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The document discusses key aspects of human-computer interaction (HCI), including understanding HCI, types of user interfaces, guidelines for dialog design, and designing queries. It covers topics like ensuring usability and user experience in HCI, different types of user interfaces like menus, forms, and graphical user interfaces. It provides guidelines for meaningful communication, minimal user actions, and consistency in dialog design. It also discusses different types of queries that can be performed on databases and methods for building more complex queries.

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Human Computer Interaction
Major Points • Understanding Human-Computer Interaction • Types of User Interfaces • Guidelines for Dialog Design • Designing Queries 2
Understanding Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) • Ensuring system functionality and usability, providing effective user interaction support and enhancing a pleasant user experience. • Its goal is to achieve Organizational and Individual use effectiveness and efficiency. • The main method of HCI in system analysis and design is to frequently get feedbacks from users about their experiences with prototyped design, refining the design based on the suggested changes and doing this again and again until the design is acceptable and feedback is being positive. 3
Terminologies • Fit • Task • Performance • Well-Being 4
Fit: • Basically a “ fit ” can be known as “ a perfect match ”. • A good fit between the HCI elements of the human, the computer and the task that needs to be performed leads to performance and well-being. • Better fit is meant to result in better performance and greater overall well-being for the human involved system. 5
6
Task • A task is a structure or unstructured , complex or simple routine which is done under an environment. • Complex tasks that require human, system, and task interaction are supported by ecommerce and Web systems, ERP systems, and wireless systems inside and outside of the organization. Performance • A combination of the efficiency involved in performing a task and the quality of the work that is produced by the task. • If the performance in the task is good then the performance of its outcome will be good as well. 7
Well-Being • Concern for a human’s overall comfort, safety and health. • Physical and Psychological aspects are also taken care. •E.g. Using CASE Tools for producing DFDs on a computer serves well-being to an analyst cause it’s a “ best fit “ of the analyst, software objective and computer. An analyst is working in an environment where s/he is physically comfortable and psychologically inspired to be creative and productive. 8
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) • It was proposed by Davis in 1989 and was refined and improved by Davis and others. • Its an approach to organize thinking about whether the user will accept and use the information technology. • It can be used before the system is developed or after the system is developed but for both the purpose is different. 9
• If TAM is used before development of system then it will be accomplished on the 2 keys. – Ease of use – Usefulness • If TAM is used after development then it will be used to shape a training program. 10
Designing for Cognitive Styles of Individual Users • Making sure data is made available in different forms – Tables – Graphs – Text 11
Pivot Tables • Allows a user to arrange data in a table in any way they choose • Gives users greater control over how they look at data in different ways within a table. • Pivot Table 12
Visual Analysis of Database • Visual Analysis includes GRAPHS to be developed from Spreadsheets and various Databases. • This approach is existing from 18th century. • Current software packages provide a variety of functionality with the graphs that is comparison, calculation, assumption etc. 13
Physical Considerations in HCI Design • Vision – HCI prospective tells to think on the limitation of human vision. – Factors such as distance from display to a person, angle of vision, color, font size, type of display, uniformity and placement etc. • Hearing – In an office noisy dot matrix printers and phone conversation will lead to overload hearing and personnel ipod players or noise canceling headphones will diminish their skill of work. – Analyst needs to consider noise while designing the office system. 14
Physical Considerations in HCI Design • Touch – Touch is all about the input devices that are used to enter data in a system. – For this the well know interfaces are Key board, mouse, touch screen, stylus touch etc. – According to the requirement these devices are updated to serve well-being to the users. 15
Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design • Users of a computer system may be having some disabilities or some physical limitation. • HCI approaches special software packages, hardware devices and concepts that can serve well-being to such special users. 16
• Blind or those with low vision – Braille keyboards – Special software that reads Web pages and other documents aloud – Screen magnifiers • Deaf or impaired hearing – Include access to written versions of the audio material – Headphones 17
• People with limited mobility – Use of speech input rather than keyboard – Use of see spot in place of mouse (Bio Medical) 18
