR
LTE
5G EPC
LTE NR
LTE/NR
Option 1 Option 1 Option 3 Option 1 Option 3 Option 2
5G EPC + 5GC
Dual mode core
1 1 1
3 3
2
No impact to legacy services and in-market devices (incl. early 5G devices) while the network evolves
10. NR option 3X
NR
LTE
5G enabled CN
MME S-GW
NR
LTE
5G enabled CN
MME S-GW
S1’-U
NR
LTE
5G enabled CN
MME S-GW
S1’-U
Option 3a
Option 3 Option 3X
11. Decoding option 3X
• NR Non-Standalone (NR NSA)
• introduces the support for the 5G NR air-interface
using existing 4G LTE infrastructure.
• EN-DC solution
• Ericsson’s E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)
solution is based on Option 3x:
• Signaling Bearer (SRB) & Data Bearer (DRB)
• LTE eNB terminates the S1 Control Signaling (S1-C)
from EPC and Signaling Radio bearer (SRB) towards
the UE.
• The user Data Bearer (DRB) is setup either as:
• Split bearer: using both LTE and NR radio resources
• LTE only bearer: using only LTE radio resources
• Split bearer & LTE only bearer
• NR gNB terminates the S1-U user plane of the Split
bearer for the NR UE.
• LTE eNB terminates the S1-U user plane of the LTE only
bearer.
• X2-C & X2-U interface
• The eNB and gNB have X2-C and X2-U connections,
where the user data of Split bearer is carried over
X2-U, and control signaling over X2-C.
DRB
NR UE
X2-U
S1-U
gNB
S1-C
User data
Control
signalling
S1-U
eNB
X2-C
EPC
SRB
DRB
13. BearerTypes
MAC & L1
Master Node (MN)
eNodeB, LTE
Secondary Node (SN)
gNodeB, NR
MAC & L1
Option 3x
SN Terminated
MCG DRB
PDCP
RLC RLC
PDCP
RLC
Option 3x
SN Terminated
Split DRB
PDCP
RLC
Option 1
MN Terminated
MCG DRB
PDCP
RLC
SRB
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
SRB = Signaling Radio Bearer
DRB = Data Radio Bearer
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
14. BearerTransitions
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
MN Terminated
MCG DRB
Initial Context Setup /
Incoming Handover /
RRC Re-establishment
SCG Addition
SN Release
SN Release
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
SN Terminated
Split DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
SN Addition
MAC
L1
L1
RLC
PDCP
SN Terminated
MCG DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
SCG Release
MAC
L1
L1
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
SRB = Signaling Radio Bearer
DRB = Data Radio Bearer
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
Split Bearer User Plane
Functions:
• Downlink User Plane
Switching
• Downlink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink User Plane
Switching
• Uplink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink-Downlink
Decoupling
A
B
C
15. NRlegsetupatinitialcontext
Measurement based NR Leg Setup:
If (eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.triggerQuantityB1 = SS_RSRP
then Event B1 is triggered when:
SS_RSRPNR > (eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.b1ThresholdRsrp+
(eNB)GUtranFreqRelation.b1ThrRsrpFreqOffset+
(eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.hysteresisB1 /2
is fulfilledfor:(eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.timeToTriggerB1
if (eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.triggerQuantityB1 = SS_RSRQ
then Event B1 is triggered when:
SS_RSRQNR> (eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.b1ThresholdRsrq / 10 +
(eNB)GUtranFreqRelation.b1ThrRsrqFreqOffset / 10 +
(eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.hysteresisB1 / 2
is fulfilled for: (eNB)ReportConfigB1GUtra.timeToTriggerB1
Configuration based NR Leg Setup:
Configuration-based involves a blind setup to a pre-configured NR
cell,The NR cell reference is defined with the following attribute:
EUtranCellFDD.extGUtranCellRef
If extGUtranCellRef is defined, then SN addition is configuration-based
16. BearerTransitions
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
MN Terminated
MCG DRB
Initial Context Setup /
Incoming Handover /
RRC Re-establishment
SCG Addition
SN Release
SN Release
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
SN Terminated
Split DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
SN Addition
MAC
L1
L1
RLC
PDCP
SN Terminated
MCG DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
SCG Release
MAC
L1
L1
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
SRB = Signaling Radio Bearer
DRB = Data Radio Bearer
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
Split Bearer User Plane
Functions:
• Downlink User Plane
Switching
• Downlink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink User Plane
Switching
• Uplink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink-Downlink
Decoupling
A
B
C
18. DownlinkFastSwitch
QCI
5
MN SN
QCI
9
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
LTE RLC
NR MAC &
L1
NR RLC
NR PDCP
QCI
5
MN SN
QCI
9
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
LTE RLC NR RLC
NR PDCP
DL Fast Switch
LTE
NR
Leg
NR MAC &
L1
DL UP Data sent
over LTE or NR Leg
20. DownlinkEN-DCAggregation
Single Leg
NR
Single Leg
LTE
Aggregation
LTE + NR
Poor NR quality, lack of
NR CQI reports
Good NR quality
Poor NR quality, lack of
NR CQI reports
• FC is enabled
• PDCP buffer age > dcDlAggActTime
All packets sent and
acknowledged plus
dcDlAggExpiryTimer
NR RLF
Packets in PDCP buffer older than
threshold:
Start to schedule DL data on both
legs according to Flow Control
feedback information.
PDCP buffer empty: Start next
transmission in Single NR Leg
At NR Leg Setup PDCP will start to
transmit DL user data in the NR Leg
LTE
NR RLF
Poor NR quality detected: Resend
non-acknowledged packets in the
LTE Leg
NR RLF
Parameters:
dcDlAggActTime
dcDlAggExpiryTimer
21. DownlinkDCAggregation
QCI5
MN SN
QCI9
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
LTE RLC
NR MAC & L1
NR
RLC
NR
PDCP
LTE Leg
NR Leg Parameters:
dcDlAggActTime
dcDlAggExpiryTimer
DL UP Data sent over
both LTE and NR Leg
22. ULLegSwitchingbetweenNRandLTE
QCI5
MN SN
QCI9
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
LTE RLC
NR MAC & L1
NR RLC
NR PDCP
Switch from NR to LTE
-Triggered when poor NR quality
detected in UL
-Switch triggered immediately
UL Leg Switching from NR to LTE
QCI5
MN SN
QCI9
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
LTE RLC
NR MAC & L1
NR RLC
NR PDCP
Switch from LTE to NR
-Triggered when good NR quality detected in UL
-UL Prohibit timer should prevent too frequent
switching
UL Leg Switching from LTE to NR
24. UplinkUserPlaneAggregation
— Enables transmission of uplink user plane data simultaneously on both the MCG and SCG
— Improves the end user throughput
— Works independently of uplink user plane switching
UL User Plane
Switching
UE transmits on: MCG UE transmits on: SCG
Poor NR UL SINR
Good NR UL SINR
Primary path: SCG
UE transmits on: MCG & SCG
Primary path: MCG
UE transmits on: MCG & SCG
Poor NR UL SINR
Good NR SINR
Buffered data
above
threshold
Buffered data
below
threshold
Buffered data
above
threshold
Buffered data
below
threshold
UL User Plane
Aggregation
Primary path: MCG
UE transmits on: MCG
Primary path: SCG
UE transmits on: SCG
Parameters:
ulDataSplitThreshold
26. BearerTransitions
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
MN Terminated
MCG DRB
Initial Context Setup /
Incoming Handover /
RRC Re-establishment
SCG Addition
SN Release
SN Release
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
SN Terminated
Split DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
SN Addition
MAC
L1
L1
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
SN Terminated
MCG DRB
SCG Release
MAC
L1
L1
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
SRB = Signaling Radio Bearer
DRB = Data Radio Bearer
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
Split Bearer User Plane
Functions:
• Downlink User Plane
Switching
• Downlink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink User Plane
Switching
• Uplink User Plane
Aggregation
• Uplink-Downlink
Decoupling
A
B
C
27. QCI9
QCI5 QCI5 QCI1
VoLTE
setup
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
MN
LTE PDCP NR PDCP
NR RLC
NR MAC & L1
LTE RLC
LTE PDCP LTE PDCP
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
MN
SN SN
QCI9
NR PDCP
QCI5 QCI1
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
MN
LTE PDCP
QCI9
SN
Next
Mobility
Options for Voice in EN-DC
1. At VoLTE setup, any existing NR Leg is released. No more SN terminated bearers during the remaining voice call.
2. At the next mobility event, relocation of PDCP from SN to MN and VoLTE support as in legacy LTE.
QCI9
VoLTE
setup
QCI5
LTE
PDCP
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
MN
NR PDCP
NR RLC
NR MAC & L1
SN
QCI5
LTE
PDCP
LTE RLC
QCI1
LTE
PDCP
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC & L1
MN
QCI9
NR PDCP
NR RLC
NR MAC & L1
SN
Alternative configuration: Keep Split DRB during VoLTE call
VoLTE call + simultaneous NR data
supported with limited performance:
• TTI bundling cannot be activated
• Limited support for LTE mobility
with many RRC reconfigurations
• RRC Re-establishment triggers UE
release to idle mode
• X2 link break triggers UE release
to idle mode
Split Bearers with VoLTE Not Allowed
Split Bearers with VoLTE Allowed
28. EN-DC Profile allow/Prevent DRBs from Being Split
ARP Threshold Relation in EN-DC Profile for Allowing DRBs to Be Split
ARP Threshold Relation in EN-DC Profile for Preventing DRBs from Being Split
30. — Uplink CA (New)
— 50+50 MHz or 100+100 MHz
— Contiguous spectrum only
— Activated by gNodeB
— Secondary carrier takes user data only
CarrierAggregation
RLC
PDCP
RLC
SN Terminated Split DRB
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
HARQ1 HARQ6
MAC
…
CC1 CC6
L1
…
HARQ1 HARQ4
MAC
…
CC1 CC4
L1
…
SCG Resources
MCG Resources
Carrier
Aggregation
for NR
User Plane
Aggregation
Carrier
Aggregation
for LTE
NR Band LTE Carriers NR Carriers
Low-band (FDD) 6 CC 1 CC
Mid-band (TDD) 6 CC 1 CC
High-band (TDD) 6 CC 8 CC
NR Band LTE carriers NR carriers
Low-band (FDD) 1 CC 1 CC
Mid-band (TDD) 1 CC 1 CC
High-band (TDD) 1 CC 2 CC
— Downlink CA
— Increase in supported configurations
CC = Component Carrier
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
31. Why ESS ?
— Ericsson’s 5G main RAN competitive advantage:
— Introduce 5G in existing 4G bands without
hard/static refarming spectrum
— Smooth and fast migration
— Lowest TCO for 5G introduction
— Shared Radio + RAN Compute + Spectrum
Low band is considered for 5G deployment ESS is solution
32. ESS vs ISS
DSS (Dynamic Spectrum Sharing) has the following
characteristics:
• Frequency allocation granularity
— 100% NR, LTE 50%/NR 50%,100%LTE
• Time allocation granularity on 1ms
ISS (Instant Spectrum Sharing) has the following
characteristics:
• Frequency allocation granularity on RBG level
(DL)
• Possible FDM or TDM sharing
• Time allocation granularity on ~1 ms
20’Q1
(GA)
20’Q2
Time
LTE NR-NSA
Frequency
1ms
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Instant Spectrum Sharing
LTE NR-NSA
Time
Frequency
1ms
33. 20.Q2 prerequisites and limitations
Limitations:
●FDD only
●NSA
●No NB-IOT or CAT-M
●No combined cell
●2 and 4 antenna
●LTE transmission modes TM3, TM4, TM9
●Max 4 layers
●Review Feature Parity
Pre-requisites:
●Requires mixed mode BaseBand
●No 5 MHz
●BW and centerfrequencies must matchon LTE
and NR
34. ESS Knowledge Sharing Session (NPI)
Please find link for ESS KS delivered by NPI team
Session: 1:-
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/78e8c6e1-199b-4ab9-b06e-9fbb0b671b67
Session: 2:-
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/30f10a6d-120d-446e-b96f-22e8c4dd2dd7
35. 3GPP 5G System (5GS)
-5G Core network and 5G-(R)AN
5GS
5GC
5G-RAN
• Authentication Server Function (AUSF)
• Core Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)
• Data network (DN), e.g. operator services, Internet access
• Policy Control function (PCF)
• Session Management Function (SMF)
• Unified Data Management (UDM)
• User plane Function (UPF)
• Application Function (AF)
• User Equipment (UE)
• (Radio) Access Network ((R)AN)
36. BBU
Core
Network
DU
Core
Network
CU-UP
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
PHY’’
MAC
RLC
CU-CP
RRC PDCP
Fronthaul
Backhaul
Fronthaul
Midhaul
Backhaul
CU/DUsplit-RANvirtualization
F1-C F1-U
E1
Architecture Change
— In 3GPP Release 15, BBU will splitinto CU and DU
— CU will further split into CU-CP and CU-UP
— CU will be virtualized on generic hardware, DU will not
— F1 and E1 interface standardized in 3GPP
Before Split After Split
CU
CU: Centralized Unit, CU-CP: CU Control Plane
CU-UP,vPP: CU User Plane, DU,vRC: Distributed Unit
vPP
vRC
Logical Network Functions:
RCF – Radio Controller Function
Corresponds to 3GPP logical entity CU-CP in a gNB
PPF – Packet Processing Function
Corresponds to 3GPP logical entity CU-UP in a gNB
RPF – Radio Processing Function
Corresponds to 3GPP logical entity DU in a gNB
38. ORAN
– Founded by 12 large operators, including AT&T, China Mobile, China Telecom, NTT DOCOMO, SKT, Verizon, DT, Orange, in
MWC Shanghai, June 2018
– Target: to drive RAN to be Intelligent, Open, Open Source, White-Box
– Now 7 Working Group established
39. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
40. › LTE: A single 15 kHz subcarrier spacing
– Normal and extended cyclic prefix
› NR supports sub-1GHz to several 10 GHz spectrum
range Multiple numerologies required
– Flexible subcarrier spacing 2n∙15 kHz
– Scaled from LTE numerology
– Higher subcarrier spacing 🢥 Shorter symbols and
cyclic prefix
– Extended cyclic prefix only for 60 kHz
NR – Basic numerology Data [kHz]
<6 GHz 15, 30, (60*)
>6 GHz 60, 120
*Optional for UE, also supports ECP
Rel-15 supports the following numerologies
15 kHz 30 kHz 60 kHz 120 kHz 240 kHz
Main reason for having different numerology is high phase noise in higher frequency
SCS [kHz]
Max bandwidth
[MHz]
15 ≈50
30 ≈100
60 ≈200
120 ≈400
4096 FFT size as compare to 2048 in LTE
Out of 4K 3300 is used typically , as we use 1200 from 2048 in LTE
3300 * 15 = 50Mhz , 3300*30 = 100 Mhz etc..
41. NR - Numerology (Data)
• 30 kHz subcarrier spa ing is supported in 18.Q4 for FR1 (< 6 G z)
Low frequency
Low-medium
frequency (Optimized
CP)
60 kHz, ECP mmW
Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz 30 kHz 60 kHz 120 kHz
Slot duration 1000 µs 500 µs 250 µs 125 µs
Slot illustration
OFDM symbol, duration 66.67 µs 33.33 µs 16.67 µs 8.33 µs
Cyclic prefix, duration 4.69 µs (6.6%) 2.34 µs (6.6%) 4.17 µs (6.6%) 0.59 µs (6.6%)
OFDM symbol including
cyclic prefix
71.35 µs 35.68 µs 20.83 µs 8.92 µs
Max carrier bandwidth
(assuming 4k FFT)
400 MHz
c 50 MHz 100 MHz H 200 MHz
42. Spectrum trade-off
High band
24 Ghz to 40 Ghz
Mid band - 2
3.5 Ghz to 6 Ghz
Mid band - 1
1Ghz to 2.6 Ghz
low band
Sub 1 Ghz
Coverage Bandwidth latency
43. — Higher numerology 🢥 Shorter slot 🢥 Lower latency
— But also shorter cyclicprefix 🢥 Less robust to channel time
dispersion
— Radio frame duration is 10 ms
— Subframe duration is 1 ms
— One slot = 14 symbols
— One resource block = 12 subcarriers
NR– Time/FrequencyStructure
1 slot = 1000 µs
1 slot = 500 µs
125 µs
15 kHz
low band
1 OFDM symbol = 35.68 µs (incl CP 2.34 µs)
30 kHz
mid-band
120 kHz
mmW
1 OFDM symbol = 71.35 µs (incl CP 4.69 µs)
1 OFDM symbol = 8.92 µs (incl CP 0.59 µs)
45. Frame Structure
› Subframe – 1 ms
– Numerology-independent clock
› Slot Type A – 14 OFDM symbols
– Length in ms scales with numerology
– Aligned with subframe boundaries
– Typical scheduling unit (TTI)
› Slot Type B – “Mini-slot”
– 2, 4 or 7 OFDM symbols (December rel 15)
– Can start at any symbol boundary
– One way to reduce latency
15 kHz
30 kHz
60 kHz
One subframe (1 ms)
One slot One “mini-slot”
46. Waveform
› OFDM is the basis for UL and DL
– Symmetric design, same waveform in UL and DL
– Full support of MIMO in DL and UL
– Flexible Numerology
OFDM
mod.
Modulation
symbols
Map each modulation symbol to
a specific time/frequency element
Modulation symbols spread
in frequency domain
OFDM
mod.
Modulation
symbols
DFT
› Complementary DFT-spread OFDM for UL
– To reduce PAPR and improve coverage
– Limited to single-layer transmissions
– Network controls whether to use DFT-precoding or not
› DFT-S-OFDM is referred to as “Transform Precoding” in 3GPP
47. DFTS-OFDM Waveform in Uplink feature
Gives the Operator customer possibility to more efficiently utilize the UE power in their network
• Enables the operator to configure the cell such that UE Msg3 transmission is either:CP OFDM or DFTS OFDM
• Enables the operator to configure the cell such that UE (Non Msg3) transmission is either:CP OFDM or DFTS OFDM
49. OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Benefits
+ Frequency diversity
+ Robust against ISI
+ Easy to implement
+ Flexible BW
+ Suitable for MIMO
+ Classic technology
(WLAN, ADSL etc)
Drawbacks
- Sensitive to doppler and freq
errors
- High PAPR
- Overhead
› Orthogonal: all other subcarriers zero at sampling point
› Sub carrier spacing Δf= e.g 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 kHz
› Delay spread << Symbol duration < Coherence time
f
Δf
50. NR TDD UL/DL Patterns
— 3GPP Rel15 has provided large flexibility of TDD patterns , following are supported by Ericsson
53. › Minimize network transmissions not directly related to user-data delivery
– Baseline: resources are treated as undefined unless explicitly indicated otherwise
– Reference signal transmissions and measurements are scheduled (i.e. DM-RS instead of
CRS)
› Future-proof design, energy efficiency, interference minimization
Ultra-Lean Design
Ultra-lean
• No ”always-on” refeference signals
• Minimum amount of ”always-broadcast ”system information
• ...
Today
• Reference signals
• Broadcast” system information
• ...
55. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
57. IdleModeBehaviorforEN-DC-capableUEs
— EN-DC capable UEs are camping in LTE, i.e.the
following idlemode tasks are performed in LTE
— PLMN selection
— System information acquisition
— Cellselectionand reselection
— Tracking area update
— Paging
— Idle mode behavior for EN-DC capable UEs are
identicalto idlemode behavior for legacy LTE
UEs
MCG DRB Split DRB
MeNB
SgNB
LTE PDCP
LTE RLC LTE RLC
LTE MAC
NR PDCP
NR RLC
NR MAC
58. EN-DCBearerTypeTransitions
— NR Leg Setup
— Bearer is reconfiguredto an
SN terminated Split DRB
— Change of PDCP version
and security key
— Measurement based setup
(B1) or configuration based
setup (blind)
— Initial ContextSetup
— Bearer is set up as
MN terminated MCG
DRB
— User plane data over
LTE radio only
— NR Leg Release
— Bearer type is changed to
MN terminated MCG DRB
— Change of PDCP version
and security key
— Triggeredby e.g.NR RLF,
NR Celllock,
— Release to Idle mode
– UE is released to IDLE
mode
– Any resources for the
Split DRB in the eNB and
the gNB are released
MN terminated
MCG DRB
SN terminated
Split DRB
Initial Context
Setup
NR Leg Setup
(entering NR coverage)
NR Leg Release
(leaving NR coverage)
Release to Idle mode
Release to Idle
mode
59. Mobilityin18.Q4
LTE
frequency
NR
frequency
NR Cell B
LTE Cell B
NR Cell C
NR Cell A
UE enters RRC
connected mode
NR Leg Setup
Cell A
NR Leg
Release NR
Cell A.
