Chung-Jui LAI - Polarization of Political Opinion by News Media
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In 2016 US election, social media played a vital role in shaping public opinions as expressed by the news media that have created the phenomenon of polarization in the United States. Because social media gave people the ability to follow, share, post, comment below everything, the phenomenon of political opinions being spread easily and quickly on social media by the news agencies is bringing out a significantly polarized populace. Consequently, it’s very important to understand the language differences on Twitter and figure out how propaganda spread by different political parties that influence or perhaps mislead public opinion. This talk will introduce the relationship among the social media, public opinion, and news media, then suggests the method to collect the tweets from Twitter and conduct sentimental and logistic regression analysis on them. Furthermore, this talk points out the special aspect on the relationship between the polarization and the topic of this conference (fake news, disinformation and propaganda). Main points: - situation in Taiwan - research on fake news - methods for fighting fake news
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Chung-Jui LAI - Polarization of Political Opinion by News Media
- 1. Chung-Jui Laia a Wanhua Precinct,Taipei City Police Department,Taiwan
- 2. Achievements Education • 2-month(2019) research in College of Communication and Information, Florida State University,Tallahassee, FL, USA • A white-hat at NCCST (National Center of Cyber Security technology) in 2017,2018. • Sub-Lieutenant, police of information management, Wanhua Precinct,Taipei City Police Department Department of Information Management, College of Police Science and Technology, Central Police University(CPU),Taiwan Work experience • Paper presentation: 'A Framework for SQL Injection Investigations: Detection, Investigation, and Forensics,’ The 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC 2018),Miyazaki, Japan, pp. 2834-2839,Oct. 7-10, 2018. (EI) (ISBN:978-1-5386-6649-4) • Paper Acceptance: ' “On the left side, there’s nothing right. On the right side, there’s nothing left:” Polarization of Political Opinion by News Media, ’ iConference 2020.
- 3. Source:YouTube Source: Kevin Spencer from flickr Donut?
- 5. Source: www.weblyzard.com Source: Presidential Elections in 2017 Source:THE ECONOMIC TIME Source: www.depositphotos.com 2018
- 13. Soften the opposite thought ▪ Dawn of the ordinary person ▪ One plays multiple roles. (e.g. students, victims, retired teacher, famous teacher) ▪ No ossified thinking. → close to people’ thoughts (sense of participation) ▪ Make good use of public opinions and make them good for specific group. ▪ Don’t emphasize the profession. Pretend Source: Google Trends The search percentage of each mayors (2018/1~2019/12) Han Kuo-yu Ko Wen-je
- 14. ▪ Fake accounts ▪ Transfer the battlefield of public opinions ▪ Push articles routinely by program ▪ The economy of digital advertisement (1/10) Assemble! Traditional media Social media Source: DMA (Taiwan Digital Media and Marketing Association)
- 15. Source: DMA (Taiwan Digital Media and Marketing Association)
- 16. Source: DMA (Taiwan Digital Media and Marketing Association) 30.1%
- 17. Source: DMA (Taiwan Digital Media and Marketing Association)
- 18. ▪ The legalization of same-sex marriage ▪ 2014 Taiwan mayor election(Computational Propaganda in Taiwan: Where Digital Democracy Meets Automated Autocracy) ▪ AI technology ▪ Text mining ▪ Sentimental analysis ▪ Personal texts ▪ The smuggling of cigarette of National Security Bureau in 2019.7 ▪ The protest in Hong Kong now ▪ The spy case of Wang Li-qiang ▪ The murder case of Chen Tong-jia ▪ The mansion case of Han Kuo-yu (claimed for the civilian status) ▪ Recheck the old cases and find something illegal to against opposite
- 19. ▪Super Typhoon Jebi destroyed the Kansai airport, Japan ▪Some information claimed that the other government sent the bus to pick up its national but the Taiwan Representative Office at Osaka did nothing. ▪The account, “idcc,” emerged at the website, “PTT,” and start to attack the representative. ▪The representative couldn’t afford the pressure and suicided after the tremendous public opinions targeting him. ▪The account was manipulated by someone and the prosecutor found that one of the IP Address was located at the Legislature Yuan.