Implementing good HCI practices • Matching the user interface to the task. • Making the user interface efficient • Providing appropriate feedback to users • Generating usable queries 19
Interfaces • Interface helps user to interact with the system. • The user interface has 2 main components: – PRESENTATION language – ACTION language 20
Types of User Interfaces • Natural-language interfaces • Question-and-answer interfaces • Menus • Form-fill interfaces • Command-language interfaces 21
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) • Web interfaces 22
Natural-Language Interfaces • Permit users to interact with the computer in their everyday or "natural" language • Implementation problems and extraordinary demand on computing resources have so far kept natural-language interfaces to a minimum 23
24
Question-and-Answer Interfaces • The computer displays a question to the user on the display • The user enters an answer through mouse click or keyboard stroke • The computer acts on that input information in a preprogrammed manner • Users unfamiliar with applications may find question-and-answer interfaces most comfortable 25
26
Menus • Provides the user with an onscreen list of available selections • Not hardware dependent • Can be put aside until the user wants to use them • Can be nested within one another to lead a user through options in a program • GUI menus • Object menu 27
28
GUI menus are used to control PC software and have following guidelines: • The main menu bar is always displayed • The main menu uses single words for menu items. Main menu options always display secondary pull-down menus. • The drop-down menus that display when a menu item is clicked often consist of more than 1 word. • Menu items in grey are unavailable for current activity. 29
Form-Fill Interfaces (Input/output Forms) • Onscreen forms or Web-based forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user. • This interface technique is also known as form-based method and input/output forms. • Advantage – The filled-in form provides excellent documentation • Disadvantage – Users experienced with the system or application may become impatient 30
31
Command-Language Interfaces • Allows the user to control the application with a series of keystrokes, commands, phrases, or some sequence of these • Affords the user more flexibility and control • Require memorization of syntax rules • May be an obstacle for inexperienced users 32
33
Graphical User Interfaces • A graphical user interface is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices with pictorial representation rather than text commands. • Provide users constant feedback on task accomplishment. Continuous feedback on the manipulated object means that changes or reveals in operations can be made quickly without incurring error messages • An appropriate model of reality or an acceptable conceptual model of the representation must be invented 34
Other User Interfaces • Pointing devices • Touch-sensitive screens • Speech recognition and synthesis 35
Guidelines for Dialog Design Key-points for designing good dialogs: • Meaningful communication • Minimal user action • Standard operation and consistency 36
Meaningful communication • It is because the computer understand what the people are entering and people understand what the computer is presenting. (e.g.) • The system should present information clearly to the user. • An appropriate title for each display, minimizing the use of abbreviations and providing clear user feedback. • Data in an edited format. (e.g. date , amount fields) • The cursor may change shape depending on the work being performed. 37
• Web-sites must display more text and instruction to guide the user through the sites. • Images must be used with the pop-up text or little bit description and all images must be labeled. • Status line is an another way of providing instruction for users. • Tool-tip is helpful to identifying the function of a command button. 38
Minimal User Action • Keying codes instead of whole words (e.g.) • Entering data that are not already stored on files (e.g.) • Supplying the editing characters (e.g. date , amount field) • Using default values for fields on entry screens • Designing an inquiry, change, or delete program so that the user needs to enter only the first few characters of a name or item description • Providing keystrokes for selecting pull-down menu options 39
• Use radio buttons and drop-down lists to control displays of new Web pages or to change Web forms • Provide cursor control for Web forms and other displays so the cursor moves to the next field when the right number of characters has been entered 40
Standard operation and consistency • Locating titles, date, time and feedback messages in the same places on all displays • Exiting each program by the same key or menu option • Canceling a transaction in a consistent way • Obtaining help in a standardized way • Standardizing the colors used for all displays or Web pages 41
• Standardizing the use of icons for similar operations • Using consistent terminology in a display or Web site • Providing a consistent way to navigate through the dialog • Using consistent font alignment, size, and color on a Web page • E.g. 42