B1 report (NR
Cell B)
NR RLF
NR Leg
Setup NR
Cell B
NR Leg
Release NR
Cell B.
NR RLF
NR Leg
Setup NR
Cell C.
NR Leg
Release
NR Cell C.
NR Leg
Setup NR
Cell C.
NR RLF
NR Leg
Release NR
Cell C.
Legacy LTE HO
LTE Cell A
B1 report (NR
Cell C)
B1 report
(NR Cell C)
Intra-freq
Event A3 (2)
Intra-freq
Event A3 (1)
60. Mobilityincurrentrelease
UE mobility
B1 report
SN Addition
NR Cell B
NR Cell B
NR Event A3
PSCell
Change
Data Bearer
Setup
LTE Cell A
Configure B1
B1 report
SN Addition
NR Cell A
LTE Event A3
SN Release
NR Cell B
Legacy LTE
HO Cell A to B
Configure B1
NR Cell A
NR Radio
Link Failure
SN
Release
NR Cell B
Configure B1
LTE Cell A LTE Cell B
NR Intra-Frequency
Mobility
5G Event Measures Use Main Controlling Parameter
NSA B1 NR To detect NR coverage for SN addition (eNB).ReportConfigB1GUtra.b1ThresholdRsrp
NSA A3 NR To facilitate intra-frequency mobility
(PSCell Change) on NR NSA
(gNB).ReportConfigA3.offset
NSA A5 LTE To detect coverage from potential LTE
anchor cells for EN-DC triggered handover
(eNB).ReportConfigEUtraInterFreqLb.a5Threshold1Rsrp
61. NRIntra-FrequencyHandover
withSplitBearer
UE mobility
4) B1 report
5) SN Addition,
(including addition of
NR Cell B)
1) NR Event A3
2) SN Release,
(including release of
NR Cell A)
3) Configure B1
NR Cell A NR Cell B
LTE Cell
UE mobility
1) NR Event A3
2) PSCell Change
NR Cell A NR Cell B
LTE Cell
66. Mobilityincurrentrelease
UE mobility
B1 report
SN Addition
NR Cell B
NR Cell B
NR Event A3
PSCell
Change
Data Bearer
Setup
LTE Cell A
Configure B1
B1 report
SN Addition
NR Cell A
LTE Event A3
SN Release
NR Cell B
Legacy LTE
HO Cell A to B
Configure B1
NR Cell A
NR Radio
Link Failure
SN
Release
NR Cell B
Configure B1
LTE Cell A LTE Cell B
NR Intra-Frequency
Mobility
NR Coverage-TriggeredSecondary Node Release ,this will detect edge of NR coverage , so
that SN release can be triggered in gracefully way without waiting for RLF.
67. NRCoverage-TriggeredSecondaryNodeRelease
— Part of gNodeB featureLTE-NR Dual Connectivity
— A2 criticalmeasurement configured in UE
— Key parameters:
— NRCellCU.mcpcEnabled = true
— McpcPSCellProfile
— rsrpCriticalEnabled = true
— rsrpCritical.threshold
— rsrpCritical.hysteresis
— rsrpCritical.timeToTrigger
— When gNodeB receivesA2 itinitiates SN release
— A2 must be setbelow B1 threshold
Pathloss
NR
LTE
A2 Critical
(for SN release)
B1
(for SN addition)
69. AnchorCarrierConsiderations
Any LTE carrier can be used as the anchor for EN-DC connections…
…however,in a given deployment some carriers may be unsuitable:
— EN-DC Band Combinations not Standardized
— UE’s don’t Support EN-DC Band Combinations
— UE don’tSupport Simultaneous Rx &Tx on theCombination
— Potential IM Interference In Band Combination
— LTE Carrier Hosted on Old Baseband
— Other Considerations
— Load, Coverage, Capacity
— ESS Considerations
—
—
ESS carrier cannot be used as anchor to itself
However, LTE frequency may be used as anchor for another NR NSA frequency
NR NSA Carrier
LTE Carrier 3
LTE Carrier 2
LTE Carrier 1
71. DifferentiationMechanisms
— UE Capability
— UE informs the eNodeB of EN-DC capability
— Also considers “NR Restriction” in HRL
— SPID (Subscriber Profile ID for RAT/Frequency Priority)
— Number from 1 to 256
— Set per subscriber in the HSS
— Sent from HSS toMME toeNodeB
— QCI (Quality of Service Class Indicator)
— Number from 0 to 255
— Set persubscriber and APN in the HSS
— Sent from HSS to MME to eNodeB
— Can be re-mapped using SPID in eNodeB
Differentiation
5G
Non-5G
?
72. AnchorControlStrategies&Solutions
Strategy
Component
Mechanism for Differentiating 5G UEs
UE Capability SPID QCI
5G_Idle_Go CAIMC STM -
5G_Idle_Stay CAIMC STM -
5G_Cov_Stay - STM & MCPC MLSTM
5G_HO_Go ENDCHO STM & MCPC MLSTM
5G_IFLB_Stay BIC STM SSLM
Each box represents a solution,
using the listed features.
Each has a section in the guideline.
SPID = Subscriber Profile ID
QCI = Quality of Service Class Indicator
CAIMC = Capability Aware Idle Mode Control
ENDCHO = EN-DC Triggered Handover
BIC = Basic Intelligent Connectivity
STM = Subscriber Triggered Mobility
MCPC = Mobility Control at Poor Coverage
MLSTM = Multi-Layer Service-Triggered Mobility
SSLM = Service-Specific Load Management
73. — CAIMC encourages UEs in idle mode to move to a
frequencythat they can use for EN-DC
— Normally, in idle mode UEs use
cellReselectionPriority values, broadcast in
system information to guide reselection
— With CAIMC these values are overridden with dedicated
values
— Supplied to UE at connection release in IMMCI
message
— Highest prioritiesgiven to EN-DC capable
frequencies
— UE uses these instead of prioritiesbroadcast in
system information
— Impacts only EN-DC capable UEs
— If more than one EN-DC capable target frequency
— Prioritizebased on hit rate ifBNR or CSM active
— Prioritize based on EN-DC capable cellcount ifnot
CapabilityAwareIdleModeControl(CAIMC)
Pathloss
LTE
Prio = 5
(anchor)
LTE
Prio = 6
(anchor)
LTE
Prio = 7
(non anchor)
NR
NR
74. Hit Rate Ranking (example)
Hit Rate Ranking If UePolicyOptimization.coverageAwareImc = true and either the Best Neighbor
Relations for Intra-LTE Load Management (BNR) feature or the Cell Sleep Mode (CSM) feature is active, then
CAIMC uses the hit rate statistics from the active feature to rank frequencies. If both features are active, then
CAIMC uses the hit rates from BNR. For ranking
Cell Count Ranking If UePolicyOptimization.coverageAwareImc = false or if neither BNR nor CSM
is active, then, for ranking, CAIMC uses the number of EN-DC capable neighbor cells on each frequency.
75. Configuration
• Activate feature
• Activate license for this feature CAIMC (License
number :CXC 4012371)
• Configure cell as EN-DC capable
• EN-DC
• EUtrancellFDD/TDD::endcAllowedPlmnList
• endcAllowedPlmnListshould not be empty
to be considered cell as EN-DC capable
• Basic Intelligent Connectivity (FAJ 801
1013) should be enabled when configuring
cell as EN-DC capable
76. EN-DCTriggeredHandover(ENDCHO)
LTE
(non-anchor)
NR
NSA
LTE
(anchor)
4G 5G
5G
4G
5G
5G 4G
ENDCHO
B1
A5
ENDCHO
B1
A5
ENDCHO
B1
A5
— Hands over UEs from cells in which they can’tuse EN-DC
to cells in which they can use EN-DC
— Triggered at initial context setup (i.e.in connected mode)
— Configures measurements in UE to detectcoverage:
— B1 and A5 configured together
— HO triggered when B1 and A5 received
— B1 first,then A5 within 120 ms
— After HO, new B1 measurements for SN addition
— ENDCHO configures up to 3 sets of measurements
— Similar to those configured by BIC for SN Addition
— NR frequencies: B1 Event: endcB1MeasPriority
— LTE frequencies: A5 Event: endcHoFreqPriority
— Same thresholds as IFLB: a5Threshold1Rsrp,
a5Threshold2Rsrp, hysteresisA5
82. ENDCHOFeatures
LTE1
(Baseband Node)
LTE2
NR
C
1) Legacy LTE
Intra-Frequency HO
8) SN Addition
3) B1 report
4) A5 report
5) ENDCHO
6) Configure B1
7) B1 report
8) SN Addition
3) B1 report
5) ENDCHO
6) Configure B1
7) B1 report
1) Setup on LTE
2) Configure A5 and B1
4) A5 report (<240 ms)
Stationary UE
A
EN-DC Triggered Handover
During Connected Mode Mobility
EN-DC Triggered
Handover During Setup
2) Configure B1 and A5 1) Setup on LTE
2) Configure A5
3) A5 report
4) ENDCHO
5) Configure B1
6) B1 report
7) SN Addition
B
Stationary UE
Basic EN-DC Triggered
Handover During Setup
LTE1 LTE1
(DU Node)
— EN-DC Triggered
Handover During Setup
— BasicEN-DC Triggered
Handover During Setup
— EN-DC Triggered
Handover During
Connected ModeMobility
Moving UE
83. Packet Forwarding at NR Leg Release
• The introduction of packet forwarding over X2-U (SgNB to MeNB) will ensure that no packets are lost at NR Leg
Release. This will reduce the number of dropped packages during mobility and/or other reasons where an SN release is
needed.
• This avoidance of DL packet loss will reduce retransmissions on higher protocol levels. Retransmissions may trigger TCP
slow start which would lower the traffic rate for a period of time.
