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ST. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ST. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

This document proposes using a static compensator (STATCOM) connected to a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate power quality issues from wind energy generation. Wind power fluctuates due to changing wind speed, which affects power quality. The STATCOM and BESS work together to absorb or inject reactive power and regulate real power flow to the load. Excess power generated during low demand hours can be stored in the batteries. This combination of battery storage and wind generation helps stabilize the output waveform and improve power quality at the point of common coupling.

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Grid Power Quality Improvement and Battery Energy Storage in Wind Energy Systems
CONTENTS:  ABSTRACT  INTRODUCTION  POWER QUALITY ISSUES  WIND POWER EXTRACTION WITH BATTERIES  SMART ENERGY METERS  CONCLUSION  REFERENCES
ABSTRACT  In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues.  The generated power can be stored in the batteries at low power demand hours.  The combination of battery storage with wind energy generation system will synthesize the output waveform by absorbing or injecting reactive power and enable the real power flow required by the load.  Due to the fluctuation nature of the wind power injection into an electric grid affects the power quality.
INTRODUCTION  The integration of wind energy into existing power system presents a technical challenges and that requires consideration of voltage regulation, stability, power quality problems.  The power quality is an essential customer-focused measure and is greatly affected by the operation of a distribution and transmission network.  In the constant-speed wind turbine operation, fluctuation of wind speed variation transmits as variation in mechanical torque.  This fluctuation is caused by the variation of wind due to tower-shadow, turbulence and wind shear etc.  In normal operating system we need a control circuit for the active power production.  For reducing the disturbance we use a battery storage system.  This compensates the disturbance generated by wind turbine.  A STATCOM has been proposed for improving the power quality.
Scheme of wind generator with battery storage
 The proposed wind energy extraction from wind generator and battery energy storage with distributed network is configured on its operating principle and is based on the control strategy for switching the inverter.  The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects the current into the grid in such a way that the source current are harmonic free and there is phase difference with respect to source voltage has some desired value .  The proposed system is implemented for power quality improvement at point of common coupling (PCC) , as shown in above Fig.  The grid connected system in above Fig. shows wind energy generation system and battery energy storage system with STATCOM.
POWER QUALITY ISSUES  power quality means that the voltage is continuous and sinusoidal having constant figures of amplitude and frequency.  Power quality can be expressed in terms of physical characteristics and properties of electricity.
Grid side power quality issues  The power quality problems in the grid side that affect the WEG (Wind Electric Generator) are mainly concerned with the quality of voltage that is being supplied by the utility. Voltage Variations:  Voltage variation has implications on both real and reactive power associated with wind farms.  Decreasing voltage also affects the power factor as the capacitive VAR generated out of the installed capacitor decrease as voltage decreases.
 Frequency Variations:  The variation in frequency affects the power generation in WEG to a large extent changing the aerodynamic efficiency.  Frequency changes lead to imperfect tip speed ratios and reduced aerodynamic efficiencies.  These leads to decrease the energy capture and output power of wind turbines.
Voltage transients  Large transient’s voltage could be created due to switching of capacitors using mechanical switches, which are the integral part of WEG for reactive power compensation.  These internally generated transients could result in damage to sensitive electronic devices of the WEG control system.  Voltage unbalance:  Voltage unbalance is caused due to large unbalanced loads.  The unbalance in voltage causes negative sequence currents to flow in induction machines, causing overheating.
WEG side power quality issues  Power quality issues that affect the WEG are mainly concerned with the quality of current that is being drawn or generated by the WEG’s.  Reactive power consumption:  Reactive power consumption in a wind farm is mainly due to the use of induction generators for energy saving.  The basic principle of Induction generators is that they consume reactive power to set up the excitation or magnetic field in order to generate real power.
 Generation of current harmonics:  Current harmonics are generated due to soft starting of induction generators during motoring mode.  This distorts the voltage on the line and affects all the consumers connected to the line.  injection of fluctuating power:  Power in wind by nature is varied and is checked by annual, monthly, daily and hourly variations.  This results in generation and supply of a power that is fluctuating and leading to operational problems.
Wind Energy Generating system  The wind generating system (WEGS) consists of turbine, induction generator, interfacing transformer, and rectifier to get dc bus voltage.  In this configuration , wind generation are based on constant speed topologies with pitch control turbine.  The available wind energy system is presented as below in  Where ρ(kg/m2) is the air density and A(m2)I is the area swept out by turbine blade, Vwind is the wind speed in m/s.