- 20. The owner of BBS announced that they stopped to receive any account apply after 2018.9.15 The suicide case of Taiwan (2018.9.14) Taiwan election(2018.11.14) Freedom of speech Information warfare Cyber warrior Media literacy Media framing Filter bubble
- 21. Chung-Jui Laia a Wanhua Precinct,Taipei City Police Department,Taiwan
- 22. ▪ Introduction ▪ Political Opinion Mining on Presidential Election ▪ Sentimental Analysis ▪ Study Framework ▪ Data Collection ▪ Data Filtering & Select Criteria ▪ Data Analysis (4 models) ▪ Conclusion
- 24. The evaluation of social media. (e.g. Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram,Weibo) Popularity Massive usage (posting, sharing) The advantage of social media. Immediately Widespread The disadvantage of social media. Preconception Disinformation content (partial opinion)
- 26. LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry Word Count) is a software that can analyze the percentage of variables and reflect different emotions, thinking styles etc. within the text. Why using LIWC? • The power of text analysis. • The dictionary of LIWC contains almost 6,400 words. • The clear classification of LIWC dimensions.(for example) 1.Affect Words (e.g. positive emotion, negative emotion) 2.Social Words (e.g. family, friends, male and female referents) 3.Time Orientation (e.g. post, present, future focus) 4.Informal Speech (e.g. swear words)
- 29. DATA COLLECTION with PYTHON CODE ▪ Twitter Developer for analyzing tweets. ▪ Using Twitter Stream API, “tweepy,” to collect the tweets within Twitter. ▪ Stream API can catch the prompt tweets that contain the keyword we select.Keyword:Trump
- 30. ▪ Date : 2019-09-11 14:10:10 ▪ User_name : @BBCWorld ▪ User_followers : 25751623 ▪ User_location : London, UK ▪ Text :“Today our nation honours and mourns the nearly 3,000 lives that were stolen from us” President Trump pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 attacks in US Tweets Retweets Total Total 211,249 (25.42%) 619,764 (74.58%) 831,013 (100%) The example of the tweet & the collection amount
- 31. Unformatted data sorted and classified was removed Original tweets were separated from retweets News media’s account names were sorted to extract the tweets The dataset was divided into three categories of news media agencies The remaining tweets and retweets of non-relevant accounts were removed Left wing Right wing Central
- 32. Category Tweets Example Left-Wing 850 (63.24%) Alternet, CNN Opinion, Democracy Now,The Daily Beast,The Huffington Post,The Intercept, Jacobin,Mother Jones, MSNBC,The NewYorker,The NewYork Times Opinion,The Nation, Slate,Vox, Mashable, ABC,The Atlantic, BuzzFeed News, CBC, CNN Online News,The Economist,The Guardian, NBC,The NewYork Time Online News, NPR Opinion, Politico,TIME,The Washington Post, CBS,The Daily Show, Newsweek,VanityFair Right-Wing 158 (11.76%) Fox News Online News, Reason, The Wall Street Journal Opinion, Examiner,The Washington times,The American Spectator, Breitbart,The Blaze, CBN,The Daily Caller, Daily Mail,The Daily Wire, Fox News Opinion,The Federalist, National Review, NewYork Post, Newsmax Central 336 (25%) AP, Reuters, Bloomberg,The Christian Science Monitor,The Hill, BBC, USA Today, The Wall Street Journal Online, NPR Online News Total 1,344 (100%)
- 34. Sentiment analysis by text mining using LIWC Logistic Regression ( left-wing is set as 0 ). Data Visualization with radar chart.
- 35. Logistic regression of cognitive loads Coefficients Estimates St. Error Z-value Intercept -1.649 .124 -13.269*** Cogproc -.102 .028 -3.679** Cause .129 .048 2.710** Discrep .169 .054 3.088** Tentat -.048 .050 -.971 Certain .068 .046 1.483 differ .155 .047 3.313*** Note: ***: p<.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05
- 36. Coefficients Estimates St. Error Z-value intercept -1.489 .123 -12.089*** Affect -.294 .226 -1.299 Posemo .257 .228 1.129 Negemo .290 .230 1.259 Anx -.197 .111 -1.770 Anger .011 .061 .173 sad -.244 .129 -1.890 Logistic regression of affective processes Note: ***: p<.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05
- 37. Coefficients Estimates St. Error Z-value Intercept -1.442 .232 -6.212*** Pronoun -.025 .019 -1.303 Article -.066 .024 -2.781** Prep -.030 .017 -1.708 Auxverb -.006 .033 -.177 Conj .018 .030 .602 negate .042 .052 .807 Verb .046 .022 2.067* Logistic regression of analytical thinking styles Note: ***: p<.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05
- 38. Coefficients Estimates St. Error Z-value Intercept -1.442 .176 -8.213*** Focuspast .068 .028 2.442* Focusfuture -.033 .050 -.658 Posemo -.024 .032 -.736 Negemo -.012 .047 -.260 Sad -.281 .133 -2.116* Anx -.150 .112 -1.337 Anger .013 .062 .206 Certain .031 .045 .695 Work -.05 .022 -2.192* Money .002 .046 .050 Logistic regression of profiles of political sentiment Note: ***: p<.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05
- 41. ▪ Allsides.org media bias rating: https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-ratings ▪ Tumasjan, A.,T.O. Sprenger, P.G. Sandner, and I.M.Welpe. Predicting elections with Twitter:What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. in Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10). 2010.Washington, DC: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 178-185. ▪ Tripathi, G. and N. S. Opinion mining: A review. International Journal of Information & Computation Technology, 2014. 4(16): 1625-1635. ▪ Yu, B., S. Kaufmann, and D. Diermeier. Exploring the characteristics of opinion expressions for political opinion classification. in Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Digial Government Research Conference. 2008. Montreal, Canada, 82-91. ▪ Tumasjan, A.,T.O. Sprenger, P.G. Sandner, and I.M.Welpe. Election forecasts with Twitter: How 140 characters reflect the political landscape. Social Science Computer Review, 2011. 29(4): 402-418. ▪ Stieglitz, S. and L. Dang-Xuan. Political communication and influence through Microblogging- An empirical analysis of sentiment in Twitter messages and retreet behavior. in Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'45). 2012. Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society, 3500-3509. ▪ Dang-Xuan, L. and S. Stieglitz. Impact and diffusion of sentiment in political communication- An empirical analysis of political Weblogs. in Proceedings of the 2012 Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'12). 2012. Dublin, Ireland: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 427-430.