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
MN Terminated
MCG DRB
Initial Context Setup /
Incoming Handover /
RRC Re-establishment
SN Release
MAC
RLC
LTE (MN) NR (SN)
PDCP
RLC
MAC
SN Terminated
Split DRB
SN Addition
MAC
L1
L1
L1
84. SNReleasewithPacketForwarding
UE MeNB SgNB
RRC:
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
RRC:
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
X2AP:
SGNB RELEASE REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE
X2AP:
SN STATUS TRANSFER
X2AP:
SGNB RELEASE REQUEST
X2AP:
UE CONTEXT RELEASE
Packet Forwarding
Tunnel PDCP SDUs
UE MeNB SgNB
RRC:
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
RRC:
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
X2AP:
SGNB RELEASE CONFIRM
X2AP:
SN STATUS TRANSFER
X2AP:
SGNB RELEASE REQUIRED
X2AP:
UE CONTEXT RELEASE
Packet Forwarding
Tunnel PDCP SDUs
MN Initiated SN Initiated
85. ●There is no new MO class and attribute introduced by this feature
Feature activation
●The license Basic Intelligent Connectivity shall be enabled
●System constant “enableX2PacketForwardingAtSnRelease(4325)” used to
enable this feature on the MeNB
ConfigurationManagement
86. DataBearerAddition
Bearer
Addition
From
Connected
Mode
PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC & L1
LTE (MN)
SRB QCI5
PDCP
RLC
QCI7
PDCP
MN terminated
MCG DRB
RLC
NR (SN)
QCI9
PDCP
SN terminated
Split DRB
PDCP
RLC
MAC & L1
LTE (MN)
SRB QCI5
PDCP
RLC
MN terminated
MCG DRB
RLC
NR (SN)
QCI9
SN terminated
Split DRB
RLC
MAC & L1
PDCP
RLC
MAC & L1
RLC
QCI9
PDCP
RLC
MAC & L1
— Previously, added data bearers were always set up as MN Terminated MCG bearers
— Now, data bearers can be added eitheras MN terminated or SN terminated
MN = Master Node
SN = Secondary Node
MCG = Master Cell Group
SCG = Secondary Cell Group
DRB = Data Radio Bearer
87. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
88. AntennaTerminology
A dual-polarized antenna element
Consisting of two antenna elements
A Subarray of dual-polarized antenna elements
A subarray always has two radio chains 2T2R
An antenna array of subarrays
In this case 64T64R
+ 3dB
Directivity
Gain
Double
Antenna
Area
Array Size Matters
Size Matters for Performance
89. ARRAYS o f Subarrays
Unused beam
directions
+60°
+15°
-15°
-60°
+15°
-15°
+60°
-60° +60°
+60°
-60°
-30°
› More subarrays (= more transmitters / receivers) will not always give higher capacity!
› Choose array size based on the UE angular distribution.
+30°
-30°
+30°
-60°
91. Antennaconfigurationdependsondeploymentscenario
+60°
+10°
-10°
+60°
+30°
64T64R Radio gives better performance than 16T16R
— 64T64R vertical beamforming and better interference control
Each Dot is a UE seen as from RBS
Each subarray is 2T2R
High Rise Urban Scenario
Large vertical angle
16T16R
(8x1)x(1x8)
16T16R equals 64T64R performance
— Same horizontal beamforming
ability
Suburban, Rural Scenario or low rise Urban
In Suburban or low rise urban cells there is no big performance difference between 16T16R and 64T64R
92. Antenna matrix (Mid vs high band)
4
rows
24 columns
Subarray with
2-4 2-pol elements
192 TRX AAS
Digital Beamforming Analog Beamforming
4
rows
8 columns
Subarray with
2-4 x-pol elements
High band (AIR 5331)
Antenna Branches
Antenna Matrix (row x col)
Weight
Dimensions
768T768R
4 x 24, (2x1 subarray)
14 kg
600x305x110 mm
Mid band (ex. AIR 6488)
Antenna Branches
Antenna Matrix (row x col)
Weight
Dimensions
64T64R
8 x 8, (2x1 subarray)
~45 kg
800*400*150 mm
93. Massive MIMO
• MIMO
• Beamforming , Diversity , Spatial multiplexing , precoding (codebook
or non codebook based)
• SU-MIMO , MU-MIMO
• So what is Massive MIMO
• Generally more than 8T8R , high gain BF is achieved , we can steer
narrow beam , so improve coverage.
• CSI Acquisition
• But system should know where to direct this narrow beam , this is
done based on feedback from UE
• Two ways to get feedback:
• CSI feedback from UE (PMI , CQI , RI)
• Reciprocity CSI (using SRS) , can be used for TDD.
• NR MIMO
• Analog and digital beamforming.
• Beam management.
94. 𝑆
𝐶 = 𝐵 ⋅ log2 1 +
𝑁
Claude Shannon Theory
𝐶 ≈ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑆
when
𝑆
≪ 1
𝑁 𝑁
Bandwidth
(To support Higher
frequency BW need
Beamforming is
must)
Improve
SINR
(Beamforming is key
technology to improve
SINR)
Coverage
At high frequency (mmWave)
Coverage at high frequency
Capacity
MU-MIMO is enabled as SINR is improved due
to beamforming , enhancing capacity
Why beamforming ???
95. MassiveMIMO gains
— Multi-User MIMO
— Multiple streams to multiple UE
— Multiple UEs reuse same
frequency-time resources
— Capacity gain in high load
and when channel is suitable
— Single-User MIMO
— Multiple streams to the same UE
— Sharp beam follows UE
— Higher SINR increases data rate
— Benefit irrespectiveof load
— CellShaping
— Definecellshape tofitUE
distribution
— Decreases the inter cell
interference
Array gains
Array gains +
MU-MIMO
gain
97. SingleuserMIMO (SU-MIMO)
— In SU-MIMO one user pertime-frequency
resource on all layers
— User specific BF provide array gain
— SINR increases as #antennas increase
— Benefits regardless of load
Layer 1
Layer 2
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
UE 4
time
98. MultiuserMIMO(MU-MIMO)
— In MU-MIMO multiple users are using thesame
resources
— Since power is shared between layers, SINR will
reduce with increasing no of MU-MIMO layers
— MU-MIMO is beneficial if
— UEs are BW limited,i.e.have maxed out capacity
in good SINR
— More layers available than UE capability
— MU-MIMO prerequisite
— There are UEs to “pair”,and
— These UEs are spatially separated, and
— The combined cellbitrate is higher than the bit
rate a single UE could get
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
UE 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layers – Number of data streams transmitted or received
Beam – A beam consisting of one or two polarizations
Rank – Number of layers to a single UE (reported by UE)
99. #LAYERS:DLMU-MIMO
Highlyloaded scenario
— 4-6 layers useful
— Mostly not exceeded in normal
operation
— 8 layers further gains
— At high load
— 16 layers
— Limited extra gain
— Only extreme load
— 32 layers no gain
— Sometimes losses
Most of the MU-MIMO gain from 8 layers. < 5% additional gain with 16.
100. Advanced Antenna System
— TRXs integrated in the antenna array
— Two PA persub-array
— Baseband controls each sub-array
— Adaptable &flexible weighting
— Full dimension beamforming
— ‘User’and ‘Cell’specific beamforming in
horizontal and verticaldomain
AAS(advancedantennasystem)
Baseband
Antenna
ports
Sub-array
weights
PA
PA
‘User’ and ‘Cell’ specific beamforming in
horizontal and vertical domain
Active array antenna
Baseband
1 sub-array
Adaptable
horizontally &
vertically
101. Digital vs Analog Beamforming
• Digital BF (Low and Mid Band
products)
• The weights are applied in the Baseband before D/A
conversion
• Most Flexible and best performance:
• Different Weights per frequency blocks (PRBs)
• Different weights in the same frequency block at
same time (layers)
• Possible to transmit to several users
simultaneously in different beams
• Analog BF (mmW first releases)
• The weights are applied in the time domain after D/A
conversion.
• Same weights (beam) for an entire timeslot
• With 2 polarizations, can do two beams per timeslot
• Simple but inefficient use of spectrum
Time
Time
104. WhatisthedifferencebetweenLTErel-14
andNRMIMO?
Formid band (below ~6GHz)
— NR and LTE Rel.14 similar in many ways:
— Same/similar codebooks
— Same/similar support for antenna port
layouts
— Main difference:
— The framework for transmitting reference
signals is more flexible in NR
Forhigh band (above 6GHz)
— A set of “beam management features” have
beendefined
— Will support beam-tracking like techniques
Active link
Monitored link
105. ControlChannelBeamforming-Midband
FAJ1214998
Description
— Three coverage profiles (macro,hot spot, high-rise) are
supported for cellshaping
— All common channels as wellas the envelop of the UE specific
traffic beams are aligned to these profiles
— Ericsson Solution
— Control Channel Beamforming uses an Ericsson proprietary
implementation that maintains coverage while maintaining full
power resulting in coverage advantage
Benefit
— Suitable cellshape profilecan be selectedfor the deployment
scenario
— Up to +6 dB control channel coverage advantage
Massive MIMO
106. MassiveMIMO -Midband
FAJ1214911
Description
— Provides support for Massive MIMO in mid frequencybands
— Support for digital beamforming
— Codebook-based SU-MIMO with up to 4 DL layers and 1 UL layer
— Horizontal and vertical beamforming
— The system will choose between 8/16/32 CSI-RS based on
different UE capabilities
— Optimal low layer split architecture with eCPRI
Benefit
— Enhanced coverage with directional beamforming
— Improved network capacity and increased user data rate
— Reduced interferenceand improved cell-edge throughput
Massive MIMO
108. Single-User MIMO Configuration Options for
codebook-based transmission
Single-User MIMO Configurations
The supported, configurable combinations of the following feature
characteristics are categorized:
• Coverage shape
• Number of CSI-RS ports
• Codebook configuration setting in radios using single-user MIMO
The following configuration status options are used:
• Preferred : A safe and standard configuration considering
performance impact.
• Non-standard : A functional configuration where optimal
performance is not guaranteed.
• Infeasible: A configuration not possible for one of the following
reasons:
• It is not available for the given radio unit type.
• The target coverage shape is not achievable by the CSI-RS
port and codebook configuration setting.
