3D-ICONS Guidelines

44
GUIDELINES
First published in 2014 by 3D-ICONS
©3D-ICONS
Design and layout by: Ian McCarthy
Printed in Ireland by: Paceprint, Shaws Lane, Sandymount, Dublin 4, Ireland
3D-ICONS is a project funded under the European Commission’s ICT Policy Support Programme,
project no. 297194.
The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are the sole responsibility of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.

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CONTENTS
Introduction 06
Guidelines 08
3D Data Capture Techniques 10
Short range techniques 11
Long & mid range techniques 13
Multi Scale Image Based Methods 14
Post Processing of 3D Content 18
Post-Process A - Geometric reconstruction 18
Post-Process B - Model structuring 23
Post Process C - Visual enrichment of 3D models 24
Post Process D - Hypothetical reconstruction 25
Creating complementary 2D media (derived from the 3D model) 26
3D Publishing Methodology 28
Online publication technologies 29
IPR Considerations 35

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Metadata 36
CARARE 2.0 Metadata Schema 37
Resources for CARARE Metadata Creation 40
Relating Metadata to Europeana 43
LICENSING & IPR Considerations 44
IPR & the 3D pipeline 45
Access Agreement 46
CREATIVE COMMONS 48
Appendix 1: Additional 3D-ICONS RESOURCES 50
Appendix 2: Project Partners 52

Introduction
Public fascination with the architectural and archaeological heritage is well
known, it is proven to be one of the main reasons for tourism according to the UN
World Tourism Organisation. Historic buildings and archaeological monuments
form a signicant component Europe’s cultural heritage; they are the physical
testimonies of European history and of the dierent events that led to the
creation of the European landscape, as we know it today.
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The documentation of built heritage increasingly avails of 3D scanning and other remote sensing
technologies, which produces digital replicas in an accurate and fast way. Such digital models have a large
range of uses, from the conservation and preservation of monuments to the communication of their cultural
value to the public. They may also support in-depth analysis of their architectural and artistic features as well
as allow the production of interpretive reconstructions of their past appearance.
The goal of the 3D-ICONS project, funded under the European Commission’s ICT Policy Support Programme
which builds on the results of CARARE (www.carare.eu) and 3D-COFORM (www.3d-coform.eu), is to provide
Europeana with 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments of remarkable cultural
importance. The project brings together 16 partners (see appendix 2) from across Europe (11 countries) with
relevant expertise in 3D modelling and digitization. The main purpose of this project is to produce around
4000 accurate 3D models which have to be processed into a simplied form in order to be visualized on low
end personal computers and on the web.
The structure of this publication has been created with two distinct sections:
Guidelines: Documentation of the digitisation, modelling and online access pipeline for the creation
o f online 3d models of cultural heritage objects.
Case Studies: 28 examples of 3D content creation by the 3D-ICONS partners across a range of
monuments, architectural features and artefacts.
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4407
IMAGE OF 3D CAPTURED DATA E.G. POINT CLOUD, MESH model of
CHRYSIPPUS HEAD
Greyscale radiance scaling shaded version of the Church of
the Holy Apostles 3D model
THE CENACLE COMPLEX - Xray filter view re-coloured, generated by meshlab

Guidelines
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The 3D-ICONS project exploits existing tools and methodologies and integrates
them in a complete supply chain of 3D digitization to contribute a signicant
mass of 3D content to Europeana. These guidelines aim to document this
complete pipeline which covers all technical and logistic aspects to create
3D models of cultural heritage objects with no established digitization.
Each section of these guidelines corresponds to one of the ve interlinked stages of the 3D-ICONS pipeline:
1. 3D Data Capture Techniques
2. Post Processing of 3D Content
3. 3D Publishing Methodology
4. Metadata
5. Licensing IPR Considerations
When reading the guidelines it is important to understand that each stage in the processing pipeline is
interrelated, and therefore one should look at the pipeline as a holistic approach to the challenge of
capturing and presenting 3D models of cultural heritage models. Data capture, post processing and
3D publishing activities normally occur sequentially after each other.
The direction of these activities is not only towards the nal online 3D model. In carrying out your own 3D
heritage eorts, one should also consider the nal potential publishing methodology, and travel back up the
supply chain to identify what are the most appropriate capture and modelling techniques to provide this
online 3D solution. The processes involved with the creation of metadata and the selection of appropriate
data licensing should be integrated at all stages of the pipeline.
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Capture MODELLING ONLINE DELIVERY
METADATA
LICENSING
These guidelines are a product of the eort of all project partners’ and are the synthesis of several project
publications (see appendix 1) which can be consulted for in-depth documentation of the dierent
components of the pipeline. The guidelines do not represent an exhaustive list of all the potential
processing paths but provide, describe and explore the solutions provided by the 3D-ICONS project.
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3D Data Capture Techniques
METADATA
In recent years the development of technologies and techniques for the surface data capture of
three-dimensional artefacts and monuments has allowed both geometrical and structural information to be
documented. Several approaches have been developed, each of which addresses dierent circumstances and
records dierent characteristics of the 3D artefact or monument.
ACTIVE METHODS
3D Data CAPTURE
PASSIVE METHODS
IMAGE BASED
METHODS
LASER SCANNING STRUCTURED LIGHT RANGE SENSING
TIME OF FLIGHT PHASE SHIFT
At present there is a wide range of 3D acquisition
technologies, which can be generally classied
into contact and non-contact systems. Contact
systems are not popular in the Cultural Heritage
(CH) domain as they require physical contact with
potentially fragile artefacts and structures.
In contrast, non-contact systems have been used
over the last decade in many CH digitisation
projects with success. Non-contact systems are
divided into active (those which emit their own
electromagnetic energy for surface detection)
and passive (those which utilise ambient
electromagnetic energy for surface detection).
Taxonomy of 3D data capture techniques
LICENSING
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Active range-sensing instruments work without contact with the artefact and hence full the requirement that recording devices
will not potentially damage the artefact. In addition, their luminous intensity is limited to relatively small values and thus does
not cause material damage (e.g. by bleaching pigments). These two properties make them particularly adapted for the
applications in CH, where non-invasive and non-destructive analyses are crucial for the protection of heritage.
The capabilities of the dierent technologies vary in terms of several criteria which must be considered and balanced when
formulating appropriate campaign strategies. These include:
• Resolution – the minimum quantitative distance between two consecutive measurements.
• Accuracy - what is the maximum level of recorded accuracy?
• Range – how close or far away can the device record and object?
• Sampling rate – the minimum time between two consecutive measurements?
• Cost – what is the expense of the equipment and software to purchase or lease?
• Operational environmental conditions – in what conditions will this method work, i.e. is a dark working
environment required?
• Skill requirements – is extensive training required to carry out the data capture technique?
• Use – what the 3D data will be used for, i.e. scientic analysis or visualisation?
• Material – from what substance is the artefact/monument fabricated?
There are signicant variations between the capabilities of dierent approaches. For example, triangulation techniques can
produce greater accuracy than time-of-ight, but can only be used at relatively short range. Where great accuracy is a
requirement, this can normally only be achieved with close access to the heritage object to be digitized ( 1m). If physical
access to the artefact is dicult or requires the construction of special scaolding, other constraints need consideration (e.g.
using an alternative non-invasive techniques). Alternatively, if physical access is impractical without unacceptable levels of
invasive methods, then sensing from a greater distance maybe required utilising direct distance measurement techniques (TOF,
Phase Deviation) leading to less accurate results. When selecting the appropriate methodology, consideration must also be given
to the length of time available to carry out the data collection process and the relative speed of data capture of each technology.
Short Range Techniques
Laser Triangulation (LT)
One of the most widely used active acquisition methods is Laser Triangulation (LT). The method is based on an instrument that
carries a laser source and an optical detector. The laser source emits light in the form of a spot, a line or a pattern on the surface of
the object while the optical detector captures the deformations of the light pattern due to the surface’s morphology. The depth
is computed by using the triangulation principle. Laser scanners are known for their high accuracy in geometry measurements
(50m) and dense sampling (100m). Current LT systems are able to oer perfect match between distance measurements and
colour information. The method being used proposes the combination of three laser beams (each with a wavelength close to one
of the three primary colours) into an optical bre. The acquisition system is able to capture both geometry and colour using
the same composite laser beam while being unaected by ambient lighting and shadows.
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Camera
Collecting
lens
Projection
lens
Laser Source
Object
BasEline
Structured Light (SL)
Structured Light (SL) - also known as fringe
projection systems - is another popular active
acquisition method that is based on
projecting a sequence of dierent alternated
dark and bright stripes onto the surface of an
object and extracting the 3D geometry by
monitoring the deformations of each pattern.
By examining the edges of each line in the
pattern, the distance from the scanner to the
object’s surface is calculated by trigonometric
triangulation. Signicant research has been
carried out on the projection of fringe patterns
that are suitable for maximizing the
measurement resolution. Current research is
focused on developing SL systems that are
able to capture 3D surfaces in real-time. This is
achieved by increasing the speed of projection
patterns and capturing algorithms.
SHAPED OBJECT
LIGHT STRIPE
OBJECT PIXEL
MATRIX CAMERA
TRIANGULATION BASE
STRIPE NUMBER
STRIPE PROJECTOR
CAMERA PIXEL
Diagram illustrating the principles of laser triangulation (LT) based range devices
Diagram illustrating the principles of structured light (SL) measurement devices
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-3.00
Intensity
Inside Instrument
STOP START
n s
-2.00 -1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
OVERVIEW
Lens Outside Instrument
Distance
DISTANCE
Light Emitted Light Returned History of Emitted Light Phase Shift
0.00
Measurement
Object
“ns stop watch”
transmitter
detector
receiver
S
Long Mid Range Techniques
Time of Flight (TOF)
Time-Of-Flight (TOF) - also known as terrestrial laser scanning - is an active method commonly used for the 3D digitisation of
architectural heritage (e.g. an urban area of cultural importance, a monument, an excavation, etc). The method relies on a laser
rangender which is used to detect the distance of a surface by timing the round-trip time of a light pulse. By rotating the laser
and sensor (usually via a mirror), the scanner can scan up to a full 360 degrees around itself. The accuracy of such systems is
related to the precision of its timer. For longer distances (modern systems allow the measurement of ranges up to 6km), TOF
systems provide excellent results. An alternative approach to TOF scanning is Phase-Shift (PS), also an active acquisition method,
used in closer range distance measurements systems. Again they are based on the round trip of the laser pulse but instead of
timing the trip they measure the wavelength phase dierence between the outgoing and return laser pulse to provide a more
precise measurement.
Diagram illustrating the principles of time of flight (TOF) measurement devices
Diagram illustrating the principles of phase shift (PS) measurement devices
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A B
Ia
Ib
Pa
Image overlap
Model
Pb
Multi Scale Image based Methods
Traditional Photogrammetry
Image-based methods can be considered as the passive version of SL. In principle, image-based methods involve stereo
calibration, feature extraction, feature correspondence analysis and depth computation based on corresponding points.
It is a simple and low cost (in terms of equipment) approach, but it involves the challenging task of correctly identifying
common points between images. Photogrammetry is the primary image-based method that is used to determine the 2D and
3D geometric properties of the objects that are visible in an image set. The determination of the attitude, the position and the
intrinsic geometric characteristics of the camera is known as the fundamental photogrammetric problem. It can be described
as the determination of camera interior and exterior orientation parameters, as well as the determination of the 3D
coordinates of points on the images. Photogrammetry can be divided into two categories. These are the aerial and the
terrestrial photogrammetry.
In aerial photogrammetry, images are acquired via overhead shots from an aircraft or an UAV, whilst in terrestrial
photogrammetry images are captured from locations near or on the surface of the earth. Additionally, when the object size
and the distance between the camera and object are less than 100m then terrestrial photogrammetry is also dened as close
range photogrammetry. The accuracy of photogrammetric measurements is largely a function of the camera’s optics quality
and sensor resolution. Current commercial and open photogrammetric software solutions are able to quickly perform tasks
such as camera calibration, epipolar geometry computations and textured map 3D mesh generation. Common digital images
can be used and under suitable conditions high accuracy measurements can be obtained. The method can be considered
objective and reliable. Using modern software solutions it can be relatively simple to apply and has a low cost. When
combined with accurate measurements derived from a total station for example it can produce models of high accuracy
for scales of 1:100 and even higher.
Overlapping area of images captured at A and B are resolved within the 3D model space to enable the precise and accurate
measurement of the model
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L1 L2
44
Airbase
f f
o1
b1 b2 t1 t2

o2
02
The basic principle of stereo photogrammetry. The building appears in two images, taken at L and L2 respectively. The top of
the buildiing is represented by the points a1 and a2 and the base by b1 and b2
01
T
B
Semi Automated Image Based Methods
In recent times, the increase in the computation power has allowed the introduction of semi automated image-based methods.
Such an example is the combination of Structure-From-Motion (SFM) and Dense Multi-View 3D Reconstruction (DMVR) methods.
They can be considered as the current extension of image-based methods. Over the last few years a number of software
solutions implementing the SFM-DMVR algorithms from unordered image collections have been made available to the broad
public. More specically SFM is considered an extension of stereo vision, where instead of image pairs the method attempts to
reconstruct depth from a number of unordered images that depict a static scene or an object from arbitrary viewpoints.
Apart from the feature extraction phase, the trajectories of corresponding features over the image collection are also computed.
The method mainly uses the corresponding features, which are shared between dierent images that depict overlapping areas,
to calculate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the camera. These parameters are related to the focal length, the image
format, the principal point, the lens distortion coecients, the location of the projection centre and the image orientation in
3D space. Many systems involve the bundle adjustment method in order to improve the accuracy of calculating the camera
trajectory within the image collection, minimise the projection error and prevent the error-built up of the camera
position tracking.
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q11 q1i
P Camera 1
Q1 Qj
q2j
Camera 2
1
q21
P 2
qi1 qij
Camera i Pi
Diagram illustrating the principles of structure from motion (SFM) measurement from multiple overlapping images
Example of SFM methodology illustration the orientation and number of overlapping images utilised in the modeling of a
building (CETI)
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The resulting 3D point cloud data sets derived using SFM (CETI)
Software Comments
Web-service where the user uploads an image collection and the system returns
a dense 3D reconstruction of the scene. The resulting 3D reconstruction is
created using cloud computing technology and can be parsed by Meshlab
Service is a part of a set of tools that are freely oered by the company and aim
towards the ecient creation and publishing of 3D content on the Web. Their
service can be accessed by a dedicated 3D data viewing-processing software
tool that recently has been made available for the iOS mobile platform
Web-based 3D reconstruction from images service. The user can upload the
images through the Website’s interface without the need of downloading any
standalone software application
Reconstructs the content of an image collection as a 3D dense point cloud but it
requires the positioning of specic photogrammetric targets around the scene
in order to calibrate the camera
Open source solution to create 3D models from photographs. The software
doesn’t provide a DMVR option, but allows the user to manually create low
complexity 3D meshes that can be textured automatically (image
back-projection) by the software
SFM-DMVR software solution can merge the independent depth maps of all
images and then produce a single vertex painted point cloud that can be
converted to a triangulated 3D mesh of dierent densities
Software is able to create 3D digital elevation models from image collections
captured by UAVs. The software is being oered as a standalone application or
as a Web-service
Automatic Reconstruction Conduit
ARC 3D www.arc3d.be
123D Catch (Autodesk)
www.123dapp.com/catch
Hypr3D (Viztu Technologies)
www.hypr3d.com
PhotoModeler Scanner (Eos Systems)
www.photomodeler.com
Insight3D
insight3d.sourceforge.net
PhotoScan (Agisoft)
www.agisoft.ru
Pix4D
pix4d.com
17
There are many instances of SFM and DMVR software which are summarised in the table above

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Post Processing of 3D
METADATA
LICENSING
3D post-processing is a complex procedure consisting of a sequence of processing steps that result in the
direct improvement of acquired 3D data (by laser scanning, photogrammetry), and its transformation into
visually enriched (and in some cases semantically structured) geometric representations. Post-processing
also allows the creation of multiple 3D models starting from the same gathered data according to the
desired application, level of detail and other additional criteria. The results of the post-processing phase
are 3D geometric representations accompanied by complementary 2D media, which are the digital assets
ready to be converted (or embedded) into the nal web publishing formats.
Post-Process A - Geometric reconstruction
Geometric reconstruction is the essential processing step for the elaboration of a 3D representation of an artefact or monument
following the capture of 3D digitisation. This can be achieved using several relevant techniques which must be chosen
based upon:
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Automatic meshing from a dense 3D point cloud
The simple criteria for choosing and evaluating a relevant 3D geometric reconstruction technique is the degree of consistency
of the 3D model compared to the real object. These guidelines are primarily concerned with the creation of 3D models from
digitised data therefore this processing method will focus upon the automated meshing of 3D data from point-cloud data.
However, additional methods are available for the 3D reconstruction, including (in order of level of approximation
to reality):
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Point cloud data
Once an artefact and monuments has been digitised the initial results (raw data) can be represented by a series of three dimen-sional
data points in a coordinate system commonly called a point cloud. The processing of point clouds involves cleaning and
the alignment phases. The cleaning phase involves the removal of all the non-desired data. Non-desired data would include
the poorly captured surface areas (e.g. high deviation between laser beam and surface’s normal), the areas that belong to other
objects (e.g. survey apparatus, people), the outlying points and any other badly captured areas.
Another common characteristic of the raw data is noise. Noise can be described as the random spatial displacement of vertices
around the actual surface that is being digitised. Compared to active scanning techniques such as laser scanning, image based
techniques suer more from noise artefacts. Noise ltering is in an essential step that requires cautious application as it eects
the ne morphological details been described by the data.
Image of intenity shaded point cloud model of Cahergal stone fort (DiscoveRy Programme)
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Processing mesh data
The next stage in the processing pipeline is the production of a surfaced or “wrapped” 3D model. The transformation of point
cloud data into a surface of triangular meshes is the procedure of grouping triplets of point cloud vertices to compose a triangle.
The representation of a point cloud as a triangular mesh does not eliminate the noise being carried by the data. Nevertheless,
the noise ltering of a triangular mesh is more ecient in terms of algorithm development due to the known surface topology
and the surface normal vectors of the neighbouring triangles. Several processes must be completed to produce a topologically
correct 3D mesh model.
Image of point cloud data set and subsequent derived mesh model (DiscoveRy Programme)
Mesh Cleaning
Incomplete or problematic data from digitising an object in three dimensions is another common situation. Discontinuities
(e.g. holes) in the data are introduced in each partial scan due to occlusions, accessibility limitation or even challenging surface
properties. The procedure of lling holes is handled in two steps. The rst step is to identify the areas that contain missing data.
For small regions, this can be achieved automatically using currently available 3D data processing software solutions. However,
for larger areas signicant user interaction is necessary for their accurate identication. Once the identication is completed, the
reconstruction of the missing data areas can be performed by using algorithms that take into consideration the curvature trends
of the holes boundaries. Filling holes of complex surfaces in not a trivial task and can only be based on assumptions about the
topology of the missing data. Additional problems identied in a mesh may include spikes, unreferenced vertices, and non-manifold
edges, and these should also be removed during the cleaning stage. Meshing software (such as Meshlab or Geomagic
Studio) has several routines to assist in the cleaning of problem areas of meshes.
Illustration of the identification and closing of holes within the 3D mesh model (DiscoveRy Programme)
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Mesh Simplification
The mesh simplication, also known as decimation, is one of the most common approaches in reducing the amount of
data needed to describe the complete surface of an object. In most cases the data produced by the 3D acquisition system
includes vast amounts of superuous points. As a result, the size of the raw data is often prohibitive for interactive
visualisation applications, and hardware requirements are beyond the standard computer system of the average user.
Mesh simplication methods reduce the amount of data required to describe the surface of an object while retaining the
geometrical quality of the 3D model within the specications of a given application. A popular method for signicantly
reducing the number of vertices of a triangulated mesh, while maintaining the overall appearance of the object, is the
quadric edge collapse decimation. This method merges the common vertices from adjacent triangles that lie on at
surfaces, aiming to reduce the polygons number without sacricing signicant details from the object. Most simplication
methods can signicantly improve the 3D mesh eciency in terms of data size.
Illustration of high resolution polygon mesh model and simplified low polygon mesh model (DiscoveRy Programme)
Mesh retopologisation
Extreme simplication of complex meshes, such as for use
in computer games and simulations, usually cannot be
done automatically. Important features are dissolved and in
extreme conditions even topology is compromised.
Decimating a mesh at an extreme level can be achieved
by an empirical technique called retopology. This is a 3D
modelling technique, where special tools are used by the
operator to generate a simpler version of the original dense
model, by utilising the original topology as a supportive
underlying layer. This technique keeps the number of
polygons at an extreme minimum, while at the same time
allow the user to select which topological features should
be preserved from the original geometry. Retopology
Image illustrating a low polygon mesh before (left ) and
after retopologisation (left)
modelling can also take advantage of parametric surfaces, like NURBS, in order to create models of innite delity while requiring
minimum resources in terms of memory and processing power. Some of the commonly available software that can be used to
perform the retopology technique include: 3D Coat, Mudbox, Blender, ZBrush, GSculpt, Meshlab Retopology Tool ver 1.2. Mesh
retopologisation can be a time consuming process, however, it produces better quality light weight topology than automatic
decimation. It also facilitates the creation of humanly recognizable texture maps.
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TEXTURE MAPPING
Modern rendering technologies, both interactive and non-interactive, allow the topological enhancement of low complexity
geometry with special 2D relief maps, that can carry high frequency information about detailed topological features such as
bumps, cracks and glyphs. Keeping this type of morphological features in the actual 3D mesh data requires a huge amount of
additional polygons. However, expressing this kind of information as a 2D map and applying it while rendering the geometry
can be by far more ecient. This can be achieved by taking advantage of modern graphics cards hardware and at the same time
keeping resource requirements at a minimum. Displacement maps are generated using specialised 3D data processing software,
e.g. the open source software xNormal. The software compares the distance from each texel on the surface of the simplied mesh
against the surface of the original mesh and creates a 2D bitmap-based displacement map.
Diagram illustrating the different texture maps which can be employed to enhance the display of a lightweight 3D model.
From top: UV map, normal map, image map and ambient occlusion map (DISCOVERY PROGRAMME)
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Post-Process B - Model structuring
Depending on the scale and on the morphological complexity, a geometric 3D reconstruction of an artefact, architectural detail
or an archaeological site generally leads to the representation of a single (and complex) geometric mesh or a collection of
geometric entities organized according to several criteria. The model structuring strategy is usually carried out with the aim of
harmonizing the hierarchical relations, which can express the architectural composition of a building (e.g. relations between
entities and layouts) and can also be used as a guideline for structuring the related metadata. In some cases, it may be
important to identify a domain expert to ensure the consistency of the chosen segmentation (e.g. temporal components) and
nomenclature (e.g. specialized vocabulary) is coherent with archaeological and architectural theories.
Examples of geometric reconstruction techniques (CNRS-MAP)
According to the technique used and to the general purpose of the 3D representation, the results of a geometric reconstruction
can be structured in four ways:
1. Single unstructured entity (e.g. dense point clouds, or detailed mesh)
2. Decomposed in elementary entities (e.g. 3D models composed by few parts)
3. Decomposed in elementary entities hierarchically organized (e.g. 3D models decomposed in several parts for
expressing the architectural layouts)
4. Decomposed in entities organized in classes (e.g. 3D models decomposed in several parts for expressing the
classication of materials, temporal states, etc.)
According to the chosen model structuring strategy, the nal dataset structure (including geometry and visual enrichment) can
be composed in several ways.
Example of 3D model structuring (CNRS-MAP) : on the left, according to temporal states; on the right,
according to a morphological segmentation (architectural units) (CNRS-MAP)
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3D Geometry
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Textures
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Post Process C - Visual enrichment of 3D models
Several computer graphics techniques can be utilised for the visual enhancement of the 3D models produced from the
geometric reconstruction processes. These guidelines focus on those techniques which provide a 3D simulation consistent with
the visual and geometric characteristics of artefacts and monuments (reality capture) and other techniques, mainly used for the
dissemination of 3D cultural data. The visual enrichment techniques described below are ordered from those that ensure a strong
geometric consistency with the real object to techniques that introduce increasing approximations:
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Example of visual enrichment based on the projection of textures starting from photographs finely oriented on to a primitives 3D
model (left) and the projection of panoramic imagery on organic 3D meshes (right) (CNRS-MAP / Discovery Programme)
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Post Process D - Hypothetical reconstruction
The hypothetical reconstruction of an architectural object or archaeological site to a previous state is a process primarily related
to eld of historical studies. Nevertheless, some specic technical and methodological issues with 3D graphical representation of
missing (or partially destroyed) heritage buildings are often integrated in 3D reconstruction approaches. While primarily related
to the analysis of historical images and knowledge, the methodological approaches for the creation of hypothetical reconstruc-tions
can be based on the integration of 3D metric data of existing parts of the object together with the reconstruction of the
object’s shapes starting from graphical representations of the artefact/monument. Depending upon the source material available
3D may be created based upon a combination of the following methods:
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QBSUT
•OPONFUSJDJDPOPHSBQIJDTPVSDFTPGUIFTUVEJFEBSUFGBDU
•JDPOPHSBQIJDTPVSDFT NFUSJDBOEPSOPONFUSJD
SFMBUFEUPTJNJMBSBSUFGBDUT
In addition where reconstructions are created the following recommendations should be taken into account:
•*EFOUJGZUIFTDJFOUJöDBEWJTPS T
XIPDBOHVJEFBOEWBMJEBUFUIF%NPEFMEVSJOHJUTSFDPOTUSVDUJPO
•%PDVNFOUJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUBEEJUJPOBMTPVSDFT JNBHFSZBOECJCMJPHSBQIJDBMSFGFSFODFT
VUJMJTFEJOthe elaboration of
the 3D model
•$MFBSMZJOEJDBUFBOETBWFJOGPSNBUJPOJOEJDBUJOHUIFdegree of uncertainty e.g. information gaps within the 3D model.
Example of 3D hypothetical reconstruction of a past state (CNRS-MAP)
25

44
Creating complementary 2D media (derived from the 3D model)
During the creation of 3D models of artefacts complementary 2D media can also be produced. This 2D media can be pro-duced
in dierent ways, depending on the type of 3D source (point cloud, geometric model, visually enriched 3D model),
as well as on the nal visualization type (static, dynamic, interactive). This additional content can be used to visualise
content which cannot be successfully visualised through an interactive 3D web model, e.g. renderings of highly detailed
3D models or visualisation of full point cloud datasets.
Static images
•%SFOEFSJOHTPGWJTVBMMZFOSJDIFENPEFMTGSPNTFWFSBMQFSTQFDUJWFT
•MFWBUJPOT
QMBOTBOETFDUJPOTPGQPJOUcloud data
•*NBHFTIJHIMJHIUJOHTQFDJöDGFBUVSFTPGthe cultural object
Animation
•5VSOUBCMFWJEFP
•'MZUISPVHIBOJNBUJPOBOEWJEFPUPVST
•4USVDUVSBMBOJNBUJPOIJHIMJHIUJOHdierent components of an artefact or monument and their interrelationship
•5FNQPSBMBOJNBUJPOIJHIMJHIUJOHUIFchronological change of a structure, e.g. animation from present day
ruin back to reconstruction model
Interactive Images
•1BOPSBNBT
•730CKFDUT
26

44
POST PROCESSING
3D model
CUrrent state
IMAGeS - video video
COMPLEMENTARY 2D MEDIA
3D model
12th CENTURY
3D model
12th CENTURY
3D model
10th CENTURY
3D model
11th CENTURY
3D model
11th CENTURY
IMAGeS - video
IMAGeS - video
Complementary 2D media derived from the 3D model. Abbey of Saint-Michel de Cuxa (CNRS-MAP)
images - detail
images - 1 video
27

44
3D Publishing Methodology
METADATA
LICENSING
This section of the guidelines outlines the dierent methodologies and technical solutions for the
optimal delivery and display of rich and complex 3D assets online. When evaluating publication formats
the selection needs to consider the wide range in potential users from the general public to the
researcher. Online publishing choice should be based upon the following criteria:
•TFSWFBXJEFWBSJFUZPGOFFETBOEVTFST
•NBYJNJTFUIF%VTFSFYQFSJFODF
•GPDVTPOBDDFTTJCJMJUZQSPWJEJOHBOFBTZBOEJOUVJUJWFFYQFSJFODFGPSUIFVOFRVJQQFEVTFS
•NBYJNJTFUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGUIF%DPOUFOUPOBTNBOZCSPXTFSQMBUGPSNTBTQPTTJCMF
(desktop and mobile)
•GPDVTPOTJOHMFSFMFBTFPGNPEFMTXIJDIDBOPQFSBUFPOBTNBOZQMBUGPSNTBOEPQFSBUJOHTZTUFNT
to facilitate ecient sustainable production
•BWPJEVTFSTIBWJOHUPJOTUBMMBEEJUJPOBMTPGUXBSFPSQMVHJOT
•TVQQPSUUIFDPODFQUPGSFTPVSDFFYQMPSBUJPO FHJOUFHSBUFE63-T

Creators of 3D content will also need to consider if the online 3D models require le format conversion
and optimisation procedures to enable their use online, to ensure a responsive and pleasant user
experience. It is important to evaluate which is the most optimal approach, taking into account the
potential eort required for le format conversions and optimisation procedures.
28

44
Online publication technologies
A range of suitable solutions exist for the creation and publication of online 3D content, each with their benets, limitations
and applicability to cultural heritage.
3D model Objects Complex Buildings Sites
Complexity Low High Low High Low High
3D PDF
HTML5/WebGL
X3D
Unity3D/UnReal
Pseudo-3D
3D PDF
Yes
Yes
Optimised model
Point cloud
Optimised
model Nexus/
point cloud
Optimised model Optimised model
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Optimised model
Optimised model
Point cloud
Optimised model
Optimised model
Yes Yes Yes
Special
cases
(glass etc)
The 3D PDF oers the ability to integrate 3D models and annotations within a PDF document. The 3D PDF format natively
supports the Universal 3D (U3D) and Product Representation Compact (PRC) 3D le formats. The 3D PDF format was
previously recommended within two EU projects: CARARE Linked Heritage Project.
Advantages include:
•1SFEFöOFEWJFXTDBOCFFNCFEEFEGPSUIFVTFS
FHJOTJEFEJòFSFOUSPPNTPGBCVJMEJOH
•.BKPSJUZPGVTFSTBMSFBEZIBWFB1%'WJFXFSTVDIBTDSPCBU3FBEFSJOTUBMMFEPOUIFJSDPNQVUFS
•.PEFMTBSFSFMBUJWFMZFBTZUPVTF
•.PEFMTBSFTFMGDPOUBJOFEBMMPXTUIFVTFPGBTJOHMF6OJGPSN3FTPVSDF*EFOUJöFS 63*
JOPSEFSUPEFöOFB
complete 3D model
•5IFVTFSJTQSPWJEFEXJUIMJNJUFEUPPMTUPNFBTVSFBOETFDUJPO
•4VJUBCMFGPSEFTLUPQCSPXTJOHEJSFDUWJTVBMJTBUJPOPG%1%'POEFTLUPQDPNQVUFST
•5FYUVSFTDBOVTFUIFKQFHDPNQSFTTJPOGFBUVSFPG%1%'UPSFEVDFöMFTJ[FT
•EEJUJPOBMNFEJBDPOUFOUTVDIBTUFYU
WJEFP
JNBHFTDBOCFFNCFEEFEXJUIJOUIF1%'
Disadvantages include:
• When opening a 3D PDF documents through a browser, which is often the case with hyperlinked documents,
dierent display behaviours occur, depending on the browser as 3D PDF not supported in web browser itself due to
security issue
•1%'NVTUCFWJFXFEXJUIJODSPCBU3FBEFSOPUPCWJPVTGPSOPOUFDIOJDBMVTFS
•.PEFMTBSFOPUOPSNBMMZIJHIMZPQUJNJ[FEGPSPOMJOFVTFSFTVMUJOHJOMPOHEPXOMPBEUJNFTBOEJOBCJMJUZUPXPSLPO
slower machines
•5IFVTFPG%1%'PONPCJMFEFWJDFTSFRVJSFTUIFVTFPGBOQQXJUIMJNJUFEGVODUJPOBMJUZ
29

44
The main authoring platform is Acrobat Pro, which,
in combination with the 3D PDF Converter plug-in
(only on Windows) and additional software allows
importing 3D models in a large number of le
formats, and additional media. 3D PDF les can be
created in Acrobat Pro without the Tetra4D
Converter plug-in if one is capable of translating
the 3D models into U3D le format (for example
through MeshLab), this workow is available on
both Mac and Windows.
HTML5/WebGL Solutions
With the advent of HTML5 and its associated
WebGL JavaScript API the interactive rendering of
3D visualisation can be achieved in a web browser
without installing additional software or plugins
by using the canvas element of HTML5. WebGL
was utilised within the 3D-COFORM project as the
3D PDF model of a stone high-relief depicting a hunter with a hare
which is accompanied by a mastiff (Universidad de Jaén)
method of choice for online 3D delivery. Most new HTML5/WebGL solutions use a cloud solution, in which the 3D models
reside on servers of the company providing the visualisation software, but the nal model can be embedded on a normal
HTML web page using canvas and iframes.
Advantages include:
•4VQQPSUFEBVUPNBUJDBMMZCZNBOZ)5.-EFTLUPQbrowsers (Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer), however, Safari
browsers requires users to enable it
•*ODSFBTJOHNPCJMFTVQQPSU #MBDLCFSSZTNPCJMFbrowser fully supporting WebGL content and partial support on the
Android Chrome browser)
•MMPXTEJSFDUBDDFTTUPUIFHSBQIJDTQSPDFTTJOHVOJU(GPU) on the hardware display card present in the computer
•T8FC(-VUJMJTFT)5.-UIFNJOJNVNrequirements of creating a WebGL application is a text editor and a web browser
•$BOCFVTFEGPSUIFWJTVBMJTBUJPOPGQPJOUDMPVEEBUB
•J04EPFTOPUDVSSFOUMZTVQQPSU8FC(-CVUGSPNiOS 8 this will be implemented and is currently being beta tested
•4FDVSJUZDPODFSOTFYJTUBT8FC(-VUJMJTFTUIF(16BOEcan give a malicious program the ability to force the host
computer system to execute harmful code
•*UJTOPUTVQQPSUFECZPMEFSHSBQIJDTDBSET
•5IFSFJTDVSSFOUMZBMBDLPGEFWFMPQNFOUenvironments
30

44
3D Model Type Software Comments
Object/artefact
Scene/building
Point cloud
•0OMJOFTUPSBHF.C 'SFF
(C QBJE

•7JTVBMJTBUJPOTDBOVTFBMQIB
CVNQ
HMPTTZ
0
HMPX
EFUBJMBOE
TQIFSJDBMSFøFDUJPONBQTJOQBJEWFSTJPO
•0OMZPCKGPSNBUTVQQPSUFE
•7JFXQPSUTIBEJOHPQUJPOBWBJMBCMF

•0OMZQBJETFSWJDF
•4VQQPSUGPSMBSHFNFTIFTXIJDIFYDFFE8FC(-USJBOHMFDPVOU
•'MBTIBMUFSOBUJWFGPSOPO8FC(-CSPXTFST
•0QUJPOPGWJFXFSQQGPSNPCJMFEFWJDFT
•%TUSFBNJOHDBQBCJMJUZGPSNVMUJSFTPMVUJPONPEFMT
•/FYVTGPSNBUBCJMJUZUPDPNQSFTTJPOBOETUSFBNJOH%DPOUFOUUIBU
SFöOFTHSBEVBMMZEFQFOEJOHVQPOUIF[PPNMFWFMPGUIFVTFS
•-JNJUFEUPDPMPVSQFSWFSUFYEBUB
•6TFSIBTUIFBCJMJUZUPEZOBNJDBMMZBEKVTUUIFMJHIUJOHQPTJUJPO
•óDJFOUQSFTFOUBUJPOPGETDBOEBUBBTTJNQMJöDBUJPOPQUJNJTBUJPO
QSPDFTTJOHOPSNBMMZSFRVJSFEUPWJFXEFUBJMFENPEFMTJTOPUSFRVJSFE
•0òFSTBVUPNBUFEQTFVEP%TPMVUJPOTGPSCSPXTFSTXIFSF8FC(-JT
OPUBWBJMBCMF
•'SFFBOEBCJMJUZUPJNQPSUEJòFSFOUöMFGPSNBUT
•7JTVBMJTBUJPOTDBOVTFTUBOEBSEEJòVTF
TQFDVMBSBOETIJOJOFTT
QBSBNFUFST
BOEMJHIUNBQT
•OOPUBUJPOPGPCKFDUTBWBJMBCMF
•4VJUBCMFGPSDPNQMFYTDFOFTSFRVJSJOHXBMLUISPVHIBOEHVJEFEUPVST
•$PNQSFIFOTJWFCVJMUJOGFBUVSFTGPSUPJOUFSBDUXJUICVJMEJOHPSTJUF
DPMMJTJPOEFUFDUJPO
XBMLJOHPOTVSGBDF
•-JHIUNBQQJOHBOEQBSUJDMFFòFDUTTVQQPSUFE
•$POUFOUBWBJMBCMFUISPVHINPCJMFBQQT
•$IBSBDUFSBOJNBUJPOBWBJMBCMF
•4VQQPSUTJNQPSUPGöMFGPSNBUT
•4VQQPSUTJNNFSTJWFFOWJSPONFOUXJUI0DDVMVT3JGU8JOEPXTBOE
.BDBWBJMBCJMJUZ
•CJMJUZUPMPBEJODSFNFOUBMMZ-0%QPJOUDMPEEBUB
•6TFSIBTBCJMJUZUPBEKVTU-0%
BOEQPJOUTJ[FXJUIJOWJFXFS
QPJOUDMPVEEBUBTFUNVTUCFQSPDFTTFEVTJOHBGSFFDPOWFSTJPOUPPM
•0QFOTPVSDFTPMVUVJPO
P3D
Big Object Base
(BOB) Publish
3DHOP
SketchFab
CopperCube 3D
Potree
31
A range of applications exist for WebGL-based 3D typically storing the 3D data in the Cloud based servers and providing
visualisation of the 3D content.

44
3D Viewer: Potee / TeraPoints
This is in a freeight mode viewer. To move your point of view” click drag
To move the model: alt + click drag
Use the arrow keys to ‘y’
To move faster, move your mouse wheel up, move it down to slow down.
Tholos in Delphi, Greece 3D point cloud model viewed on-line using the Potree WebGL viewer (CNRS-MAP)
Retopologised light weight model of the Market Cross, Glendalough
viewed in the SketchFab online WebGL viewer (Discovery Programme)
Capital in Nexus on-line viewer format from the Cefalu cloister in Sicily, Italy (ISTI-CNR)
32

44
X3D
X3D is the technological successor and extension to VRML which is recognised by the International Organisation for
Standardization (ISO). Currently X3D provides native authoring and use of declarative XML-based X3D scenes which can be
viewed within a HTML5 web browser, and provides Extensible Markup Language (XML) capabilities within 3D to integrate with
other WWW technologies.
Advantages include:
•QSPWJEFTFOIBODFE%WJTVBMJTBUJPODBQBCJMJUJFTNVMUJTUBHFBOENVMUJUFYUVSFSFOEFSJOH
MJHIUNBQTIBEFST
SFBMUJNF
reection, Non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS)
•6UJMJTJOH+BWB4DSJQUMJCSBSZ9%0.
9%TDFOFTCFDPNFQBSUPGUIF)5.-%0.
•9%0.DBOCFVTFEJOUPPG8FC(-UIFSFGPSFJUDBOCFSVOEJSFDUMZJOUIFCSPXTFS
XJUIPVUBOZQMVHJO
•%NPEFMTDBOVUJMJTFUIF(/6H[JQDPNQSFTTJPOUPSFEVDFUIFJSöMFTTJ[F
The 3D model of the Metope Sele heraon displayed within
an X3D viewer (Fondazione Bruno Kessler)
•%NPEFMJTDPOTUSVDUFEGSPNNVMUJQMFöMFT
therefore les structure is not contained and cannot be
referenced via a single URI
•$PNQBUJCJMJUZJTTVFTFYJTUBT%NPEFMXJUIUIFTQFDJöD
viewer multiple les e.g. texture maps required to
construct scene
The X3D format provides a wide range of authoring tools for
the production of X3D models or with X3D export functions
including open source (Blender and Meshlab) and paid
solutions (AC3D).
Unity - Serious Games Solutions
Technology solutions developed for the provision of online gaming activities can be utilised for the visualisation and
exploration of cultural heritage objects. Unity is one such game platform which can provide a solution to providing rich 3D
environments for users.
Advantages include:
•EWBODFEWJTVBMJ[BUJPOGFBUVSFTJODMVEJOHSFBMUJNFHMPCBMillumination, reection probes, physically based shading,
ability to embed audio, complex animation
•$BOCFVUJMJTFEPOBMMNBKPSEFTLUPQQMBUGPSNT 8JOEPXT
.BD04
Linux) and all major mobile platforms (Android, iOS,
Windows Phone, Blackberry)
•$PMMJTJPOEFUFDUJPO
UIFOPUJPOPGHSPVOETVSGBDFTBOEJOUFSBDUJWFPCKFDUTFHEPPST
•1SPWJEFTVTFSTXJUIFYQMPSBUPSZBOEOPOMJOFBS%TQBDF
•(BNJOHFOWJSPONFOUJTFBTZUPVTFGPSOPOUFDIOJDBMVTFST
33

44
•7FSZTVJUBCMFGPSUIFQSPWJTJPOPGJOUFSBDUJWFNPEFMTPGIFSJUBHFTQBDFT FHCVJMEJOHTBOEBSDIBFPMPHJDBMTJUFT

•8FCQVCMJTIJOHJTGSFF
•-BSHFDPNNVOJUZPGVTFSQSPWJEJOHBEEJUJPOBMUPPMTBOEQMVHJO
•$VSSFOUMZ6OJUZWSFRVJSFTBplug-in to be installed on the user’s machine, however, from the release of Unity v.5 online
publishing within HTML5 capabilities will be available
•$PTUPGTPGUXBSFSFRVJSFEUPauthor 3D scenes if Pro functions required
Other game engine platforms adopted for serious gaming such as the Unreal Development Kit (UDK) are available; however,
most require the installation of an additional plug-in.
Unity3D test on the 3D virtual reconstruction of the Ename abbey in 1300 (VisDim)
Pseudo3D (ObjectVR) solutions
Pseudo3D provides the user with a near to 3D experience by allowing the user to navigate interactively through a series of
images taken at dierent orientations which mimics real 3D visualisation. Psuedo3D can provide solutions to view 360
panoramas or to provide an orbital view of an object (ObjectVR). Pseudo3D solution is a valuable tool for online display where:
•$PNQMFY%NPEFMTDBOOPUCFSFOEFSFEPOMJOFJOSFBMUJNFFHMBSHFQPJOUDMPVENPEFMT
•%EJHJUJTBUJPOPGBOPCKFDUJTOPUQPTTJCMF
CVUQIPUPHSBQIZXJUIUIFSFTVMUJOHJNBHFTDPNCJOFEBMMPXUIFVTFSB
pseudo3D experience
•*UQSPWJEFTBTPMVUJPOGPSVTFSTUIBUIBWFIBSEXBSFXJUIWFSZMJNJUFEHSBQIJDBMDBQBCJMJUJFT
•1BSUJDVMBSMZTVJUBCMFGPSUIFEJTQMBZPGDPNQMFY%BSUFGBDUNPEFMT
34

44
Several software solutions are available to construct Object VR visualisations (Flashicator, BoxshotVR, Object2VR, Krpano) all
which can produce content via HTML5 (use of QuicktimeVR requires a plugin and is therefore not suggested). Many of these
tools also oer the user the ability zoom into the object and closely inspect the models if high resolution images are used to
create the ObjectVR. However, one limitation to this solution is its ability to conne the user to visualise the object through a
predened paths.
Two images from an ObjectVR visualisation of the abbey of Ename in 1665 (by VisDim)
Remote Rendering
Interactive remote rendering uses the combination of an interactive low resolution 3D model (visualised through WebGL) with
rendering the corresponding high resolution 3D model on a remote server and sending just the rendered image to replace the
low resolution WebGL visualisation. An example of this application is the Venus 3D model publishing system (CCRM Lab).
Advantages include:
•UIF%NPEFMEPFTOPUOFFEUPCFUSBOTGFSSFEPWFSUIFJOUFSOFUBOESFTJEFPOUIFVTFSTDPNQVUFS
POMZUIFKQFH
image is transferred
•VTFSIBTUIFBCJMJUZUPEZOBNJDBMMZBMUFSMJHIUJOHQPTJUJPOBOEJOTQFDUEFUBJMFE%NPEFMT
Disadvantages to this method include:
•DFOUSBMJTFEIPTUJOHPGUIFTFSWJDFXPVMEJODVSPOHPJOHDPTUT
•UIFMBHUJNFUIFFYQFSJFODFEXIJMTUXBJUJOHGPSUIFSFOEFSUPPDDVSDBOCFRVJUFPòQVUUJOHGPSUIFVTFSBOEJT
dependent upon the user’s internet speed
IPR Considerations for online publishing
An additional consideration for online publication is the IPR implications of the 3D models. Although the ability to potentially
“steal” 3D models visualisation should not be considered as a major threat, several factors should be considered depending
upon the publication method including:
•%öMFTXIJDISFTJEFPOBTFSWFSBOEDBOCFEPXOMPBEFEGPSWJTVBMJTBUJPOFH%1%'DPVMEQPUFOUJBMMZCFSFVTFBOE
altered by the user. Password protection is available to encrypt the data, although there is the potential to bypass this
and extract the 3D model
•8IFSF%NPEFMTBSFPòFSFEUPUIFVTFSUISPVHIBOFNCFEEFE)5.-TFSWJDFBOEUIF%EBUBJTIPTUFECZBUIJSE
party (e.g. SketchFab) care must be taken to inspect their rights on the uploaded data
35

44
METADATA
METADATA
LICENSING
Running in parallel to the 3D capture, modelling and publication activities, the creation of metadata is
essential to the success of the processing pipeline. The metadata created within the pipeline provides
key information and context data to ve key areas:
1. It describes in detail the artefact or monument which is being modelled in 3D and its provenance
2. It describes in detail the digital representation of the artefact or monument and its online location
3. It provides technical information and quality insurance on the processes and methods utilised in
the digitisation and modelling of heritage objects
4. It provides information on the access, licensing and reuse of the created 3D models and any
associated digital content
5. It enables the search, discovery and reuse of content through the mapping of metadata to
aggregators e.g. Europeana Data Model (EDM)
36

44
CARARE 2.0 Metadata Schema
To construct a comprehensive metadata record for digital content created through the pipeline, which adheres to the ve key
areas described above, the CARARE 2.0 Metadata scheme was selected. The CARARE metadata schema was developed during
this EU co-funded three-year project which addressed the issue to make digital content, including information about
archaeological monuments, artefacts, architecture, landscapes, available to Europeana’s users. The CARARE schema works like
an intermediate schema between existing European standards and the EDM by:
•FOTVSJOHJOUFSPQFSBCJMJUZCFUXFFOUIFOBUJWFNFUBEBUBIFMECZIFSJUBHFPSHBOJTBUJPOTBOEVSPQFBOB
•DSFBUJOHBNFUBEBUBTDIFNBBCMFUPNBQUIFFYJTUJOHPSJHJOBMNFUBEBUBJOUPBDPNNPOPVUQVUTDIFNB
•TVQQPSUJOHUIFGVMMSBOHFPGEFTDSJQUJWFJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUNPOVNFOUT
CVJMEJOHT
MBOETDBQFBSFBTBOE
their representations
The CARARE schema is focussed on a heritage asset and its relations to digital resources, activities and to collection
information. The fundamental elements within its structure are:
CARARE Wrap - the CARARE start element. It wraps the Heritage Asset with the other information resources
Heritage asset Identication (HA) – the descriptive information and metadata about the monument, historic
building or artefact. The ability to create relations between heritage asset records allows the relationships between
individual monuments that form parts of a larger complex to be expressed
Digital resource (DR) – these are digital objects (3D models, images, videos) which are representations of the heritage asset
and are provided to the services such as Europeana for reuse
Activity (A) - these are events that the heritage asset has taken part in, in this case this is used to record the data capture and
3D modelling activities (paradata) which are utilised to create the 3D content
Collection (C) – this is a collection level description of the data being provided to the service environment (Europeana)
Graphical example of the relations among the different themes (Heritage Asset, Digital Resources and Activities) of CARARE 2.0
37

44
Object digital assets relationship within CARARE
The creation of metadata for cultural heritage objects and their associated digital heritage assets, (3D models, images and
videos) should adhere to the following approach to capture the relationship between digital replicas and their original
monuments or artefacts.
is_replica_of
HA
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
3d model HIGH Resolution
HA
ACTIVITY
3d Model LOW Resolution
is_derivative_of
Diagram illustrating approach to metadata creation for multiple derivatives from a single cultural heritage object
Paradata
A specic form of metadata which is recommended within the 3D documentation process is the paradata. Paradata is
information and data which describes the process by which the 3D data was collected, processed and modelled and can act
as a quality control audit for the data. Examples of paradata include:
•UZQFPG%EBUBDPMMFDUJPOUFDIOJRVF JNBHFCBTFEPSSBOHFCBTFE

•UZQFPGFRVJQNFOU NPEFMPGUIFDBNFSB
MFOTFTVTFE
USJBOHVMBUJPOPS50'MBTFSTDBOOFS
FUD

•XIJDITPGUXBSFBQQMJDBUJPOTXIFSFVTFEUPQSPDFTTUIFEBUB
38
THE PARTNER HAS ONE or multiple 3D digital models as replicas of one physical object
= the physical object
= discovery, restoration, change in ownership
= image_is_shown_at (landingPage of the physical object
HA
= 3d model of the physical object
HIGH RESOLUTION
= 3d model of the physical object
LOW RESOLUTION
=3d model of the physical object
Virtual Reconstruction
3d Hypothetical Model
ACTIVITY
DR
DR
DR
DR
HA
is_derivative_of

44
The recording of paradata can be achieved both automatically and systematically during the survey process. Where possible,
paradata data created by capture devices, e.g. exif information from cameras should be utilised. For all additional paradata
information the use of standardised paradata recording sheets should be utilised to ensure systematic recording of
techniques, equipment and processes. An example paradata recording sheet created as part of the 3D-ICONS project is
available online for reuse at the project website. In terms of inclusion of the paradata within the overall metadata schema,
all paradata created can be mapped into the Activity component of the CARARE metadata schema.
Standardised vocabulary
Where possible standardised vocabularies and their associated persistent uniform resource identier (URI) should be utilised
within the metadata to develop and promote the use of semantic tools enabling interoperability, integration and the
migration of the digital resources in the Linked open data Format Standardised vocabulary.
CARARE Theme Relevant resources
CARARE Theme
Actor
Concepts
Spatial Data
FOAF (http://www.foaf-project.org/)
DBpedia (http://dbpedia.org/About)
Gemet Thesaurus (http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet)
Getty Thesaurus (http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/)
HEREIN Thesaurus (http://thesaurus.european-heritage.net/herein/thesaurus/)
ICCD/Cultura Italia Portal (http://www.culturaitalia.it/)
Linked Data Vocabularies for CH (http://www.heritagedata.org/)
GeoNames (http://www.geonames.org/)
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn/)
Ancient Place names - Pleiades (http://pleiades.stoa.org/)
Table summarising available recognised ontologies thesauri which can be used in metadata creation for cultural heritage objects
39

44
Resources for Metadata Creation
The actual process of metadata creation can be achieved using two dierent application paths:
Illustration of the different strategies in the implementation of metadata creation
Strategy 1: Metadata Creation Tool
For those institutions and organisation which have no previous descriptive data relating to their collections to map, or have
little experience in the production of XML metadata records the creation of metadata can be achieved utilising the online
3D-ICONS Metadata creation tool. Available online (http://orpheus.ceti.gr/3d_icons), the tool provides the user with the ability
to dene separate building blocks of the CARARE metadata data schema:
• Organization – The organisation(s) with the responsibility for the 3D digital object assets
• Collection – A description of the overall 3D collection made available
• Actor – The person/people who have carried out the data collection and processing tasks, e.g. geo-surveyor
• Activity – Descriptive detail of the digitisation and modelling activities utilised, e.g. terrestrial laser scanning
• Spatial data – Geographical location of the cultural heritage object
• Temporal data – chronological period or date associated with the cultural heritage object
• Digital Resources – Description of the digital representation le, e.g. jpeg image
40
MAPPING
MINT2 MORe2
METADATA EDITOR
INGESTION - PUBLICATION
CREATION METADATA FROM SCRATCH
ADDING MISSING FIELDS
STRATEGIES
1
2
3
DB
LEGACY
DATA

44
Defining a Heritage Asset within the metadata creation tool
View of associated digital assets within the metadata creation tool
41

44
Strategy 2: MINT2 Mapping Tool
For those organisations which have their metadata already created and contained within their own formalised cataloguing
management software, e.g. museum collections databases, this can be reused to form the main component of the CARARE
metadata record. To achieve this, the MINT 2 metadata services tool can be employed.
MINT 2 services comprise of a web based platform that is designed and developed to facilitate aggregation initiatives for
cultural heritage content and metadata in Europe. The platform oers an organisation a management system that allows the
operation of dierent aggregation schemes (thematic or cross-domain, international, national or regional) and corresponding
access rights. Registered organizations can upload (http, ftp, OAI-PMH) their metadata records in xml or csv format in order to
manage, aggregate and publish their collections.
The CARARE metadata model serves as the aggregation schema to which the ingested data is mapped. Users can dene their
metadata crosswalks from their own schema to CARARE with the help of a visual mappings editor utilising a simple drag-and-drop
function which creates the mappings. The MINT tool supports string manipulation functions for input elements in order
to perform 1-n and m- mappings between the two models. Additionally, structural element mappings are allowed, as well
as constant or controlled value (target schema enumerations) assignment, conditional mappings (with a complex condition
editor) and value mappings between input and target value lists. Mappings can be applied to ingested records, edited,
downloaded and shared as templates between users of the platform.
Screen shot of the mapping procedure within MINT 2
Once mapped the MINT tool preview interface enable the user to visualise the steps of the aggregation including the current
input xml record, the XSLT of their mappings, the transformed record in the target schema, subsequent transformations from
the target schema to other models of interest (e.g. Europeana’s metadata schema), and available html renderings of each
xml record.
42

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Visualization of the mapped record metadata record in MINT 2
Relating Metadata to Europeana – MoRe 2.0
Once the metadata record packages have been created by either the online metadata tool or the MINT 2 service these are
transformed into the EDM, and delivered to Europeana using the Monument Repository (MoRe2) services. The MoRe 2
repository aggregator tool also enables ingested metadata records to be validated against specic quality control criteria,
e.g. correct spatial coordinates are utilised for the spatial location.
The MoRe 2 system also provides users with summary statistics of their metadata records including the number of Heritage
Assets ingested and the number and type of digital media objects referenced, e.g. images, 3D models. Once validated and
ingested metadata data records can then be easily published to Europeana with the click of a button.
Screen capture of the MORE 2.0 tool displaying ingested metadata packages
43

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LICENSING IPR Considerations
METADATA
LICENSING
In order for the eective sharing and reuse of 3D content of heritage objects a common framework is
required to establish best practice in the management and licensing of 3D models and any associated
digital objects (video, metadata images). Understandably many institutions have the concern that
providing access to 3D content could potentially erode their commercial rights to the data.
The standardised IPR scheme presented:
•*EFOUJöFTUIFLFZEBUBBOESFMBUJPOTIJQTXIJDISFRVJSFNBOBHFNFOU
•1SPWJEFTSPCVTUMJDFODFTUPSFUBJODPNNFSDJBMSJHIUTUPUIFEBUBXIJMTUFOBCMJOHSFVTFGPS
educational and research activities
•$PMMBUFTTVJUBCMFNFUBEBUBXJUIBOBQQSPQSJBUF $SFBUJWF$PNNPOT$$
MJDFOTJOHTUSVDUVSFGPS
submission to Europeana
•YBNJOFTUIFLFZDPQZSJHIUDIBMMFOHFTGBDFECZBMMQBSUJFTJOWPMWFEJOUIFQSPDFTTPGDBQUVSJOH

processing, developing and presenting digital content
44

44
IPR the 3D pipeline
The creative processes and activities involved in this 3D pipeline results in the generation of Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) at many junctions. The development of a suitable IPR model is relevant at all stages of the pipeline, from the earlier
phases which are dominated by controlled access rights, to the later phases where substantial eort is invested in the
modelling of captured 3D data to produce rich and eective 3D heritage content. This is important in terms of recognising
that while the content providers may control access, it is the later processes that have the highest costs and greatest IPR.
Illustration of the Object activity chain identifying the range of people and organisations involved in creating 3D content for cultural
heritage
The IPR scheme proposed here is integrated into all the activities of the3D modelling pipeline from initial data capture
to the delivery of 3D heritage content online. Within the pipeline several key actors and organisations are dened:
• Monument/artefact Manager – organisation who are the custodians or owners of the heritage object, e.g. museum
• Imaging Partner – company or institution which carries out the primary 3D data capture of the heritage object
• 3D Development Partner - company or institution which executes the 3D data modelling of the heritage object for
delivery online
• Distribution Partner – organisation which hosts 3D content for public use
• Commercialisation Partner – company which wishes to establish a potential revenue path for 3D data
Within the processing pipeline there are several milestones where IPR agreements need to be applied.
45

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Access Agreement
At the start of the pipeline , where Imaging Partners capture 3D data of a monument or artefact in the ownership or
management of a third party (e.g. National Heritage organisation) it is good practice to establish an Access agreement.
This agreement outlines both the arrangements in place to physically access the site/museum to capture the data, and what
level of control each party has over the initial survey data captured. Depending upon who is funding the work two standard
agreements are possible:
Full or co-funding for capture provided by Imaging Partner - non-exclusive licenses for both parties to make use of the
primary data with the IPR resting with the Imaging Partners
Full funding provided by Heritage Organisation - assignation of the IPR by the Imaging Partners to the heritage body
It is also important to clearly state the IPR on any subsequent 3D content derived from the original captured data as these are
new and distinct data sets and often require signicant amounts of eort to produce the nal deliverable 3D model.
Derivatives Agreements
Depending upon the attitude of the Imaging Partner to data sharing, the original 3D capture data (e.g. high quality
point cloud data) will not normally be publicly accessible. However when new products are derived by a third party a
Business-2-Business (B2B) derivative agreement will be required. For organisations where the data capture and 3D modelling
is carried out within the same institution no additional derivative agreement is required.
Metadata Agreements
Where metadata and paradata is provided by 3D content creators to third parties such as Europeana for the purpose of
increasing the visibility and reuse of the 3D models a Creative Commons (CC0) License is usually adopted. The metadata
agreement will not interfere with any subsequent commercialisation of content by the rights holder.
Public Use Agreements
The 3D models and other associated derived products such as videos and images will normally be made widely available to
the public using a more restrictive arrangement than the metadata agreement to retain control over potential commercial
and inappropriate future reuse. This will be dependent upon the policy of the 3D content creator organisation and can range
from the restrictive (paid access - no reuse) to the liberal (CC0) but is likely that organisation would like to retain some
potential commercial value in their models. It is recommended that organisations at least apply the Creative Commons
Attribution-Non-Commercial-No-Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) license to their model which allows for the redistribution and
non-commercial reuses, as long as the 3D content is unchanged and credits the creator organisation. The full range
of potential rights statements available through European can be found at http://pro.europeana.eu/web/guest/
available-rights-statements.
Commercial Agreements
Final 3D models, additional content (videos and rendered images) and supplementary data created within the 3D pipeline
process have the potential to be commercialised. Licensing models to commercial image libraries or directly to end users can
help fund the creation of higher quality models and may well be in the interest of all parties – as once created resources may
be used commercially and non-commercially. These agreements are a critical part of stimulating an added value chain so that
original survey work can reach its full potential.
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(creates 1st generation content + IPR)
3. Derivative
Agreement
2. Metadata
Agreement who, what, when, where
visualisations made
available online
(hotels distributable visuals)
Visualisation of the different agreements and license structures which can be utilised during the capture,
modelling and reuse of 3d cultural heritage modelsin creating 3D content for cultural heritage
47
CONTENT PARTNER
IMaging partner EUROPEANA
DEVELOPMENT PArtner
DISTURBING PArtner
SALES PArtner
objects and sites
provenance
archives
accreditation
1. Access
Agreement
3D data, photography,
supporting materials
3D data, photography,
texture, maps, digital merchandise,
physical merchandise
(generates additional IPR and
creates 2nd generation content)
4. Public Use
Agreement
Fullment, distribution
(establishes revenue paths for materials)
5. Commercial
Agreement
(portal and search engine)
(access to assets and original IPR)

44
Creative Commons Key Facts
Founded in 2001 and thanks to the proliferation of the internet and web sites
like Wikipedia, Creative Commons has become one of the most recognised
licensing structures available. As this also forms the IP structure for Europeana.
Enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free, public,
and standardized infrastructures and tools that creates a balance between the
reality of the Internet and the reality of copyright laws.
Creative Commons licenses require licensees to get permission to do any of the
things with a work that the law reserves exclusively to a licensor and that the
license does not expressly allow.
Creative Commons Licensees must credit the licensor, keep copyright notices
intact on all copies of the work, and link to the license from copies of the work.
CC Licenses are available from a fully open license where users can copy,
modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all
without asking permission (C00) to the restrictive CC BY-NC-ND where others
can download your works and share them with others as long as they credit
you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
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Increased reuse restriction
Public Domain - CC0
Attribution - CC BY 3.0
Attribution-ShareAlike - CC BY-SA 3.0
Attribution-NoDerivs - CC BY-ND
Attribution-NonCommercial - CC BY-NC
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike - CC BY-NC-SA
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs - CC BY-NC-ND
49

Appendix 1: Additional 3D-ICONS Resources
Project Reports
D2.1 Digitisation Planning Report, Paolo Cignioni (CNR) and Andrea d’Andrea (CISA)
D2.3 Case Studies for the Testing the Digitisation Process, Anestis Koutsoudis, Blaz Vidmar and Fotis Arnaoutoglou (CETI) and
Fabio Remondino (FBK)
D3.1 Interim Report on Data Acquisition, Gabriele Guidi (POLIMI)
D3.2 Final Report on Data Acquisition, Gabriele Guidi (POLIMI)
D4.1 Interim Report on Post-processing, Livio de Luca (CNRS-MAP)
D4.2 Interim Report on Metadata Creation , A. D’Andrea (CISA) with the collaboration of R. Fattovich and F. Pesando (CISA), A.
Tsaouselis and A. Koutsoudis (CETI)
D4.3 FinalReport on Post-processing, Livio de Luca (CNRS-MAP)
D5.1 3D Publication Formats Suitable for Europeana , Daniel Pletinckx and Dries Nollet (VisDim)
D5.2 Report on publication, Daniel Pletinckx and Dries Nollet (VisDim)
D6.1 Report on Metadata and Thesauri Andrea d’Andrea (CISA) and Kate Fernie (MDR)
D6.2 Report on Harvesting and Supply, Andrea d’Andrea (CISA) and Kate Fernie (B2C)
D7.1 Preliminary Report on IPR Scheme, Mike Spearman, Sharyn Emslie (CMC)
D7.2 IPR Scheme, Mike Spearman, Sharyn Emslie and Paul O’Sullivan (CMC)
D7.4 Report on Business Models, Mike Spearman, James Hemsley, Emma Inglis, Sharyn Emslie and Paul O’Sullivan (CMC)
All Project reports are available at fro the 3D-ICONS website at the following
URL: http://3dicons-project.eu/index.php/eng/Resources
Publications
D’Andrea, A., Niccolucci, F. and Fernie K., 2012. 3D-ICONS: European project providing 3D models and related digital content to
Europeana, EVA Florence 2012.
D’Andrea, A., Niccolucci, F., Bassett, and Fernie, K., 2012. 3D-ICONS: World Heritage Sites for Europeana: Making Complex 3D
Models Available to Everyone, VSMM 2012.
D’Andrea, A., Niccolucci, F. and Fernie K., 2013. CARARE 2.0: a metadata schema for 3D Cultural Objects. Digital Heritage 2013,
International Congress, IEEE Proceedings.
D’Andrea, A., Niccolucci, F. and Fernie K., 2013. 3D ICONS metadata schema for 3D objects, Newsletter di Archeologia CISA,
Volume 4, pp. 159-181,
Callieri, M., Leoni, C., Dellepiane, M. and Scopigno, R., 2013. Artworks narrating a story: a modular framework for the
integrated presentation of three-dimensional and textual contents, ACM WEB3D - 18th International Conference on
3D Web Technology, page 167-175
pdf: http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2013/CLDS13/web3D_cross.pdf
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Dell’Unto, N., Ferdani, D., Leander, A., Dellepiane, M. and Lindgren, S., 2013. Digital reconstruction and visualization in
archaeology Case-study drawn from the work of the Swedish Pompeii Project, Digital Heritage 2013 International
Conference, page 621-628
pdf: http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2013/DFLDCL13/digitalheritage2013_Pompeii.pdf
Gonizzi Barsanti, S. and Guidi, G., 2013. 3D digitization of museum content within the 3D-ICONS project, ISPRS Ann.
Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., II-5/W1, pp. 151-156.
Online: www.isprs-ann-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/II-5-W1/151/2013/
Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Micoli, L.L., Guidi, G., 2013. 3D Digitizing a whole museum: a metadata centered workow, 2013 Digital
Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), Vol. 2, pp. 307-310, IEEE, ISBN 978-1-4799-3169-9.
Guidi, G., Rodríguez Navarro, P., Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Loredana Micoli, L., Russo, M., 2013. Quick textured mesh generation in
Cultural Heritage digitization, Built Heritage 2013, Milan, Italy, pp. 877-882, [Selected for printed publication].
Guidi, G., Rodríguez Navarro, P., Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Loredana Micoli, L., Russo, M., 2013. Quick textured mesh generation in
Cultural Heritage digitization, Built Heritage 2013, Milan, Italy, pp. 877-882, [Selected for printed publication].
Online: http://www.bh2013.polimi.it/papers/bh2013_paper_324.pdf
Hermon, S., Bakirtzis, N., Kyriacou, P., 2013. 3D Documentation – Analysis - Interpretation, Digital libraries of 3D data –
access and inter-operability, and The cycle of use and re-use of digital heritage assets., Scientic Support for Growth Jobs
(2013): Cultural and Creative Industries, Brussels, Belgium., Session: posters and presentation.
Hermon, S., Ben-Ami, D., Khalaily, H., Avni, G., Iannone, G., Faka, M., 2013. 3D documentation of large-scale, complex
archaeological sites: The Givati Parking excavation in Jerusalem, Conference Proceedings, Digital Heritage 2013, Marseilles,
France, vol 2, Session: Documentia. Digital Documentation of Archaeological Heritage, pp. 581
Hermon, S., Niccolucci, F.,Yiakoupi, K., Kolosova, A., Iannone, G., Faka, M., Kyriacou, P., Niccolucci, V., 2013. Documenting
Architectonic Heritage in Conict Areas. The case of Agia Marina Church, Derynia, Cyprus, Conference Proceedings, Built
Heritage 2013, Monitoring Conservation Management, Milan, Italy, 20 November, pp. 800 - 808.
Available:http://www.bh2013.polimi.it/papers/bh2013_paper_216.pdf [20 Dec 2013].
Hermon, S., Khalaily, H., Avni, G., Reem, A., Iannone, G., Fakka, M., 2013. Digitizing the Holy – 3D Documentation and
analysis of the architectural history of the “Room of the Last Supper” – the Cenacle in Jerusalem, Conference Proceedings,
Digital Heritage 2013, Marseilles, France, vol 2, Session 3−Architecture, Landscape: Documentation Visualization,
pp. 359 - 362.
Jiménez Fernández-Palacios, B., Remondino, F., Lombardo, J., Stefani, C. and L. De Luca, 2013. Web visualization of complex
reality-based 3D models with Nubes, Digital Heritage 2013 Int. Congress, IEEE Proceedings.
Leoni, C., Callieri, M., Dellepiane, M. Rosselli Del Turco, R. and O’Donnell, D., 2013. The Dream and the Cross: bringing 3D
content in a digital edition, Digital Heritage 2013 International Conference, page 281-288 - October 2013
pdf:http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2013/LCDRO13/DreamAndTheCross.pdf
Niccolucci, F., Felicetti, A., Amico, N. and D’Andrea, A., 2013. Quality control in the production of 3D documentation of
monuments, Built Heritage 2013, proceedings
http://www.bh2013.polimi.it/papers/bh2013_paper_314.pdf
Remondino, F., Menna, F., Koutsoudis, A., Chamzas, C. and El-Hakim, S., 2013. Design and implement a reality-based 3D
digitisation and modelling project”. Digital Heritage 2013 Int. Congress, IEEE Proceedings.
Ronzino, P., Niccolucci, F. and D’Andrea, A., 2013. Built Heritage metadata schemas and the integration of architectural data-sets
using CIDOC-CRM , Built Heritage 2013, proceedings
http://www.bh2013.polimi.it/papers/bh2013_paper_318.pdf
Yiakoupi, K., Hermon, S., 2013. Israel Case Studies: The room of Last Supper and The Tomb 50
of King David Hall, Presentation,
Digital Heritage 2013, Marseilles, France, Session: “Exploring the 3D ICONS project: from capture to delivery”.
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Appendix 2: Project Partners
Archeotransfert, France
Athena Research and Innovation Centre in
Information Communication Knowledge
Technologies (CETI), Greece
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientique (CNRS-MAP) France
CMC Associates Ltd., UK Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
(CNR-ISTI), Italy
Consorzio Interdipartimentale
Servizi Archeologici (CISA), Italy
The Cyprus Research and Educational
Foundation (CYI-STARC), Cyprus
Visual Dimension bvba (VisDim) Belgium
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The Discovery Programme Ltd., Ireland Koninklijke Musea Voor Kunst en
Geschiedenis (KMKG), Belgium
Muzeul Naional de Istorie a
României (MNIR), Romania
National Technical University of
Athens (NTUA), Greece
Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI),
Italy
Universidad de Jaen, Andalusian Centre for
Iberian Archaeology (UJA-CAAI), Spain
Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Italy
53

3D-ICONS Guidelines

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3D-ICONS Guidelines