Socialization
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Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the rules of society and prepare to participate within it. It involves both biological and environmental factors interacting in complex ways. Key agents of socialization include family, school, peers, religion, and mass media. Throughout life, people may undergo resocialization when taking on new roles requires significant changes to their customary behaviors and perspectives.
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Socialization
- 2. SocializationThe lifelong process through which people are prepared to participate in societyBy studying how people learn the rules of society, we hope to better understand why people think and act as they do
- 3. Nature-Nurture DebateControversy over the extent to which behavior results from predetermined biological characteristics or from socialization
- 4. Nature-Nurture DebateSociologyStudy of biological and genetic determinants of behaviorInstincts – patterns of reflexes that occur in animalsNo powerful, fixed drives or instincts have been discovered in humans
- 5. Nature-Nurture DebateMoney (1980)Environmental factors become part of our biology when we perceive themWhen information enters our minds, it is translated into a biochemical formInformation stored in the brain can cause physiological changes in the body
- 6. Social IsolationInfants and social interaction
- 7. Social IsolationFeral childrenWild boy of Aveyron, France 1800TraianCaldarar, Romania 2002
- 8. Social IsolationChildren in institutions
- 9. Social IsolationAbused and neglected childrenGenie
- 10. Development of SelfMeadThe unique feature of the human mind is its capacity to use symbolsHuman development proceeds from this abilityA self develops through language and interactionSymbolic interaction
- 11. Development of Self“The self is something which has a development; it is not initially there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.”
- 12. Development of SelfRole taking – process of figuring out how others will actPlay – three stages through which the self emerges
- 13. Development of SelfPreparatory stage – children are only capable of imitationPlay stage – children begin to take on the role of others significant in their livesGame stage – children are capable of understanding not only one role, but the roles of several individuals simultaneously
- 14. Development of SelfMeadGeneralized other – the organized community or social group that provides reference for one’s behaviorI & MeI – not self consciousMe – part of the self that see the self as object; concerned with society’s expectations
- 15. Development of SelfCooleyLooking-glass self – the self develops in a process that requires reference to other peopleHow we think our behavior appears to othersHow we think others judge our behaviorsHow we feel about their judgmentsWhen we refer to ourselves we are usually referring to our looking-glass selvesMerton’s self-fulfilling prophecy
- 16. Development of SelfGoffmanPresentation of self – the way we present ourselves gives other people clues about the type of interaction we expect
- 17. Development of SelfDramaturgical approachBackstage and onstageActors and audience
- 18. Development of SelfGoffmanMaintaining the selfExcuses & disclaimersWe expect others to maintain their roles, when this does not happen we react emotionallyGroups agree to uphold roles, failure to do so can result in an emotional reaction
- 19. Major Agents of SocializationFamilySchoolPeer groupsReligionMass media
- 20. Socialization as Adults“Training” for new rolesResocializationNecessitated by a major break in a person’s customary life