- 42. ▪ Stieglitz, S. and L. Dang-Xuan. Impact and diffusion of sentiment in public communication on Facebook. in Proceedings of the 2012 European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2012). 2012. Association for Information Systems (AIS), 1-13. ▪ Wang, H., D. Can, A. Kazemzadeh, F. Bar, and S. Narayanan. A system for real-time Twitter sentiment analysis of 2012 U.S. presidential election cycle. in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'12). 2012. Jeju Island, Republic of Korea: Association for Computational Linguistics, 115-120. ▪ Nooralahzadeh, F.,V. Arunachalam, and C. Chiru. 2012 Presidential elections on Twitter- An analysis of how the US and French election were reflected in tweets. in Proceedings of the 2013 19th International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science. 2013. Bucharest, Romania: IEEE. ▪ Alashri, S., S.S. Sandala,V. Bajaj, E. Parriott,Y. Awazu, and K.C. Desouza.The 2016 US Presidential election on Facebook: An exploratory analysis of sentiments. in Proceedings of the 2018 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'51). 2018.Waikoloa Village, Hawaii Big Island: University of Hawaii, 1771-1780. ▪ Jordan, K.N., J.W. Pennebaker, and C. Ehrig.The 2016 U.S. Presidential candidates and how people tweeted about them. Special Collection: SMaPP Global Special Issue, 2018: 1-8. ▪ Pennebaker, J.W., R.L. Boyd, K.N. Jordan, and K. Blackburn.The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015, 2015. by University of Texas at Austin.
- 44. Find or receive Check the elements of crime Truth clarification Investigation and prosecution confirm Our case Others’ case Transfer to the right agency Public clarification Notice ISP to take off the content Backup evaluation Data retrieval (IP address) Domestic IP address Foreign IP address Describe the dilemma of the investigation If the case is special, we can call CIB to help contact with the diplomat Find the suspect 1. People 2. Agency 3. Public person
- 45. The clues of fake news in Taiwan 400 messages
- 46. The clues of fake news in Taiwan 228messages 152shares 1,846messages 1,085shares 183messages 108shares
- 47. The clues of fake news in Taiwan YouTube channels 1,830 messages
- 48. The clues of fake news in Taiwan Social websites (e.g. BBS, PTT, )
- 49. The prevention methods in Taiwan Cofacts MyGoPen Mei Yu Yi Rumor & Truth
- 50. The prevention methods in Taiwan Google forbids any political advertisement during the 2020 election. Facebook shows the contributor of the advertisement. Taiwan Factcheck Center 1. Reported 2. Media concern 3. misinformation Line Rumor Beat
- 51. The Dilemma & Difficulty Law (legal the business, news media exclusive of other people) Jurisdiction in Taiwan Technology (VPN, private group) Some Companies are not cooperative. Tons of messages(include pictures, videos) have to be checked. Limited resources
- 52. Freedom of speech Freedom of news The profits of the public The prevention of crime Both ends of the balance LawDemocracy
- 53. How can we do?
- 54. People, Process, Technology People Process Technology 1. The ecology of Country 2. Different ages 3. The distribution of messages 4. Popular issues 5. Media literacy(education) 1. ISP or website manager 2. AI on data mining 3. Algorithm 4. Detective methods 1. To make law. 2. SOP (Standard Operation Procedure) 3. The cooperation between government and NGO. 4. Make the right recipe. Sentimental analysis
- 55. Conclusion To the issue itself, we must have our judgement and thoughts!
- 56. Thanks for listening! Have a nice day!