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UITP Arno Kerkhof

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The document summarizes the findings of the Fuel & Traction Systems Observatory (FTSO) on electric drive technologies for buses. The FTSO concludes that pure electric technologies are best for mini and midi buses, hybrid technologies are suitable for large buses, and fuel cell technologies may be viable in the future. Hybrid bus adoption is growing in North America and some European cities. While hybrids currently have higher costs, their costs may decrease over time, especially if fuel prices rise or environmental factors are considered in economic analyses. Pure electric buses are currently only feasible for small buses due to battery weight and capacity limitations, though Chinese manufacturers claim to offer longer-range electric buses.

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FTSO Fuel & Traction Systems H.U.F. Observatory - HYBRIDS 26 May 2011 LONDON Arno Kerkhof Head of Bus Division Int. Association of Public Transport
Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO OBJECTIVES
Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, THE BEST SOLUTIONS ARE ELECTRIC DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES • PURE ELECTRIC FOR MINI – MIDI BUSES • HYBRID TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE BUSES • FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY - FUTURE
Fuel &Traction System Observatory HYBRID BUSES MARKET DEVELOPMENT Hybrid buses are becoming a player on marketplace • NORTH AMERICA Started serial introduction by the end of 90’s. Today several thousands in different cities. •EUROPE Some trials by the end of 90’s, not continued. Trying to develop the expansion all around. •ASIA - PACIFIC Not so much developed. Some manufacturers starting to propose models.
Fuel &Traction System Observatory NORTH AMERICAN COMMERCIAL OFFER •Daimler ORION Bus Cummins ISB260 engine BAE Systems trans. Li-ion battery •NEW FLYER-Xcelsior Cummins ISB280 engine GM-Allison EP40 trans. •GILLIG Corporation Cummins ISB280 engine GM-Allison trans. NiMH battery
Fuel &Traction System Observatory NORTH AMERICAN HYBRID FLEETS CITY COMPANY BUS Model Dec.2009 Dec.2010 New York MTA Orion Bus 960 1.812 Toronto TTC Orion Bus 525 950 Washington WMA New Flyer 50 550 Philadelphia SEP New Flyer 269 510 Seattle KCD New Flyer 236 520 Chicago CTA New Flyer 170 228 Vancouver CMBC New Flyer 2 182 Ottawa COT Orion Bus 2 177 Honolulu CCH New Flyer 50 80 Montreal STM Volvo (Tender 300) 8(test) 8 Other cities 600 1.003 TOTAL (Diesel-electric) 2.872 6.020 Others (Gasoline/GNC-electric) 160 300
UITP Arno Kerkhof
Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL OFFER All major manufacturers are offering: TYPE ENER.STG. SIZE EVOBUS Serial Batteries 18 m. SCANIA Serial Batteries 15 m. VOLVO Parallel Batteries 12 m-DD MAN Serial Ultracaps 12 m. IRISBUS Serial Batteries 12-18 m. SOLARIS Parallel Batteries 12-18 m. VAN HOOL Serial Ultracaps 9-10-18-25 m VDL Parallel Batteries 18-24 m. DENNIS Serial Batteries 9-10,7-DD WHRIGHT Serial Batteries 12 m-DD HESS Serial Ultracaps 18-25 m. TATA HISPANO Serial Batteries 12 m. CASTROSUA Serial Batteries 9,6-11,5 m.
Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 U.K. LONDON Total 56 196 Wright Bus 23 A.Dennis 17 Manchester A.Dennis -- 116 Oxford A.Dennis -- 26 Other cities 312 TOTAL 56 650 GERMANY Leipzig Evobus 1 19 e b Dresden MAN 1 20 11 to 18 Bochum Solaris 1igures ated 13 F Köln -- up d 12 Other cities TOTAL 17 171
Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 FRANCE PARIS (RATP) Several 6 (test) 1-2 Transdev Solaris 5 5 Poitiers Heuliez -- 1 Beauvais VanHool -- 1 NETHERLAND Dordrecht Volvo -- 27 Zuid Holland VanHool 10 24 Rotterdam Evobus+Citea 2 4 Enschede Citea -- 2 Apeldoorn Volvo 5 5 Eindhoven VDL Phileas 12 12 Utrecht (Tender 2012-failed?) -- 211?? BELGIUM Flanders Van Hool 57 136 Wallonnia Retrofit Irisbus 1 (proto) 1
Fuel &Traction System Observatory COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 ITALY Italy has run a quantity of 1st. Generation Hybrid buses A total of more than 220 units run since 1995 Manufacturers : ALTRA – Breda – Cacciamali – CAM MILAN Several 4 40 FLORENCE Under Tender -- 18 SWITZERLAND Test in several cities HESS -- 2 Luzern Volvo 6 SPAIN Barcelona MAN+Castrosua 4 4 (+22) Madrid Several 4 (test) -- (+24) Valladolid MAN -- 1 San Sebastian MAN -- 1 Barcelona Area MAN+Castrosua -- 8 Barcelona TMB Retrofit 1 50 Madrid EMT Retrofit -- 16
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ASIA - PACIFIC COMMERCIAL OFFER Several manufacturers (4-5) The main proposals are: TATA – CNG Hybrid MITSUBISHI
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUSES THE ELECTRIC BUS DOES EXIST = TROLLEYBUS THE PROBLEM FOR AUTONOMOUS BUS ENERGY STORAGE NORMAL CITY BUS SERVICE 15 h/day or 180 km
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES ENERGY CONSUMPTION MINIBUS without A/C 7 kW.h x 15 h. = 105 kW.h with A/C 10 kW.h x 15 h. = 150 kW.h LARGE BUS without A/C 24 kW.h x 15 h. = 360 kW.h with A/C 30 kW.h x 15 h. = 450 kW.h
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES ENERGY NEEDED MINIBUS without A/C 105 kW.h / 80% = 131 kW.h with A/C 150 kW.h / 80% = 188 kW.h LARGE BUS without A/C 360 kW.h / 80% = 450 kW.h with A/C 450 kW.h / 80% = 560 kW.h BATTERY CAPACITY (Li-ion) CURRENT 85 W.h/kg DEVELOPMENT (3 years) 170 W.h/kg
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES BATTERY WHEIGHT CURRENT FUTURE MINIBUS 131 kW.h 1.540 kg 770 kg 188 kW.h 2.200 kg 1.100 kg LARGE BUS 450 kW.h 5.290 kg 2.650 kg 560 kW.h 6.590 kg 3.290 kg PASSENGERS CAPACITY MINIBUS w/o A/C 22 25 w A/C 12 25 LARGE BUS w/o A/C 15 50 w A/C 0 40
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ONLY SMALL ELECTRIC BUSES ELECTRIC BUS - EUROPE ZEUS - GULLIVER OREOS 2X Bredamenarini bus TECNOBUS GRUAU-PVI Lenght = 5,9 m. Lenght = 5,0 m. Lenght = 7,2 m. Passen. = 23 Passen. = 19 Passen. = 22 Batty Li-ion 58 kWh Batty Zebra 40 kWh Batty Li-ion 85 kWh Autonom. = 120 km Autonom. = 130 km Autonom. = 120 km
Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS BUT : CHINESE MANUFACTURERS ARE OFFERING 12 m. ELECTRIC BUSES Range km. DELTA ELECTRONICS 180 FOTON BUILD your DREAMS 180 ZONDA 500!! BONLUCK 180 HENGTONG Lenght = 12,0 m. Passen. = 65 - 70 WHO IS LYING?
Fuel &Traction System Observatory CONCLUSIONS • Hybrid buses at current prices don’t justify the higher investment, in an scenario of fuel price stability. • Nevertheless, they can approach the market if manufacturers achieve cost reductions, or fuel prices increase. • In the current situation, some help from Public Administrations will be needed to introduce the technology. • In the case of introducing in the Economic Balance the environmental factors (evaluation of pollutants and CO2 cost), the results will change dramatically. • Electric buses can only be possible in a scenario of new batteries development.