DC Link for Battery storage and Wind Energy Generator
 The battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as an energy storage element for the purpose of voltage regulation.  The BESS maintain dc capacitor voltage  constant and is suited for STATCOM since it rapidly injects or absorbed reactive power to stabilize the grid system.  The battery is connected in shunt to the dc capacitor of STATCOM.  The battery storage and WEG’s are connected across the dc link as shown above in Fig.  The battery storage will get charged with the help of wind generator.
STATCOM-current controlled device
 The STATCOM is also a three-phase voltage source inverter having the capacitor on its DC link and connected at the point of common coupling(pcc).  The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage is connected as the interface of the induction generator and non-linear at the PCC in the grid system.  The operational diagram of the shunt connected static compensator in grid in above fig.
SMART ENERGY METERS  Smart energy meters are capable of measuring instantaneous voltage and current of the electrical circuit.  The parameters of time information for time of use (TOU) calculations can be stored inside the meter.  Data are transmitted to the utility company using wireless medium.  Protecting the privacy of the customer and confidentiality of data is the responsibility of a utility.
Smart Energy Meters
CONCLUSION  Proposed study on wind energy conversion scheme using battery energy storage for nonlinear load includes interface of inverter incurrent controlled mode for exchange of real and reactive power.  The hysteresis current controller is used to generate the switching signal for inverter in such a way that it will cancel the harmonic current in the system.  This scheme improves power factor and also make harmonic free source current in the distributed network at the point of common connection.  Battery energy storage provides rapid response and enhances the performance under the fluctuation of wind turbine output and improves the voltage stability of the system.
REFERENCES  C. Han, A. Q. Huang, M. Baran, S. Bhattacharya, and W. Lichtenberger, “STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop power system” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 226232, March 2008.  J. Manel, “Power electronic system for grid integration of renewable energy source: A survey” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 10021014, 2006, Carrasco.  R. Billinton and Y. Gao, “Energy conversion system models for adequacy assessment of generating systems incorporating wind energy”, IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, volume. 23, no. 1, pp. 163169, December 2008  S. W. Mohod and M. V. Aware, “Micro wind power generator with battery energy storage for critical load”, in IEEE Systems Journal, Volume6,no.1, September 2012.  S. W. Mohod and M. V. Aware, “A STATCOM-Control scheme for Grid connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement”, in IEEE Systems Journal, Volume 4,no.3, September 2010.

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  • 1. Grid Power Quality Improvement and Battery Energy Storage in Wind Energy Systems
  • 2. CONTENTS:  ABSTRACT  INTRODUCTION  POWER QUALITY ISSUES  WIND POWER EXTRACTION WITH BATTERIES  SMART ENERGY METERS  CONCLUSION  REFERENCES
  • 3. ABSTRACT  In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues.  The generated power can be stored in the batteries at low power demand hours.  The combination of battery storage with wind energy generation system will synthesize the output waveform by absorbing or injecting reactive power and enable the real power flow required by the load.  Due to the fluctuation nature of the wind power injection into an electric grid affects the power quality.
  • 4. INTRODUCTION  The integration of wind energy into existing power system presents a technical challenges and that requires consideration of voltage regulation, stability, power quality problems.  The power quality is an essential customer-focused measure and is greatly affected by the operation of a distribution and transmission network.  In the constant-speed wind turbine operation, fluctuation of wind speed variation transmits as variation in mechanical torque.  This fluctuation is caused by the variation of wind due to tower-shadow, turbulence and wind shear etc.  In normal operating system we need a control circuit for the active power production.  For reducing the disturbance we use a battery storage system.  This compensates the disturbance generated by wind turbine.  A STATCOM has been proposed for improving the power quality.
  • 5. Scheme of wind generator with battery storage
  • 6.  The proposed wind energy extraction from wind generator and battery energy storage with distributed network is configured on its operating principle and is based on the control strategy for switching the inverter.  The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects the current into the grid in such a way that the source current are harmonic free and there is phase difference with respect to source voltage has some desired value .  The proposed system is implemented for power quality improvement at point of common coupling (PCC) , as shown in above Fig.  The grid connected system in above Fig. shows wind energy generation system and battery energy storage system with STATCOM.
  • 7. POWER QUALITY ISSUES  power quality means that the voltage is continuous and sinusoidal having constant figures of amplitude and frequency.  Power quality can be expressed in terms of physical characteristics and properties of electricity.