Designing Queries • Help reduce users’ time spend in querying the database • Help them find the data they want • Six different types of queries are among the most common 43
It Is Possible to Perform Six Basic Types of Queries on a Table that Contains Entities, Attributes, and Values 44
Query Types Query Type 1 • What is the value of a specified attribute for a particular entity? • The purpose of the query is to find the value. • Query Notation • V  (E, A) 45
V  (E, A) Query Type 1 – What did employee number 72888 make in year 2009? 46
Query Types Query Type 2 • What entity has a specified value for a particular attribute? • Because values can also be numeric, it is possible to search for a value =,>,>=,<,<= etc… • Query Notation • E  (V, A) 47
E  (V, A) Query Type 2 – What employee(s) earned more than $50,000 in 2009? 48
Query Types Query Type 3 • What attribute(s) has a specified value for a particular entity? • Query Notation • A  (V, E) 49
A  (V, E) Query Type 3 – What years did employee number 72845 make over $50,000? 50
Query Types Query Type 4 • List all the values for all the attributes for a particular entity. • Query Notation • All V  (E, all A) 51
all V  (E, all A) Query Type 4 – list all the details in the earnings history file for employee number 72888. 52
Query Types Query Type 5 • List all entities that have a specified value for all attributes. • Query Notation • All E  (V, all A) 53
all E  (V, all A) Query Type 5 – List all employees whose earnings exceeded $50,000 in any of the years available. 54
Query Types Query Type 6 • List all the attributes that have a specified value for all entities. • Query Notation • All A  (V, all E) 55
all A  (V, all E) Query Type 6 – List all the years for which earnings exceeded $40,000 for all employees in the company. 56
Building More Complex Queries • Arithmetic operations are performed first • Exponentiation • Either multiplication or division • Addition or subtraction • Comparative operations are performed • GT, LT , and others • Boolean operations are performed • AND and OR 57
Query Methods • Query By Example (QBE) – The database fields are selected and displayed in a grid, and requested query values are either entered in the field area or below the field. • Structured Query Language (SQL) – uses a series of words and commands to select the rows and columns that should be displayed in the resulting table. 58
Query By Example Using Microsoft Access 59
Structured Query Language (SQL) for the CUSTOMER NAME Parameter Query (Figure 14.23) 60
THANK YOU !!!
Description: This tab control dialog box has seven tabs. The chosen tab “Paper” appears as if it is in front of the other tabs 62 back
Description: This tab control dialog box has seven tabs. The chosen tab “Paper” appears as if it is in front of the other tabs 63 back
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More Related Content

Final

  • 2. Major Points • Understanding Human-Computer Interaction • Types of User Interfaces • Guidelines for Dialog Design • Designing Queries 2
  • 3. Understanding Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) • Ensuring system functionality and usability, providing effective user interaction support and enhancing a pleasant user experience. • Its goal is to achieve Organizational and Individual use effectiveness and efficiency. • The main method of HCI in system analysis and design is to frequently get feedbacks from users about their experiences with prototyped design, refining the design based on the suggested changes and doing this again and again until the design is acceptable and feedback is being positive. 3
  • 4. Terminologies • Fit • Task • Performance • Well-Being 4
  • 5. Fit: • Basically a “ fit ” can be known as “ a perfect match ”. • A good fit between the HCI elements of the human, the computer and the task that needs to be performed leads to performance and well-being. • Better fit is meant to result in better performance and greater overall well-being for the human involved system. 5
  • 6. 6
  • 7. Task • A task is a structure or unstructured , complex or simple routine which is done under an environment. • Complex tasks that require human, system, and task interaction are supported by ecommerce and Web systems, ERP systems, and wireless systems inside and outside of the organization. Performance • A combination of the efficiency involved in performing a task and the quality of the work that is produced by the task. • If the performance in the task is good then the performance of its outcome will be good as well. 7
  • 8. Well-Being • Concern for a human’s overall comfort, safety and health. • Physical and Psychological aspects are also taken care. •E.g. Using CASE Tools for producing DFDs on a computer serves well-being to an analyst cause it’s a “ best fit “ of the analyst, software objective and computer. An analyst is working in an environment where s/he is physically comfortable and psychologically inspired to be creative and productive. 8
  • 9. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) • It was proposed by Davis in 1989 and was refined and improved by Davis and others. • Its an approach to organize thinking about whether the user will accept and use the information technology. • It can be used before the system is developed or after the system is developed but for both the purpose is different. 9