111. DownlinkMulti-UserMIMO -Midband
FAJ1215130
Description
— Provides support for spatial multiplexing in the downlink
using Type I codebook based MU-MIMO
— Up to 8 simultaneous PDSCH layers to differentUEs,
e.g.4 UEs with 2 layers each
— The DL layers are co-scheduled on the same time and
frequency resources
— Massive MIMO Mid Band value package is required
Benefit
— Improved spectral efficiency
— Increased capacity
— Increased cellthroughput
Massive MIMO performance
112. UplinkMulti-UserMIMO-Midband
Enhanced-N20.Q4:FAJ1215011
Description
— Provides support for spatial multiplexing in the uplink
— Up to two layers PUSCH based on fullInterference
Rejection Combining (IRC) advanced receiver
— The UL layers are co-scheduledon the same time and
frequencyresources
— Dependencies
— Massive MIMO Mid Band enabler value package
— Supported on AAS products
— Enhanced in N20.Q4 to support up to 4 UL layers
Benefit
— Increased uplink throughput
— Increased spatial resource and uplink capacity due to
spatial multiplexing
Massive MIMO performance
113. MassiveMIMO - Highband
N20.Q4:FAJ1214910
Description
— Provides support for Massive MIMO in high frequencybands
— 28 GHz and 39 GHz frequency bands
— Analog beamforming
— Codebook-based SU-MIMO with up to 2 layers in DL and UL
— Measurements based on SSB and CSI-RS are used tofind and
maintain thebeam pair between the UE and thegNB
— In downlink, beam management is based on
— P1: InitialgNodeB Tx beam sweep
— P2: gNodeB Tx beam sweepfor refinement and beam tracking
— P3: UE Rx beam sweep for refinement
— In uplink,beam management is based on beam correspondence
Benefit
— Enhanced coverage with highly directional beamforming
— Reduced interferenceand improved cell-edge throughput
Base Package
114. Description
— Coverage optimized CSI reporting
— CSI feedback for P2 tracking isscheduled withoutUL-SCH for
the UEs with compromised uplinkcoverage
— P2 CSI-RS optimization
— Allocate CSI-RS in 1 slot instead of 2 slots for P2 tracking and
refinement forcertain radio typeconfigurations
— Schedule PDSCH data in unused symbols and slots
Benefit
— The beam management P2 related signaling becomes morerobust
and stable forthe UEs with poor uplink coverage. P2 tracking
performance is improved and number of link failures can be reduced
— Reduced DL overhead from improved efficiency ofCSI-RS scheduling,
depending on radio type configurations
— Increased throughput for all radio types as unused symbols are used
for DL data
EnhancedBeamManagement-Highband
N20.Q4:FAJ1215217
Base Package
115. MassiveMIMO High-Band
— DL cellshaping
— PSS/SSS/PBCH/PDCCH/PDSCH/DMRS
— UL cellshaping and UL SU-MIMO with 2 layers
— PRACH/PUCCH/PUSCH
— Up to 2 layers codebook-based beamforming for DL SU-MIMO.
— DL codebook-based beamforming
— CSI-RS configurations and CSI reports
f[GHz]
37 40
100MHz 100MHz 100MHz 100MHz
Beam 1 Beam 3 Beam 5 Beam 7
Beam 2 Beam 4 Beam 6 Beam 8
The Massive MIMO High-Band feature supports the
PRODUCT_DEFAULT coverage shape only.
116. Whybeammanagement?
High band,analog beamforming
— Analog beamforming listens or sends in one
directionat the time
— Thereforeonly feasible to span selected
directionsof thechannel One will needto
rely on a limitednumber of beams.
Low / Mid band,digital beamforming
— Digital beamforming makes itfeasible to
estimate the entire channel by transmitting
CSI-RS
— Data can be transmitted witha narrow beam
given the estimated channel.
RS
117. Beammanagement
— P1: Initial TX beam sweep (Beam establishment):
SSB (PSS/SSS/PBCH block) beam sweep and access through
PRACH In this phase wide-beam is used
— P2: TX beam sweep for refinement &tracking:
CSI-RS narrow-beam sweep for TX refinement (from wide to
narrow) and for TX tracking (narrow to narrow)
— P3: UE RX Beam sweep for refinement &tracking:
CSI-RS narrow-beam sweep for RX refinement (from wide to
narrow) and for RX tracking (narrow to narrow)
Assuming the UE use both wide &narrow beams
“P1 procedure”
“P2 procedure”
“P3 procedure”
118. • SSB consists of PSS, SSS, and PBCH
• Numerology of SSB depends on frequency band
• UE performs matched filtering to find PSS
• 3 PSS as in LTE
• UE detects in frequency-domain SSS
• PSS and SSS together indicate physical Cell ID (in total
3∙336 = 1008 physical Cell IDs)
SS Block (SSB)
127
SC
frequency
symbols
PBCH
PBCH
PSS
PBCH
SSS
PBCH
12
PRB
20
PRB
Up to L SSB in 5 ms slots
20 ms SSB periodicity for IA
Example of 120 kHz slots
• L SSB can be beamformed in different directions
• L depends on frequency range
119. NR-SS block details – simplified example
5 ms window
1 ms
15 kHz SCS with L=4
30 kHz SCS with L=4
240 kHz SCS with L=64
30 kHz SCS with L=8
0.125 ms
120 kHz SCS with L=64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SS Block SS Block
15 kHz SCS with L=8
0.5 ms
Note: The above figure shows where the SSB are transmitted within 5 ms window. The value of L is the maximum
number of SSBs that can be transmitted. If the gNB transmits lesser number of SSBs in a SS burst, then it can use
only subset of the resources allocated for SSB transmission
121. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
126. Ericsson2018-2021High-bandproductportfolio
AIR 1281
AIR 5121 AIR 5322
AIR 5331
Spectrum B261 B260 B260/B261/B258 B260/B261/B258 B260/B261
IBW 850MHz 3GHz 3GHz 3GHz 3GHz
OBW 400MHz 800MHz 400/800MHz 400/800MHz 400/800MHz
EIRP 55dBm 60dBm 62/59dBm 56/53dBm 56/53dBm
Cooling Passive Passive Active Passive Active
Dimension (liter) 16 20 6 7 13
Installation Type Pole/Wall Rooftop/Pole/Wall Rooftop/Pole/Wall Pole/Wall/Strand Pole/Wall
Power AC/DC AC/DC AC/DC AC/DC AC
Ericsson CPRI /TN 1-2x10G 1-4x10G 1-2x25G, 1-4x10G 1-2x25G, 1-4x10G 1-2x10G TN
SM6701
n258 24 GHz
n261/n257 28 GHz
n260 39 GHz
G1 G2
G1 G2 G2
127. Available /Planned for 2020
Street Macro 6701 AIR 1281
Compact
Low weight & size
with or without integrated
baseband
AIR 7 liter, 8 kg
Street macro 13 liter,
13 kg
Smaller size
and lower weight
Lower transport
requirements
General
Size/weight
optimization
Fronthaul evolution
Support for all 3GPP
bands
Higher output power
Higher uplink
performance
Compact and energy
efficient design
Integrated
baseband
High-bandportfolio&evolution
Evolution
Segments
Capacity
High EIRP, many beams
Up to 62dBm EIRP
AIR 5322
AIR 5331
B260 62dBm EIRP
129. SM 6701
StreetMacro High Band
base station
●Fully integrated base
station
●Small form factor radio for
poleand wall deployment
Streetmacro 6701
●High Band (mmWave)
●800 MHz TCBW
●EIRP: ~55 dBm
●Volume: 13 L
Weight: 14 kg
High Band 5G deployment solution for streetand open indoor,
forspeedand capacity
131. AIR 1281
General
RF band support Band 257, 258B, 261, 260, 258
OOB Spurious Emission
Max total EIRP
TCBW
IBW
FCC and 3GPP compliant
53/56 dBm
800/400 MHz
Fullband
Interface
Fronthaul IF
Power Supply
Typ.Power Consumption
C1 CPRI, 10 and 25Gbps
100-250VAC, -48VDC
< 125 W
Mechanical
Installation type
Dimensions
Weight
Operating temperature
IP Class
Pole/Wall/Strand mounted
279x200x130
7.5kg
-40°C to+55°C
IP65
132. AIR1281AntennaInformation
● 1 Antenna Module (PAAM)
● 4x24 subarrays where each subarray
contains 2x1 dual-polarized antenna elements
● Total 384 antenna elements
● Max bandwidth/beam:
● 400MHz (4 x 100 MHz CC)
● Polarization: Hpol/Vpol
Config Mode 2:
— Fullarray,4x24 subarrays
— Can generate2 beams, one foreachpolarization
— Total CarrierBandwidth: 400MHz (Max occupied bandwidth),
400MHz/beam/polarization
Config Mode 1:
— Half array,2x24 subarrays
— Can generate 4 beams,one foreachpolarization and arrayhalf
— Total CarrierBandwidth: 800MHz (Max occupied bandwidth),
400MHz/beam/polarization
133. General
RF band support
OOB Spurious Emission
Total EIRP
TCBW
IBW
Band 257, 258B, 261, 260, 258
FCC and 3GPP compliant
62/59 dBm
800/400 MHz
Fullband
Interface
Fronthaul IF
Power Supply
Typ. Power Consumption
C1 CPRI, 10 and 25Gbps
100-250VAC, -48VDC
< 190 W
Mechanical
Installation type
Dimensions
Weight
Operating temperature
Cooling
IP Class
Rooftop/Pole/Wall
279x200x110
7.5kg
-40°C to +55°C
Active
IP65
AIR 5322
134. AIR5322AntennaInformation
● 1 Antenna Module (PAAM)
● 8x24 subarrays where each subarray
contains 2x1 dual-polarized antenna elements
● Total 768 antenna elements
● Max bandwidth/beam:
● 400MHz
● Polarization: Hpol/Vpol Config Mode 2:
— Fullarray,8x24 subarrays
— Can generate2 beams, one foreachpolarization
— Total CarrierBandwidth: 400MHz (Max occupied bandwidth),
400MHz/beam/polarization
Config Mode 1:
— Half array,4x24 subarrays
— Can generate 4 beams, one foreachpolarization and arrayhalf
— Total CarrierBandwidth: 800MHz (Max occupied bandwidth),
400MHz/beam/polarization
Config Mode 0:
— 1/4th array,2x24 subarrays
— Can generate8 beams, one foreachpolarization
— Total CarrierBandwidth: 800MHz (Max occupied bandwidth),
200MHz/beam/polarization
137. 4
rows
24 columns
192 TRX AAS
High band (AIR 5331)
Antenna Branches
Antenna Matrix (row x col)
Weight
768T768R
4 x 24, (2x1 subarray)
14 kg
138. M-MIMOSegmentation
TDD
AIR6488
Max performance
High EIRP/Tx Power
Min 200W Tx power
64 and 32 Tx/Rx
Variants
AIR3239
AIR3236
AIR6449
AIR3227 AIR3228
Size optimized
Low-footprint segment
<25 kg
Up to 200W
Variants
AIR 32Tx, 16Tx
100W
100MHz
20Kg
200W
200MHz
<25 Kg
AIR3278
200W
300MHz
<25 Kg
200W
100MHz
320W
200MHz
260W
Dual-band
~25 Kg (tough)
AIR6419
min 320W
min 200MHz
320W
200MHz
32Tx
(reduce cost)
139. Background
— Introduction of NR brings new bands overlapping existing bands
— Need for align message on how toname band per products
Naming rules
— Call all band names “B”regardless of the 3GPP NR-band designation
“n”
— To not have two versions of one band, ex.B41 and n41
— The band name in the product name willmainly designate the
frequency range of the product,not theRAT support
— Need tocross check with SW availabily
— Call LTE + NR productsby theLTE name B42(subband) or
B43(subband)
— Call NR-only productsby theNR band B78(subband)
— Use B78 tosave subband names within B77
— Bands included in 3GPP NR band list willremain thesame regardless
of RAT support (LTE and/or NR)
— Ex B41 and B38
Namingrulesforradioproductsregarding
differentband
140. — Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— 64TX/64RX with 128 AE (B42 with 192 AE)
— Up to200W
— EIRP 75 dBm (band depended)
— Support up to 100 MHz IBW &CBW
— Support NR and LTE (band depended)
— Max total carrierBW is 100MHz for NR, or 60MHz for LTE
— 3 x 10 Gbps eCPRI
— Weight: ~45 kg (band depended)
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 800 x 400 x 150 mm (band depended)
— -48 VDC (3-wire or 2-wire)
— -40 ̊C to +55 ̊C
— Support number of layers: DL/UL 16/8
AIR 6488
See more details in:
• Product Information, AIR 6488
141. Key Characteristics
AIR 6488
Supported
Standards
EIRP
(dBm)
Antenna
Elements
Output
Power (W)
IBW
(MHz)
B42F NR 74 128 200 100
B43 NR 72 128 200 100
B41
NR & LTE+NR
Split Mode
72 128 200 100
B42G NR 74 128 200 100
B78H NR 74 128 200 100
B42 NR 76 192 200 100
Dimension
(HxWxD
mm)
Dimension
(HxWxD mm)
without protruding
Weight without
Mounting Kit (kg)
B42F 810x400x200 43.5
B43 810x400x200 43.5
B41 884x520x183 58
B42G 810x400x200 43.5
B78H 810x400x200 43.5
B42 810x400x219 47
143. AIR 6488
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA N1 GAN1 SW
AIR 6488 B42G 3410-3600 Passed
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
PRA4: Passed
Passed
19.Q1
19.Q2
19.Q3
20.Q2
AIR 6488 B78H 3542-3700 Passed
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
PRA4: Passed
Passed
19.Q1
19.Q2
19.Q3
20.Q3
AIR 6488 B41K 2515-2675 Passed
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
LA, Passed
19.Q1
19.Q2
19.Q4
AIR 6488 B41M 2590-2690 Passed
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
LA, Passed
19.Q2
19.Q4
AIR 6488 B41N 2545-2595 NA Passed LA, Passed 19.Q4
AIR 6488 B42 JPN 3400-3600 NA
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
LA, Passed
19.Q4
20.Q2
AIR 6488 B48 3550-3700 Passed
PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
Passed
19.Q4
19.Q4
• N(note)1: see more details in Product Information, AIR 6488
144. — 64TX/64RX with 128 AE
— Up to120W
— EIRP max 72dBm
— Up to 60 MHz IBW
— Up to 3 carriers LTE
— 2 x 10 Gbps eCPRI
— Weight: ~ 60 kg (band depended)
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 973 x 520 x 183 mm (band-depended)
— -48 VDC (2-wire)
— -40 ̊C to +55 ̊C
— Support number of layers: DL/UL 12/6
AIR 6468
See more details in:
• Product Information, AIR 6468
145. AIR 6468
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA (LTE only) GA(LTE only) SW
AIR 6468 B41E 2575-2635 Passed Passed LA, Passed 5G Plug-Ins 17.Q4
AIR 6468 B42 3400-3600 Passed Passed Passed
AIR 6468 B41 2496-2690 Passed Passed Passed
AIR 6468 B40 2300-2400 Passed Passed Passed
AIR 6468 B38A 2575-2615 Passed Passed Passed
AIR 6468 B41C 2535-2655 Passed Passed LA, Passed MTR 19.03
146. — Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— 32TX/RX with 128 AE
— 100W total output power
— EIRP 72 dBm (band depended)
— 100 MHz IBW
— Up to 3 carriers NR orLTE
— Max total carrierBW is 100MHz for NR, or 60MHz for LTE
— 3 x10 Gbps eCPRI (1x25 Gbps eCPRI HW prepared)
— Weight: ~ 20 kg (band depended)
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 530 x 411 x 122 mm (band depended)
— -48 VDC 3-wire (possible to connect as 2-wire)
— -40 to +55 ̊C
— Support number of layers: DL/UL 12/6
AIR 3239
See more details in:
• Product Information, AIR 3239
147. AIR 3239
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA (Note) GA SW
AIR 3239 B78C 3500-3700 Passed PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
Passed 19.Q2 IP2
19.Q2 IP2
20.Q1
AIR 3239 B78G 3600-3800 Passed PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
Passed 19.Q3 IP1
20.Q2
20.Q2
AIR 3239 B77B 3800-4000 Passed PRA: Passed Passed 19.Q4
AIR 3239 B78F 3420-3600 Passed PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
Passed 19.Q4
20.Q2
AIR 3239 B40 2300-2400 Passed PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Passed
PRA3: Passed
PRA4: Dec-2020
Passed 20.Q1
20.Q1
20.Q2
20.Q4
AIR 3239 B40 AU 2300-2400 NA PRA: Passed NA 20.Q3
AIR 3239 B78Q 3300-3500 Passed PRA: Passed Passed 20.Q2.IP3
• Note: see more details in Product Information, AIR 3239
148. — Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— 64TX/64RX with 192 AE
— Up to 320W(band dependent)
— EIRP up to 79 dBm(band dependent)
— Up to 200 MHz IBW &CBW
— Max total carrier BW is 200MHz for NR, or 100MHz for LTE
— 4 x 25 Gbps eCPRI
— Weight: 37 - 47 kg (band dependent)
— Size (H x W x D): Band depended
— -48 VDC (3-wire or 2-wire)
— -40 to +55 ̊C
— Support number of layers: DL/UL 16/8
AIR 6449
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 6449
149. AIR 6449
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA GA SW
AIR 6449 B41K 2515-2675 Passed Passed Q3-2020 20.Q2
AIR 6449 B41 2496-2690 Passed Passed Q3-2020 20.Q3
AIR 6449 B42 3400-3600 Passed Passed Q3-2020 20.Q3
AIR 6449 B43 3600-3800 Passed Q3-2020 Q4-2020 20.Q4
AIR 6449 B78M 3450-3650 Passed Q4-2020 Q1-2021 20.Q4
AIR 6449 B77D 3700-3980 Oct-2020 Jan-2021 Mar-2021 20.Q4
AIR 6449 B78W 3300-3580 Q1-2021 Q2-2021 Q3-2021 21.Q2
AIR 6449 B79A 4800-5000 Q1-2021 Q2-2021 Q3-2021 21.Q2
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 6449
150. AIR 3236
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 3236
— 32TX/RX with 192 AE
— 320W total output power
— EIRP ~79 dBm
— 200 MHz IBW &CBW
— 2 x25 (compatible to 10G) Gbps eCPRI SFP28
— Weight:27~36 kg (band depended)
— Size: ~ 841H x 522W x 211D mm (band depended)
— Natural convection cooling
— -48 VDC 2-wire
— -40 to +55 ̊C
— With RET
— M-MIMO layer:16DL/8UL
151. AIR 3236
See more details in Product Information, AIR 3236
Frequency PRT LA GA SW
B41K Released Released 2020-Oct 20.Q3
B42 Released 2020-Sep 2020-Dec 20.Q4
B41 2021-Mar 2021-May 2021-Aug 21.Q2
152. — Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— 32TX/RX with 128AE
— 200W total output power
— EIRP 76 dBm
— 200 MHz IBW&CBW
— 2 x25 Gbps (compatible to 10G) eCPRI SFP28
— Weight: < 25 kg (band depended)
— Size (H x W x D): band depended
— -48 VDC 3-wire (possible to connect as 2-wire)
— -40 to +55 ̊C
— Support number of layers: DL/UL 16/8
AIR 3227
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 3227
153. AIR 3227
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA * GA SW
AIR 3227 B43 3600-3800 Passed PRA1: Passed
PRA2: Nov-2020
Jan-2021 20.Q3.IP1
TBD
AIR 3227 B42 AS 3400-3600 Passed Oct-2020 Feb-2021 20.Q3.IP1
AIR 3227 B78T 3410-3610 Passed Dec-2020 Mar-2021 21.Q1
*: See more details in Product Information, AIR 3227
154. — Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— 32TX/RX with 128 AE
— 200W total output power
— EIRP 76 dBm
— 300 MHz IBW
— 200 MHz OBW(CBW)
— 2x 25 Gbps (compatible to 10G) eCPRI SFP28
— Weight: ~27.5 kg (band dependent)
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 621 x 370 x 185 mm
— Natural convection cooling
— -48 VDC 3-wire (possible to connect as 2-wire)
AIR 3278
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 3278
155. AIR 3278
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA GA SW
AIR 3278 B78K 3420-3800 Passed PRA1: Dec-2020
PRA2: Q1-2021
Mar-2021 20.Q4
TBD
See more details in Product Information, AIR 3278
156. — Dual-Band Advanced Antenna System (AAS)
— B38A (2575 - 2615MHz) and B78R (3420-3650 MHz)
— 32TX/RX with 128 AE per band
— 240W total output power
— B38A up to 80W
— B78R up to 160 W
— IBW: Up to 200MHz per band
— OBW (CBW): Up to 200MHz in total
— B38A up to 40MHz LTE or NR
— B78R up to 200MHz NR
— 4x 25Gbps (compatible to 10G) eCPRI SFP28
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 841 x 524 x 220 mm
— Weight: <50 kg (band dependent)
— Natural convection cooling
— -48 VDC 3-wire (possible to connect as 2-wire)
— CEPT compliance for both bands
AIR 3228
See more details in
• Product Information, AIR 3228
157. AIR 3228
Product Frequency (MHz) PRT PRA GA SW
AIR 3228 B38A+B78R B38A: 2575-2615
B78R: 3420-3650
Oct-2020 Dec-2020 Mar-2021 20.Q4
See more details in Product Information, AIR 3228
158. InterleavedAIR 3237
— Interleaved AIR. Active/Passive AAS
— 32TX/RX with 128 AE
— 200W total output power
— EIRP 76 dBm
— 300 MHz IBW
— 200 MHz OBW(CBW)
— 2x 25 Gbps (compatible to 10G) eCPRI SFP28
— Natural convection cooling
— Weight: ~85 Kg excluding Mounting clamps (band
dependent)
— Size (H x W x D): ~ 2097 x 448 x 328 mm
— -48 VDC
— Passive port configuration
— 4 Low band,698 – 960 MHz, 2m class gain
— 4 High band,14xx – 2200 MHz, 1,3m class gain
— 4 High band,2490 – 2690 MHz, 1,3m class gain
— Individual RET
160. NR Deployment across the Network
Traffic
Capacity
per
Site
Massive
MIMO
mm
Wave
100%
Classic Low Band
Classic Low Band
AAS 64T
Mid Band
2T Radio 4T Radio 8T Radio Multi-band
Radio
mmWave AA
ES
xtreme
capacity
Capacity
Massive MIMO A
B
AS
oost
High Capacity <--------------------------------> Coverage
Low Band Classic Radios
The ERS portfolio is HW prepared for NR
RAN Compute HW/Basebands
Sites
161. Radio Dot 4479 and IRU 8884
› Non-intrusive easy-installable Radio Dot
› Easy installation with standard LAN cable
› Centralized baseband with macro network functional parity
Distributed Indoor Coverage for 5G
DOT 4479
› 5G indoor with 4x4 MIMO in small formfactor for ceiling or wall
mounting
5G indoor performance in mid bands (3
- 6 GHz)
OPERATOR
CHALLENGE
› Aggregation of up to 8 radio dots
› Feed Radio Dots with signal and power over LAN cable
IRU 8884
Dot
4479
IRU
8884
162. Dot 4479
• Antenna Matrix
• IBW
• Band
• Output Power
• Type of cooling
• Dimensions
• Weight
• Color
• Mounting
4x4 MIMO
100 MHz
B42 & additional bands
4 x 24dBm (4x250mW)
Passive
~200 mm diameter
< 800 g
Off-white
Flush mount wall or celling
IRU 8884
• Fan out
• Front haul
• Power
• Mounting
8 Dot 4479 multiplexed
10Gbps SFP/SFP CPRI
-48V DC or AC
19” rack 1U
Dot 4479, IRU 8884
Preliminary data
163. NR NSA RDS Architecture
RDI
CAT 6A cable
Indoor Radio Unit
Baseband to radio connection
Electrical or fiber
Baseband
(6630)
Core network
Radio Dot Dot 2272
(LTE)
Dot 4479
(NR)
IRU 88x4 (LTE)
IRU 8846 (NR)
165. AccessNodeRequirements
The access side requires the use of specific Basebands, Indoor Radio Units and Radio Dots for the LTE side and the
NR siderespectively.
