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29104503 water-treatment-technology-tas-3010-lecture-notes-10-water-distribution-system

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This document discusses water distribution systems. It covers the key components of distribution systems including reservoirs, pipes, valves and hydrants. It describes the main types of distribution systems - gravity, direct pumped, and gravity/pumped systems. It also discusses design requirements, potential issues like leakage and corrosion, and methods to minimize water wastage. The overall purpose is to enable utilities to deliver water to customers while maintaining water quality in the distribution system.

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TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY CCHHAAPPTTEERR 1100 :: DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn SSyysstteemm Environmental Microbiology Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT CHAPTER 3: WWaatteerr © SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc. University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
Menu 1) Introduction 2) Water Distribution 3) Distribution Types 4) Distribution Requirement 5) Storage Reservoir 6) Distribution Pipes 7) Wastage Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Introduction - “Delivery of water from pumping station by gravity flow and delivers it thorughout the district to be served. - Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage, equalizing pressures and subsequent distribution, together with pipes, valves, hydrant and other appurtenances for carrying waters, service pipes, meters etc. - Enable the water utility to deliver water to its customer with maintaining the biological quality of water in the distribution system. Assessment : Collecting routine water quality samples from the distribution system and analyzing them for the presence or absence of total coliform bacteria. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Distribution System Valves - “To stop, start or control the flow of water’ - Different valves are used to perform different functions - Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and needle valves are also used for throttling the flow - Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the direction of the flow of water Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Water Distribution - Damage : i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil conditions. - Materials : Adequate strength and durability - Sufficient pressures must be maintained - Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground surface – protection against traffic loads. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
- Quality of distribution system influence internal corrosion rate of distribution system pipes. - Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates: 1. pH 5) Chlorides 2. Hardness 6) Sulphates 3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine 4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT 9) Bacteria Damage
Distribution - Requirement 1) Sufficient capacity of water 2) Sufficient pressure 3) Low-cost 4) Easier to maintain 5) Stable condition Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Distribution - Types Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT TTYYPPEESS GGRRAAVVIITTYY DDIIRREECCTT PPUUMMPPEEDD GGRRAAVVIITTYY AANNDD PPUUMMPPEEDD
1 – Gravity System 1) Gravity force 2) The water level or water distribution plant located higher from the service areas 3) Not using pump 4) Low-cost and effective Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Treatment Plant GRAVITY FLOW Supply Source (Dam) Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT GRAVITY SYSTEM Service Reservoir Service Area 1 – Gravity System – Con’d
2 – Direct Pumped System 1) Pumped direct to the consumer 2) Level of water sources is at the same height or lower from the service areas 3) Power failure – breakdown the system 4) Several types of pump 5) Expensive 6) Less Effective Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Direct Pumped System – Con’d River Treatment Plant Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Service Area DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM Pump Pump
3 – Gravity & Pumped System 1) Combination – Pump and Gravity 2) Excess water during low water demand will kept in the storage tank 3) Economical, pump used at constant rate Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
River Treatment Plant Service Area GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM Pump Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Pump Service Reservoir Gravity Flow Gravity & Pumped System
Storage Reservoir - Supply water during emergencies - Equalize supply and demand - Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system - Other functions : 1) Provide water during peak demand 2) Provide disinfectant contact time 3) Allow for blending 4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations 5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs 6) Provide water hammer protection 7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Pipe System Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT DDEEAADD EENNDD // TTRREEEE SSYYSSTTEEMM GGRRIIDD SSYYSSTTEEMM RRIINNGG // CCIIRRCCLLEE SSYYSSTTEEMM LLAAYYOOUUTT OOFF PPIIPPEE SSYYSSTTEEMM RRAADDIIAALL SSYYSSTTEEMM
A – Dead End/Tree System 1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe 2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no definite patterns of roads and streets. 3) Cheap and easily designed 4) Not effective 5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution pipe 6) Water become stagnant at the end of the distribution pipe Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Dead End/Tree System Kampung A Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Kampung B Main Pipe DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM
B – Grid System 1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid sequences. 2) Effective during maintenance work 3) Effective during fire or emergency 4) No stagnant water 5) Design method more complex 6) High cost Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Main Pipe GRID SYSTEM Grid System
C – Ring or Circle System 1) Main pipe is positioned covering the outer of the service area Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Main Pipe RING/CIRCLE SYSTEM
D– Radial System 1) Town or city divided into various circular or square zones and distribution reservoirs placed at the centre of each zone. 2) Suitable when town or city can be oriented with radial roads and streets. 3) Water from main reservoir is allowed to flow through main pipe and sub-main pipe and get collected at the distribution reservoir of each zone 4) Water is supplied to consumers through distributor pipe lines. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Radial System Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Distribution - Wastage WWAASSTTAAGGEE LLEEAAKKIINNGG PPIIPPEE WWAATTEERR MMEETTEERR Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT SSTTOOLLEENN
Fire Hydrant - Main function : provide water for firefighting - Spacing and location : Depends on fire protection and insurance needs - Other function : i. Flush the distribution system lines to remove sediments and biogrowth accumulation ii. Supply water to construction projects iii. Provide water to water trucks and street sweepers Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
TTHHAANNKKSS FFOORR YYOOUURR AATTTTEENNTTIIOONN…….... Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT

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29104503 water-treatment-technology-tas-3010-lecture-notes-10-water-distribution-system

  • 1. TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY CCHHAAPPTTEERR 1100 :: DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn SSyysstteemm Environmental Microbiology Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT CHAPTER 3: WWaatteerr © SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc. University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
  • 2. Menu 1) Introduction 2) Water Distribution 3) Distribution Types 4) Distribution Requirement 5) Storage Reservoir 6) Distribution Pipes 7) Wastage Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 3. Introduction - “Delivery of water from pumping station by gravity flow and delivers it thorughout the district to be served. - Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage, equalizing pressures and subsequent distribution, together with pipes, valves, hydrant and other appurtenances for carrying waters, service pipes, meters etc. - Enable the water utility to deliver water to its customer with maintaining the biological quality of water in the distribution system. Assessment : Collecting routine water quality samples from the distribution system and analyzing them for the presence or absence of total coliform bacteria. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 4. Distribution System Valves - “To stop, start or control the flow of water’ - Different valves are used to perform different functions - Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and needle valves are also used for throttling the flow - Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the direction of the flow of water Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 5. Water Distribution - Damage : i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil conditions. - Materials : Adequate strength and durability - Sufficient pressures must be maintained - Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground surface – protection against traffic loads. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 6. - Quality of distribution system influence internal corrosion rate of distribution system pipes. - Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates: 1. pH 5) Chlorides 2. Hardness 6) Sulphates 3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine 4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT 9) Bacteria Damage
  • 7. Distribution - Requirement 1) Sufficient capacity of water 2) Sufficient pressure 3) Low-cost 4) Easier to maintain 5) Stable condition Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 8. Distribution - Types Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT TTYYPPEESS GGRRAAVVIITTYY DDIIRREECCTT PPUUMMPPEEDD GGRRAAVVIITTYY AANNDD PPUUMMPPEEDD
  • 9. 1 – Gravity System 1) Gravity force 2) The water level or water distribution plant located higher from the service areas 3) Not using pump 4) Low-cost and effective Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 10. Treatment Plant GRAVITY FLOW Supply Source (Dam) Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT GRAVITY SYSTEM Service Reservoir Service Area 1 – Gravity System – Con’d
  • 11. 2 – Direct Pumped System 1) Pumped direct to the consumer 2) Level of water sources is at the same height or lower from the service areas 3) Power failure – breakdown the system 4) Several types of pump 5) Expensive 6) Less Effective Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 12. Direct Pumped System – Con’d River Treatment Plant Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Service Area DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM Pump Pump
  • 13. 3 – Gravity & Pumped System 1) Combination – Pump and Gravity 2) Excess water during low water demand will kept in the storage tank 3) Economical, pump used at constant rate Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 14. River Treatment Plant Service Area GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM Pump Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Pump Service Reservoir Gravity Flow Gravity & Pumped System
  • 15. Storage Reservoir - Supply water during emergencies - Equalize supply and demand - Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system - Other functions : 1) Provide water during peak demand 2) Provide disinfectant contact time 3) Allow for blending 4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations 5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs 6) Provide water hammer protection 7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 16. Pipe System Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT DDEEAADD EENNDD // TTRREEEE SSYYSSTTEEMM GGRRIIDD SSYYSSTTEEMM RRIINNGG // CCIIRRCCLLEE SSYYSSTTEEMM LLAAYYOOUUTT OOFF PPIIPPEE SSYYSSTTEEMM RRAADDIIAALL SSYYSSTTEEMM
  • 17. A – Dead End/Tree System 1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe 2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no definite patterns of roads and streets. 3) Cheap and easily designed 4) Not effective 5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution pipe 6) Water become stagnant at the end of the distribution pipe Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 18. Dead End/Tree System Kampung A Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Kampung B Main Pipe DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM
  • 19. B – Grid System 1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid sequences. 2) Effective during maintenance work 3) Effective during fire or emergency 4) No stagnant water 5) Design method more complex 6) High cost Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 20. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Main Pipe GRID SYSTEM Grid System
  • 21. C – Ring or Circle System 1) Main pipe is positioned covering the outer of the service area Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT Main Pipe RING/CIRCLE SYSTEM
  • 22. D– Radial System 1) Town or city divided into various circular or square zones and distribution reservoirs placed at the centre of each zone. 2) Suitable when town or city can be oriented with radial roads and streets. 3) Water from main reservoir is allowed to flow through main pipe and sub-main pipe and get collected at the distribution reservoir of each zone 4) Water is supplied to consumers through distributor pipe lines. Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 23. Radial System Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 24. Distribution - Wastage WWAASSTTAAGGEE LLEEAAKKIINNGG PPIIPPEE WWAATTEERR MMEETTEERR Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT SSTTOOLLEENN
  • 25. Fire Hydrant - Main function : provide water for firefighting - Spacing and location : Depends on fire protection and insurance needs - Other function : i. Flush the distribution system lines to remove sediments and biogrowth accumulation ii. Supply water to construction projects iii. Provide water to water trucks and street sweepers Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
  • 26. TTHHAANNKKSS FFOORR YYOOUURR AATTTTEENNTTIIOONN…….... Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT