Child development revision 1

This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding the development of traits in humans. It explains that heredity, through the transmission of genes from parents to offspring, plays a key role in determining traits like height and eye color. However, the impact of one's environment through factors like education and living conditions is also influential. Twin studies are often used to help understand the relative impact of nature vs nurture, by comparing identical twins who share all genes to fraternal twins who only share some. Questions remain about the influence of heredity and environment on traits like intelligence, personality and psychological disorders.

Growth and development follow predictable patterns and sequences from head to toe and center to periphery. Growth is continuous but uneven, influenced by both nature and nurture like genetics and environment. Development involves maturation and learning, resulting in changes over time from general to specific movements and abilities in a normal sequence across physical, mental, emotional and social domains.

This document summarizes several theories of social and emotional development: 1. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development which outlines 8 stages from infancy to adulthood centered around resolving crises of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry and more. 2. Bandura's social learning theory which emphasizes observational learning and reinforcement. It involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. 3. Kohlberg's theory of moral development has 3 levels from obedience to social order and justice. It examines how children's understanding of morality progresses through 6 stages from punishment avoidance to upholding laws and ethical principles.

Growth refers to dimensional augmentation, cellular multiplication, or quantitative changes in size, weight, and number. Development involves a progressive, orderly series of changes leading to maturity. The key differences between growth and development are: (1) Growth refers to changes in quantitative aspects like size, while development refers to qualitative changes resulting in improved functioning. (2) Growth stops at maturity but development is continuous throughout life. (3) Development is a broader term that can include growth as one aspect, but also includes physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes.

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who spent decades studying children's cognitive development and is best known for his theory of cognitive development. Some key points of his theory include: - He identified 4 main stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. - He believed that knowledge is constructed by learners through hands-on experiences and interactions with the environment. - Important concepts in his theory include schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium, and disequilibrium which describe how children incorporate new information and experiences into their existing understanding of the world. - His work has had a large influence on constructivist approaches in education which aim to actively engage students in

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who developed a theory of cognitive development in children. He observed his own children from infancy and developed a four stage model: sensorimotor (birth to age 2), preoperational (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (age 11 and up). In each stage, children develop new cognitive abilities as they interact with the world, such as object permanence, language development, logical thinking, and abstract reasoning. Piaget believed cognitive development was driven by biological maturation and environmental experiences that create challenges for children's understanding.

Cognitive theory views thinking, remembering, and decision making as underlying behaviors. It was created in reaction to behaviorism to acknowledge the role of thinking in behavior. Key theorists include Allan Paivio, who proposed dual coding theory of verbal and visual processing, Robert Gagne, who identified learning categories and principles of instruction, and Howard Gardner, who proposed multiple intelligences. The cognitive theory emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding rather than passively receiving information.

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This document discusses physical and motor development in children and adolescents. It defines physical and motor skills and identifies stages of development from infancy to adulthood. During childhood, motor skills develop from large muscle movements to smaller, more refined movements. Fine motor skills involve smaller muscle groups while gross motor skills use larger muscle groups. The document provides examples of activities to develop both fine and gross motor skills. Physical development accelerates during adolescence through growth spurts and the onset of puberty bringing sexual maturity. Overall development follows predictable patterns but individuals vary in their needs and styles at each stage.