NR side
LTE side
— BB 5212
— BB 5216
— BB 6318
— BB 6620
— BB 6630
— BB 6630
The Basebands should be chosen depending on
the bandwidth required and the connectivity
chosen for the deployment
NR side
IRU Radio Dot
— IRU 8846 — Dot 4479
LTE side
IRU Radio Dot
— IRU 2242 — RD 2243
— RD 4442
— IRU 8844
— IRU 8884
— Dot 2272
The Indoor Radio Units should be chosen depending on the
type of Radio Dot used
166. ReleasedRANCompute– NRHWcapacity
Baseband 6630 & 6318
— Max NR Throughput:
5Gbps/1Gbps
— eCPRI (mid-band) Radio support:
3 sectors 100 MHz, 16/8 layers
— High band support: 1 sectors,
800MHz, 2 layers
— Low Band support: 24 carriers,
20MHz, 4T4R
Baseband 5216
— Max NR Throughput: 3Gbps/0.7Gbps
— Low Band Support: 12 carriers,
20MHz, 4T4R
Baseband 6620, 5212, 6303 & 6502
— Max NR Throughput:
1Gbps/0,4Gbps
— Low band support:
6 carriers, 20MHz, 4T4R
Standard capacity
High capacity
167. NewRANComputeproducts– NRHWcapacity
Standard capacity
High capacity
Indoor
Outdoor
Baseband 6648
— Max Throughput: 10-15Gbps/3Gbps
— eCPRI support: 3 sector carriers 200MHz, 16/8 layers
or 6 sector carriers 100MHz, 16/8 layers
— High band support: 3 sector carriers, 800MHz, 2 layers
— Low-band support: 48 sector carriers, 20MHz, 4T4R
— Mid-band non-AAS support: 6 sector carriers, 100MHz, 8T8R
Radio Processor 6347
— Max Throughput: 10-15Gbps/3Gbps
— eCPRI support: 3 sector carriers 200MHz, 16/8 layers
or 6 sectors 100MHz, 16/8 layers
— High band support: 3 sector carriers, 800MHz, 2 layers
Low-band support: 48 sector carriers, 20MHz, 4T4R
— Mid-band non-AAS support: 6 sectorcarriers, 100MHz, 8T8R
Baseband 6641
— Max Throughput: 5-7Gbps DL /2Gbps UL
— eCPRI support: 3 sector carriers 100MHz, 16/8 layers
— High band support: 3 sectorcarriers, 400MHz, 2 layers
— Low-band support: 24 sectorcarriers, 20MHz, 4T4R
— Mid-band non-AAS support: 3 sectorcarriers, 100MHz, 8T8R
Radio Processor 6337
— Max Throughput: 5-7Gbps DL /2Gbps UL
— eCPRI support: 3 sector carriers 100MHz, 16/8 layers
— High band support: 3 sectorcarriers, 400MHz, 2 layers
— Low-band support: 24 sectorcarriers, 20MHz, 4T4R
— Mid-band non-AAS support: 3 sectorcarriers, 100MHz, 8T8R
168. — The NR NSA may be deployed on thefollowing Baseband units:
— eNB: Baseband 5216 /5212 /6630 /6620
— gNB: Baseband 6630
SupportedBasebandHW
170. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
176. UE eNB gNB MME S-GW P-GW
NR RACH Preamble (Msg1)
NR PSS
NR SSS
NR PBCH [MIB]
NR PUSCH RA Response (Msg2)
Data flow over 5G
Msg3
177. NRLegSetup
eNBtogNBrelocation,ULinLTE
UE SgNB
MeNB SGW MME
UL/DL User data in LTE
Prepare for DRB reconfiguration
X2: SgNB Addition Request (RRC: CG-ConfigInfo)
Allocate PDCP and SCG resources.
X2: SgNB Addition Request Acknowledge (RRC: CG-Config)
Suspend DRB
X2: SN Status Transfer
RRC Reconfiguration (“Add SCG” stop B1)
LTE Random Access
X2: SgNB Reconfiguration Complete
UL User data in LTE (new ciphering key)
RRC Reconfiguration Complete
NR Random Access
S1-AP: E-RAB Modification Indication
S1-AP: E-RAB Modification Confirm
Bearer
Modification
Prepared for UL data
Resume DRB
End marker packet
New path
LTE PDCP NR PDCP
LTE RLC NR RLC
LTE MAC NR MAC
SGW
S1-U
S1-U
X2-U
LTE RLC
LTE MAC
RA RA
MeNB SgNB
DL User data in NR (new ciphering)
User-plane
RRC: B1 Measurement Report indicating that it has NR coverage
MN terminated
MCG DRB
SN terminated
Split DRB
NR Leg Setup
gNB allocate resources for PDCP and lower layer
UL data stops
UL flow from eNB to gNB
new msg and required support in MME
DL flow from gNB
178. NRLegReleaseOverview
— MeNB initiatedNR Leg Release triggered at:
— UE detectedRLF
— Failed random access
— RLC UL delivery failure
— Out of synchronization
— SgNB initiatedNR Leg Release triggered at:
— gNB detectedRLF
— RLC DL delivery failure
— NR celllock
UE MeNB SgNB EPC
NR Leg Release (gNB to eNB relocation) +
Start B1 measurement
SCG Failure Indication NR
MeNB initiated NR Leg Release
RLF, NR Cell Lock
SgNB initiated NR Leg
Release
RLF, suspend SCG
MN terminated
MCG DRB
SN terminated
Split DRB
NR Leg Release
179. MeNB-initiatedNRLegRelease
gNB to eNBRelocation,ULinLTE
UE SgNB
MeNB SGW MME
E-RAB Modification Confirm
Bearer
Modification
New path
UL User data in LTE
DL User data in NR
UE Context Release
Release resources
Release resources
DL User data in LTE
(new ciphering)
Resume DRB
Trigger NR Leg Release
Prepare for DRB reconfiguration
SgNB Release Request
SgNB Release Request Ack
Suspend DRB
SN Status Transfer
RRC Reconfiguration (release SCG + start B1)
LTE Random Access
UL User data in LTE (new ciphering)
RRC Reconfiguration Complete
E-RAB Modification Indication
180. SgNB-initiatedNRLegRelease
gNBtoeNBRelocation,ULinLTE
UE SgNB
MeNB SGW MME
Suspend DRB
SN Status Transfer
RRC Reconfiguration (release SCG + start B1)
LTE Random Access
UL User data in LTE (new ciphering)
RRC Reconfiguration Complete
E-RAB Modification Indication
E-RAB Modification Confirm
Bearer
Modification
UL User data in LTE
DL User data in NR
UE Context Release
Release resources
Release resources
DL User data in LTE
(new ciphering)
Trigger NR Leg Release
SgNB Release Required
Prepare for DRB reconfiguration
SgNB Release Confirm
Resume DRB
New path
181. Content
• 5G overview and NR Architecture evolution.
• NR spectrum | deployment options | NSA architecture | NSA bearers | ENDC configuration | VoLTE in NSA | SA architecture
| Virtual RAN | ESS | ORAN
• NR key techniques.
• Numerology | Waveform | time and frequency structure | frame structure | TDD pattern | Ultra lean design
• NR mobility corresponding features
• Mobility in NSA | Anchor Control Strategies & Solutions | associated mobility features.
• M-MIMO in NR
• M-MIMO & AAS overview | analog and digital beamforming | beam management.
• NR call flow
• NSA call flow
• NR hardware product portfolio.
• AIR overview | AIR used in NR | classical radio in NR | BB in NR
• NR performance management.
• NR performance monitoring | KPI & counter monitoring in 5G
182. NSA performance management
• Accessibility
• NR RACH SR
• ENDC Setup SR
• Retainability
• ENDC connection release from gNB
• ENDC connection release from eNB
• Mobility
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Intra-gNodeB PSCell Change
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Inter-gNodeB PSCell Change
• Integrity
• DL MAC Latency
• Packet Loss
• DL/UL cell Throughput
• Other important PI & KPIs
• Flex counters
183. NRRACH:gNB
— GNBDU.NRCellDU
— pmRadioRaCbPreambles
— pmRadioRaCbAttMsg2
— pmRadioRaCbSuccMsg3 3
1
2
3
1
2
RA SR= 100 ∗ 𝑝𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑅𝑎𝐶𝑏𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑀𝑠𝑔3
[%]
𝑝𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑅𝑎𝐶𝑏𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑀𝑠𝑔2
Counters
pmRadioRaCbPreambles
pmRadioRaCbAttMsg2
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg2Disc
pmRadioRaCbSuccMsg3
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg3Crnti
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg3Crc
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg2Disc
Incremented by one for each preamble discarded due to
Msg2 not being sent due to expiry of the random access
response window.
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg3Crc
Incremented by one for each msg3 received with wrong CRC.
pmRadioRaCbFailMsg3Crnti
Incremented by one for each msg3 received with wrong crnti.
186. NSA performance management
• Accessibility
• NR RACH SR
• ENDC Setup SR
• Retainability
• ENDC connection release from gNB
• ENDC connection release from eNB
• Mobility
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Intra-gNodeB PSCell Change
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Inter-gNodeB PSCell Change
• Integrity
• DL MAC Latency
• Packet Loss
• DL/UL cell Throughput
• Other important PI & KPIs
• Flex counters
187. NRLegRelease:gNB Initiated
— SgNB initiated NR Leg Release triggered at:
— gNB detected RLF
— RLC DL delivery failure
— RA Supervision timer T304 expiry
— NR celllock
— NR Celladmin state is “Locked”by Operator
— Sector carrier “Locked”or“failed”
— Lrat.EUtranCellFDD
— pmEndcRelMnMcgRelocAtt
— pmEndcRelMnMcgReallocSucc
— GNBCUCP.NRCellCU
— pmEndcRelUeAbnormalSgnb
— pmEndcRelUeAbnormalSgnbAct
UE SgNB
MeNB SGW MME
Suspend DRB
SgNB Release Confirm
SN Status Transfer ( If AM bearer is included)
RRC Reconfiguration (release SCG + start B1)
LTE Random Access
UL User data in LTE (new ciphering)
RRC Reconfiguration Complete
E-RAB Modification Indication
E-RAB Modification Confirm
Bearer
Modification
UL User data in LTE
DL User data in NR
UE Context Release
Release resources
Release SN Term Split
Bearer resource
DL User data in NR (new ciphering)
Trigger NR Leg Release
Resume DRB
1
2
1 SgNB Release Required
Prepare for DRB reconfiguration
2
3
3
KPI Name KPI Formula
SgNB_Retainability_Act_Tot
100*(pmEndcRelUeAbnormalSgnb/(pmEndcRelUeNormal+pmEndcRelUeAbnormalMenb+pmEndcRe
lUeAbnormalSgnb))
188. NRLegRelease:eNBInitiated
— MeNB initiated NR Leg Release triggered at:
— UE detected RLF
— Failed random access
— RLC UL delivery failure
— Out of synchronization (SSB)
— LTE handover (pmEndcRelMnMcg don’tpeg)
— Lrat.EUtranCellFDD
— pmEndcRelMnMcgRelocAtt
— pmEndcRelMnMcgReallocSucc
— GNBCUCP.NRCellCU
UE SgNB
MeNB SGW MME
Prepare for DRB reconfiguration
SgNB Release Request
Suspend DRB
SN Status Transfer( If AM bearer is included)
RRC Reconfiguration (release SCG + start B1(B1 is optional for LTE handover))
LTE Random Access
UL User data in LTE (new ciphering)
RRC Reconfiguration Complete
E-RAB Modification Indication
E-RAB Modification Confirm
Bearer
Modification
New path
UL User data in LTE
DL User data in NR
UE Context Release
Release resources
Release SN Term Split
Bearer resource
DL User data in NR (new ciphering)
Resume DRB
Trigger NR Leg Release
SgNB Release Request Ack
1
2
1
2
— pmEndcRelUeNormal (cause code: Normal)
— pmEndcRelUeAbnormalMenb (cause code: Abnormal)
— pmEndcRelUeAbnormalMenbAct (cause code: Abnormal) 3
3
189. UEReleasetoIDLE
— Lrat.EUtranCellFDD
— pmFlexErabRelNormalEnb
— pmFlexErabRelMme
— GNBCUCP.NRCellCU
— pmEndcRelUeNormal
MME SGW MeNB SgNB UE
X2-AP: SGNB RELEASE
REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE()
X2-AP:
SN STATUS TRANSFER(PDCP COUNT)
X2-AP: UE CONTEXT RELEASE()
S1-AP: UE CONTEXT RELEASE COMPLETE
S1-AP: CONTEXT RELEASE REQUEST()
S1-AP: CONTEXT RELEASE COMMAND()
RRC: RRCConnectionRelease()
X2-AP: SGNB RELEASE REQUEST()
1
1
3
3
2
2
Stepped at reception of X2 Secondary gNodeB Release Request when internal cause considered normal with
precondition that EN-DC NR leg setup procedure must be completed.
190. NSA performance management
• Accessibility
• NR RACH SR
• ENDC Setup SR
• Retainability
• ENDC connection release from gNB
• ENDC connection release from eNB
• Mobility
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Intra-gNodeB PSCell Change
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Inter-gNodeB PSCell Change
• Integrity
• DL MAC Latency
• Packet Loss
• DL/UL cell Throughput
• Other important PI & KPIs
• Flex counters
192. NR NSA Intra-Frequency Intra-
gNodeB PSCell Change
Success rate of intra-sgNodeB Primary Secondary Cell
(PSCell) change in sgNodeB for EN-DC UE connections.
Intra-sgNodeB PSCell change in sgNodeB is measured in
X2AP: SGNB INITIATED SGNB MODIFICATION procedure
and does indicate transmission of RRC Reconfiguration
Complete from UE to master eNodeB (meNodeB).
193. NR NSA Intra-Frequency Inter-
gNodeB PSCell Change
Success rate of inter-sgNodeB Primary Secondary
Cell (PSCell) change in source sgNodeB for EN-DC
UE connections.
Inter-sgNodeB PSCell change in source sgNodeB is
measured in X2AP: SGNB CHANGE procedure and
does not depend on RRC Reconfiguration Complete
from UE to master eNodeB (meNodeB).
194. NSA performance management
• Accessibility
• NR RACH SR
• ENDC Setup SR
• Retainability
• ENDC connection release from gNB
• ENDC connection release from eNB
• Mobility
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Intra-gNodeB PSCell Change
• NR NSA Intra-Frequency Inter-gNodeB PSCell Change
• Integrity
• DL MAC Latency
• Packet Loss
• DL/UL cell Throughput
• Other important PI & KPIs
• Flex counters
195. Latency
DL MAC latency measures MAC
scheduling latency from the time when
packet arrives empty DL buffer to the
time when first packet is transmitted.
DL MAC DRB Latency per QoS Covering non-DRX in-Sync DL MAC DRB Latency per QoS Covering DRX in-Sync
200. Other important PI & KPIs
NR_DL_RLC_AR (pmRlcArqDlAck/(pmRlcArqDlAck+pmRlcArqDlNack)) * 100
NR_UL_RLC_AR (pmRlcArqUlAck/(pmRlcArqUlAck+pmRlcArqUlNack)) * 100
KPI-BLER RLC DL 100*(pmRlcArqDlNack/(pmRlcArqDlNack+pmRlcArqDlAck))
KPI-BLER RLC UL 100*(pmRlcArqUlNack/(pmRlcArqUlNack+pmRlcArqUlAck))
201. FlexibleCountersConcept
— Flexiblecounters are used to ensure that each operatorcan get KPIs differentiated for a configurable
set of UEs or bearers. Available in eNB since L17.A.
— The Flexible counters all have prefix“pmFlex”and are visible in MOM and PM jobs
— PmFlexCounterFilter MO is used to configure filterparameters for the Flexible counters. In L18.Q4 you
can configure 24 filtercombinations to show 24 differentvalues; one per UE/bearer selection
— In the ROP fileyou will see several instances of each Flexible counter;one for eachfiltercombination
202. FlexibleCountersforNRNSA;usedineNB
— A new filterparameter ENDC is defined for NR NSA, with
three (minimum) levels:
— 0 = Counter stepped if the UE is capable of EN-DC
— 1 = Counter stepped if the UE’s EN-DC capability
matches the eNB configuration (some LTE + NR
frequency band combination supported by both celland
UE)
— 2 = Counter stepped if the UE has user plane through
gNB, ieNR leg setup
— If selecting filterlevel 0,allUEs covered by level 1 and 2 are
covered as well
— If selecting filterlevel 1,allUEs covered by level 2 are
covered as well
— Filtering with level 0 can be of interest in the whole LTE
network, but level 1 and 2 are only applicable in EN-DC
configured eNBs
EN-DC
stages
Description
0 The Flex counter shows measurements for all
connected NR capable devices in the network
1 The Flex counter shows measurements for
NR capable devices where LTE capability is
matched with neighbouring gNodeB
2 The Flex counter shows measurements for
active NR leg for each NR capable device
with matched LTE and NR capability
99 The maximum value. The Flex counter don't
show any measurements as NR capable
devices are released already
203. Accessibility
Initial E-RAB Establishment Success Rate Captured in eNodeB
Measures accessibility success rate for end-user services that are carried by E-RABs included in Initial UE Context setup
procedure. Consists of three parts. RRC connection part and S1 signalling connection part cannot be monitored separately
for E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) UEs.Instead, respective procedures for all LTE UEs must be used.
204. Retainability
E-RAB Retainability - Percentage Lost Captured in eNodeB
Reflects percentage of established E-RABs for E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) UEs that are lost with an
abnormal release initiated by eNodeB. In this case, both LTE and NR service is lost
205. Integrity
DL PDCP UE Throughput Captured in eNodeB
Measures average DL PDCP throughput for
MCG radio resources monitored for E-UTRA-
NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) UEs
UL PDCP UE Throughput Captured in eNodeB
Measures average UL PDCP throughput for MCG
radio resources for E-UTRA-NR Dual
Connectivity (EN-DC) UEs.