  • 10. • If TAM is used before development of system then it will be accomplished on the 2 keys. – Ease of use – Usefulness • If TAM is used after development then it will be used to shape a training program. 10
  • 11. Designing for Cognitive Styles of Individual Users • Making sure data is made available in different forms – Tables – Graphs – Text 11
  • 12. Pivot Tables • Allows a user to arrange data in a table in any way they choose • Gives users greater control over how they look at data in different ways within a table. • Pivot Table 12
  • 13. Visual Analysis of Database • Visual Analysis includes GRAPHS to be developed from Spreadsheets and various Databases. • This approach is existing from 18th century. • Current software packages provide a variety of functionality with the graphs that is comparison, calculation, assumption etc. 13
  • 14. Physical Considerations in HCI Design • Vision – HCI prospective tells to think on the limitation of human vision. – Factors such as distance from display to a person, angle of vision, color, font size, type of display, uniformity and placement etc. • Hearing – In an office noisy dot matrix printers and phone conversation will lead to overload hearing and personnel ipod players or noise canceling headphones will diminish their skill of work. – Analyst needs to consider noise while designing the office system. 14
  • 15. Physical Considerations in HCI Design • Touch – Touch is all about the input devices that are used to enter data in a system. – For this the well know interfaces are Key board, mouse, touch screen, stylus touch etc. – According to the requirement these devices are updated to serve well-being to the users. 15
  • 16. Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design • Users of a computer system may be having some disabilities or some physical limitation. • HCI approaches special software packages, hardware devices and concepts that can serve well-being to such special users. 16
  • 17. • Blind or those with low vision – Braille keyboards – Special software that reads Web pages and other documents aloud – Screen magnifiers • Deaf or impaired hearing – Include access to written versions of the audio material – Headphones 17
  • 18. • People with limited mobility – Use of speech input rather than keyboard – Use of see spot in place of mouse (Bio Medical) 18
  • 19. Implementing good HCI practices • Matching the user interface to the task. • Making the user interface efficient • Providing appropriate feedback to users • Generating usable queries 19
  • 20. Interfaces • Interface helps user to interact with the system. • The user interface has 2 main components: – PRESENTATION language – ACTION language 20
  • 21. Types of User Interfaces • Natural-language interfaces • Question-and-answer interfaces • Menus • Form-fill interfaces • Command-language interfaces 21
  • 22. • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) • Web interfaces 22
  • 23. Natural-Language Interfaces • Permit users to interact with the computer in their everyday or "natural" language • Implementation problems and extraordinary demand on computing resources have so far kept natural-language interfaces to a minimum 23
  • 24. 24
  • 25. Question-and-Answer Interfaces • The computer displays a question to the user on the display • The user enters an answer through mouse click or keyboard stroke • The computer acts on that input information in a preprogrammed manner • Users unfamiliar with applications may find question-and-answer interfaces most comfortable 25
  • 26. 26
  • 27. Menus • Provides the user with an onscreen list of available selections • Not hardware dependent • Can be put aside until the user wants to use them • Can be nested within one another to lead a user through options in a program • GUI menus • Object menu 27
  • 28. 28
  • 29. GUI menus are used to control PC software and have following guidelines: • The main menu bar is always displayed • The main menu uses single words for menu items. Main menu options always display secondary pull-down menus. • The drop-down menus that display when a menu item is clicked often consist of more than 1 word. • Menu items in grey are unavailable for current activity. 29
  • 30. Form-Fill Interfaces (Input/output Forms) • Onscreen forms or Web-based forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user. • This interface technique is also known as form-based method and input/output forms. • Advantage – The filled-in form provides excellent documentation • Disadvantage – Users experienced with the system or application may become impatient 30
  • 31. 31
  • 32. Command-Language Interfaces • Allows the user to control the application with a series of keystrokes, commands, phrases, or some sequence of these • Affords the user more flexibility and control • Require memorization of syntax rules • May be an obstacle for inexperienced users 32
  • 33. 33
  • 34. Graphical User Interfaces • A graphical user interface is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices with pictorial representation rather than text commands. • Provide users constant feedback on task accomplishment. Continuous feedback on the manipulated object means that changes or reveals in operations can be made quickly without incurring error messages • An appropriate model of reality or an acceptable conceptual model of the representation must be invented 34