  • 8. Grid side power quality issues  The power quality problems in the grid side that affect the WEG (Wind Electric Generator) are mainly concerned with the quality of voltage that is being supplied by the utility. Voltage Variations:  Voltage variation has implications on both real and reactive power associated with wind farms.  Decreasing voltage also affects the power factor as the capacitive VAR generated out of the installed capacitor decrease as voltage decreases.
  • 9.  Frequency Variations:  The variation in frequency affects the power generation in WEG to a large extent changing the aerodynamic efficiency.  Frequency changes lead to imperfect tip speed ratios and reduced aerodynamic efficiencies.  These leads to decrease the energy capture and output power of wind turbines.
  • 10. Voltage transients  Large transient’s voltage could be created due to switching of capacitors using mechanical switches, which are the integral part of WEG for reactive power compensation.  These internally generated transients could result in damage to sensitive electronic devices of the WEG control system.  Voltage unbalance:  Voltage unbalance is caused due to large unbalanced loads.  The unbalance in voltage causes negative sequence currents to flow in induction machines, causing overheating.
  • 11. WEG side power quality issues  Power quality issues that affect the WEG are mainly concerned with the quality of current that is being drawn or generated by the WEG’s.  Reactive power consumption:  Reactive power consumption in a wind farm is mainly due to the use of induction generators for energy saving.  The basic principle of Induction generators is that they consume reactive power to set up the excitation or magnetic field in order to generate real power.
  • 12.  Generation of current harmonics:  Current harmonics are generated due to soft starting of induction generators during motoring mode.  This distorts the voltage on the line and affects all the consumers connected to the line.  injection of fluctuating power:  Power in wind by nature is varied and is checked by annual, monthly, daily and hourly variations.  This results in generation and supply of a power that is fluctuating and leading to operational problems.
  • 13. Wind Energy Generating system  The wind generating system (WEGS) consists of turbine, induction generator, interfacing transformer, and rectifier to get dc bus voltage.  In this configuration , wind generation are based on constant speed topologies with pitch control turbine.  The available wind energy system is presented as below in  Where ρ(kg/m2) is the air density and A(m2)I is the area swept out by turbine blade, Vwind is the wind speed in m/s.
  • 14. DC Link for Battery storage and Wind Energy Generator
  • 15.  The battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as an energy storage element for the purpose of voltage regulation.  The BESS maintain dc capacitor voltage  constant and is suited for STATCOM since it rapidly injects or absorbed reactive power to stabilize the grid system.  The battery is connected in shunt to the dc capacitor of STATCOM.  The battery storage and WEG’s are connected across the dc link as shown above in Fig.  The battery storage will get charged with the help of wind generator.
  • 17.  The STATCOM is also a three-phase voltage source inverter having the capacitor on its DC link and connected at the point of common coupling(pcc).  The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage is connected as the interface of the induction generator and non-linear at the PCC in the grid system.  The operational diagram of the shunt connected static compensator in grid in above fig.
  • 18. SMART ENERGY METERS  Smart energy meters are capable of measuring instantaneous voltage and current of the electrical circuit.  The parameters of time information for time of use (TOU) calculations can be stored inside the meter.  Data are transmitted to the utility company using wireless medium.  Protecting the privacy of the customer and confidentiality of data is the responsibility of a utility.
  • 20. CONCLUSION  Proposed study on wind energy conversion scheme using battery energy storage for nonlinear load includes interface of inverter incurrent controlled mode for exchange of real and reactive power.  The hysteresis current controller is used to generate the switching signal for inverter in such a way that it will cancel the harmonic current in the system.  This scheme improves power factor and also make harmonic free source current in the distributed network at the point of common connection.  Battery energy storage provides rapid response and enhances the performance under the fluctuation of wind turbine output and improves the voltage stability of the system.
  • 21. REFERENCES  C. Han, A. Q. Huang, M. Baran, S. Bhattacharya, and W. Lichtenberger, “STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop power system” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 226232, March 2008.  J. Manel, “Power electronic system for grid integration of renewable energy source: A survey” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 10021014, 2006, Carrasco.  R. Billinton and Y. Gao, “Energy conversion system models for adequacy assessment of generating systems incorporating wind energy”, IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, volume. 23, no. 1, pp. 163169, December 2008  S. W. Mohod and M. V. Aware, “Micro wind power generator with battery energy storage for critical load”, in IEEE Systems Journal, Volume6,no.1, September 2012.  S. W. Mohod and M. V. Aware, “A STATCOM-Control scheme for Grid connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement”, in IEEE Systems Journal, Volume 4,no.3, September 2010.