Fuel &Traction System Observatory THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION with acknowledgement to FTSO (UITP Bus Committee) F. Gonzalez (tmb) and FTSO members

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UITP Arno Kerkhof

  • 1. FTSO Fuel & Traction Systems H.U.F. Observatory - HYBRIDS 26 May 2011 LONDON Arno Kerkhof Head of Bus Division Int. Association of Public Transport
  • 2. Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO OBJECTIVES
  • 3. Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS
  • 4. Fuel &Traction System Observatory FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, THE BEST SOLUTIONS ARE ELECTRIC DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES • PURE ELECTRIC FOR MINI – MIDI BUSES • HYBRID TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE BUSES • FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY - FUTURE
  • 5. Fuel &Traction System Observatory HYBRID BUSES MARKET DEVELOPMENT Hybrid buses are becoming a player on marketplace • NORTH AMERICA Started serial introduction by the end of 90’s. Today several thousands in different cities. •EUROPE Some trials by the end of 90’s, not continued. Trying to develop the expansion all around. •ASIA - PACIFIC Not so much developed. Some manufacturers starting to propose models.
  • 6. Fuel &Traction System Observatory NORTH AMERICAN COMMERCIAL OFFER •Daimler ORION Bus Cummins ISB260 engine BAE Systems trans. Li-ion battery •NEW FLYER-Xcelsior Cummins ISB280 engine GM-Allison EP40 trans. •GILLIG Corporation Cummins ISB280 engine GM-Allison trans. NiMH battery
  • 7. Fuel &Traction System Observatory NORTH AMERICAN HYBRID FLEETS CITY COMPANY BUS Model Dec.2009 Dec.2010 New York MTA Orion Bus 960 1.812 Toronto TTC Orion Bus 525 950 Washington WMA New Flyer 50 550 Philadelphia SEP New Flyer 269 510 Seattle KCD New Flyer 236 520 Chicago CTA New Flyer 170 228 Vancouver CMBC New Flyer 2 182 Ottawa COT Orion Bus 2 177 Honolulu CCH New Flyer 50 80 Montreal STM Volvo (Tender 300) 8(test) 8 Other cities 600 1.003 TOTAL (Diesel-electric) 2.872 6.020 Others (Gasoline/GNC-electric) 160 300
  • 9. Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL OFFER All major manufacturers are offering: TYPE ENER.STG. SIZE EVOBUS Serial Batteries 18 m. SCANIA Serial Batteries 15 m. VOLVO Parallel Batteries 12 m-DD MAN Serial Ultracaps 12 m. IRISBUS Serial Batteries 12-18 m. SOLARIS Parallel Batteries 12-18 m. VAN HOOL Serial Ultracaps 9-10-18-25 m VDL Parallel Batteries 18-24 m. DENNIS Serial Batteries 9-10,7-DD WHRIGHT Serial Batteries 12 m-DD HESS Serial Ultracaps 18-25 m. TATA HISPANO Serial Batteries 12 m. CASTROSUA Serial Batteries 9,6-11,5 m.