  • 35. Other User Interfaces • Pointing devices • Touch-sensitive screens • Speech recognition and synthesis 35
  • 36. Guidelines for Dialog Design Key-points for designing good dialogs: • Meaningful communication • Minimal user action • Standard operation and consistency 36
  • 37. Meaningful communication • It is because the computer understand what the people are entering and people understand what the computer is presenting. (e.g.) • The system should present information clearly to the user. • An appropriate title for each display, minimizing the use of abbreviations and providing clear user feedback. • Data in an edited format. (e.g. date , amount fields) • The cursor may change shape depending on the work being performed. 37
  • 38. • Web-sites must display more text and instruction to guide the user through the sites. • Images must be used with the pop-up text or little bit description and all images must be labeled. • Status line is an another way of providing instruction for users. • Tool-tip is helpful to identifying the function of a command button. 38
  • 39. Minimal User Action • Keying codes instead of whole words (e.g.) • Entering data that are not already stored on files (e.g.) • Supplying the editing characters (e.g. date , amount field) • Using default values for fields on entry screens • Designing an inquiry, change, or delete program so that the user needs to enter only the first few characters of a name or item description • Providing keystrokes for selecting pull-down menu options 39
  • 40. • Use radio buttons and drop-down lists to control displays of new Web pages or to change Web forms • Provide cursor control for Web forms and other displays so the cursor moves to the next field when the right number of characters has been entered 40
  • 41. Standard operation and consistency • Locating titles, date, time and feedback messages in the same places on all displays • Exiting each program by the same key or menu option • Canceling a transaction in a consistent way • Obtaining help in a standardized way • Standardizing the colors used for all displays or Web pages 41
  • 42. • Standardizing the use of icons for similar operations • Using consistent terminology in a display or Web site • Providing a consistent way to navigate through the dialog • Using consistent font alignment, size, and color on a Web page • E.g. 42
  • 43. Designing Queries • Help reduce users’ time spend in querying the database • Help them find the data they want • Six different types of queries are among the most common 43
  • 44. It Is Possible to Perform Six Basic Types of Queries on a Table that Contains Entities, Attributes, and Values 44
  • 45. Query Types Query Type 1 • What is the value of a specified attribute for a particular entity? • The purpose of the query is to find the value. • Query Notation • V  (E, A) 45
  • 46. V  (E, A) Query Type 1 – What did employee number 72888 make in year 2009? 46
  • 47. Query Types Query Type 2 • What entity has a specified value for a particular attribute? • Because values can also be numeric, it is possible to search for a value =,>,>=,<,<= etc… • Query Notation • E  (V, A) 47
  • 48. E  (V, A) Query Type 2 – What employee(s) earned more than $50,000 in 2009? 48
  • 49. Query Types Query Type 3 • What attribute(s) has a specified value for a particular entity? • Query Notation • A  (V, E) 49
  • 50. A  (V, E) Query Type 3 – What years did employee number 72845 make over $50,000? 50
  • 51. Query Types Query Type 4 • List all the values for all the attributes for a particular entity. • Query Notation • All V  (E, all A) 51
  • 52. all V  (E, all A) Query Type 4 – list all the details in the earnings history file for employee number 72888. 52
  • 53. Query Types Query Type 5 • List all entities that have a specified value for all attributes. • Query Notation • All E  (V, all A) 53
  • 54. all E  (V, all A) Query Type 5 – List all employees whose earnings exceeded $50,000 in any of the years available. 54
  • 55. Query Types Query Type 6 • List all the attributes that have a specified value for all entities. • Query Notation • All A  (V, all E) 55
  • 56. all A  (V, all E) Query Type 6 – List all the years for which earnings exceeded $40,000 for all employees in the company. 56
  • 57. Building More Complex Queries • Arithmetic operations are performed first • Exponentiation • Either multiplication or division • Addition or subtraction • Comparative operations are performed • GT, LT , and others • Boolean operations are performed • AND and OR 57
  • 58. Query Methods • Query By Example (QBE) – The database fields are selected and displayed in a grid, and requested query values are either entered in the field area or below the field. • Structured Query Language (SQL) – uses a series of words and commands to select the rows and columns that should be displayed in the resulting table. 58
  • 59. Query By Example Using Microsoft Access 59
  • 60. Structured Query Language (SQL) for the CUSTOMER NAME Parameter Query (Figure 14.23) 60
  • 62. Description: This tab control dialog box has seven tabs. The chosen tab “Paper” appears as if it is in front of the other tabs 62 back
  • 63. Description: This tab control dialog box has seven tabs. The chosen tab “Paper” appears as if it is in front of the other tabs 63 back