  • 10. Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 U.K. LONDON Total 56 196 Wright Bus 23 A.Dennis 17 Manchester A.Dennis -- 116 Oxford A.Dennis -- 26 Other cities 312 TOTAL 56 650 GERMANY Leipzig Evobus 1 19 e b Dresden MAN 1 20 11 to 18 Bochum Solaris 1igures ated 13 F Köln -- up d 12 Other cities TOTAL 17 171
  • 11. Fuel &Traction System Observatory EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 FRANCE PARIS (RATP) Several 6 (test) 1-2 Transdev Solaris 5 5 Poitiers Heuliez -- 1 Beauvais VanHool -- 1 NETHERLAND Dordrecht Volvo -- 27 Zuid Holland VanHool 10 24 Rotterdam Evobus+Citea 2 4 Enschede Citea -- 2 Apeldoorn Volvo 5 5 Eindhoven VDL Phileas 12 12 Utrecht (Tender 2012-failed?) -- 211?? BELGIUM Flanders Van Hool 57 136 Wallonnia Retrofit Irisbus 1 (proto) 1
  • 12. Fuel &Traction System Observatory COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011 ITALY Italy has run a quantity of 1st. Generation Hybrid buses A total of more than 220 units run since 1995 Manufacturers : ALTRA – Breda – Cacciamali – CAM MILAN Several 4 40 FLORENCE Under Tender -- 18 SWITZERLAND Test in several cities HESS -- 2 Luzern Volvo 6 SPAIN Barcelona MAN+Castrosua 4 4 (+22) Madrid Several 4 (test) -- (+24) Valladolid MAN -- 1 San Sebastian MAN -- 1 Barcelona Area MAN+Castrosua -- 8 Barcelona TMB Retrofit 1 50 Madrid EMT Retrofit -- 16
  • 13. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ASIA - PACIFIC COMMERCIAL OFFER Several manufacturers (4-5) The main proposals are: TATA – CNG Hybrid MITSUBISHI
  • 14. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUSES THE ELECTRIC BUS DOES EXIST = TROLLEYBUS THE PROBLEM FOR AUTONOMOUS BUS ENERGY STORAGE NORMAL CITY BUS SERVICE 15 h/day or 180 km
  • 15. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES ENERGY CONSUMPTION MINIBUS without A/C 7 kW.h x 15 h. = 105 kW.h with A/C 10 kW.h x 15 h. = 150 kW.h LARGE BUS without A/C 24 kW.h x 15 h. = 360 kW.h with A/C 30 kW.h x 15 h. = 450 kW.h
  • 16. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES ENERGY NEEDED MINIBUS without A/C 105 kW.h / 80% = 131 kW.h with A/C 150 kW.h / 80% = 188 kW.h LARGE BUS without A/C 360 kW.h / 80% = 450 kW.h with A/C 450 kW.h / 80% = 560 kW.h BATTERY CAPACITY (Li-ion) CURRENT 85 W.h/kg DEVELOPMENT (3 years) 170 W.h/kg
  • 17. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS - BATTERIES BATTERY WHEIGHT CURRENT FUTURE MINIBUS 131 kW.h 1.540 kg 770 kg 188 kW.h 2.200 kg 1.100 kg LARGE BUS 450 kW.h 5.290 kg 2.650 kg 560 kW.h 6.590 kg 3.290 kg PASSENGERS CAPACITY MINIBUS w/o A/C 22 25 w A/C 12 25 LARGE BUS w/o A/C 15 50 w A/C 0 40
  • 18. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ONLY SMALL ELECTRIC BUSES ELECTRIC BUS - EUROPE ZEUS - GULLIVER OREOS 2X Bredamenarini bus TECNOBUS GRUAU-PVI Lenght = 5,9 m. Lenght = 5,0 m. Lenght = 7,2 m. Passen. = 23 Passen. = 19 Passen. = 22 Batty Li-ion 58 kWh Batty Zebra 40 kWh Batty Li-ion 85 kWh Autonom. = 120 km Autonom. = 130 km Autonom. = 120 km
  • 19. Fuel &Traction System Observatory ELECTRIC BUS BUT : CHINESE MANUFACTURERS ARE OFFERING 12 m. ELECTRIC BUSES Range km. DELTA ELECTRONICS 180 FOTON BUILD your DREAMS 180 ZONDA 500!! BONLUCK 180 HENGTONG Lenght = 12,0 m. Passen. = 65 - 70 WHO IS LYING?
  • 20. Fuel &Traction System Observatory CONCLUSIONS • Hybrid buses at current prices don’t justify the higher investment, in an scenario of fuel price stability. • Nevertheless, they can approach the market if manufacturers achieve cost reductions, or fuel prices increase. • In the current situation, some help from Public Administrations will be needed to introduce the technology. • In the case of introducing in the Economic Balance the environmental factors (evaluation of pollutants and CO2 cost), the results will change dramatically. • Electric buses can only be possible in a scenario of new batteries development.
  • 21. Fuel &Traction System Observatory THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION with acknowledgement to FTSO (UITP Bus Committee) F. Gonzalez (tmb) and FTSO members