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Soil moisture and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels both affect plant isotope discrimination, and the two effects are independent, which must be accounted for when interpreting photosynthetic carbon assimilation, according to stable carbon isotope measurements of Arabidopsis grown under a range of conditions.
Internal variability is more important in shaping winter Arctic sea ice loss over the satellite period than previously thought, though anthropogenic forcing remains the primary influence, according to large ensemble simulations analyzed with machine-learning.
Hot and dry summers in Europe occur 5–6 times more often under global warming levels of 3 °C, compared to 2 °C, and South-Eastern European summer heat expands northwards, according to comparisons of reanalysis data with climate model simulations.
Under low and medium emission scenarios, the Polar Class 7 will be able to sail the Arctic passages with no risk of sea ice motion during the summer and autumn seasons and, from 2065, the whole year-round, according to an analysis that combines climate, sea ice, and navigation data.
A large patch of thermohaline staircases in the eastern Caribbean Sea is disrupted by vertical shear associated with subsurface mesoscale eddies, according to analysis of thermohaline staircases and their three-dimensional distribution using high-resolution active acoustic reflection data.
Arabian Sea wind patterns respond differently to precession and obliquity cycles, whereas Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall directly follows to Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, according to simulations using an orbitally-forced isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model.
Large-scale energy budgets can explain the correlation between sea ice extent and ocean heat transport, providing fresh insight into accurate projection of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, according to a simple equation for computing sea ice edge change from surface temperature and ocean heat transport.
Extreme warm summers and high melt rates in Greenland since 1979 have been fueled by feedbacks between downwelling longwave radiation and a high-pressure blocking system, according to analyses of year-to-year perturbations of Greenland’s surface energy budget.
The first magma on the Moon formed by decompression melting of orthopyroxene-dominated mantle rocks facilitated by density-driven mantle overturn, according to petrographic modelling and observations of lunar highland samples from the Chang’e-5 mission
The increasing trend of climate change-related marine heatwave activity and associated sea ice melting has enhanced primary production in the Southern Ocean through water column stabilization, as suggested by the results from observational analysis combined with model simulations.
Distributed dynamic strain sensing using optical fibre cables and core analyses reveals significant strain amplification within the narrow, weak core of an asymmetric fault zone and highlights its susceptibility to both nearby and distant seismic triggers
In India, water stress regulates tree cover across biomes, and variation in cover is explained by soil sand fraction, topography, and anthropogenic pressure according to an analysis of remote sensing vegetation data and environmental drivers.
Paleoclimate reconstructions and model simulation suggest intensified Arctic sea-ice melting led to warmer winters in East Asia during the mid-Holocene by suppressing meridional heat transport and weakening the East Asian winter monsoon.
Surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean has been underestimated, in particular beneath sea ice, because of uneven observational density in winter and summer, suggesting that the carbon sink may weaken further in the future, according to analyses of in-situ observations with a neural-network-based method.
Compared to the rural background, lead levels are raised by one to two orders of magnitude in Portland, Oregon, particularly in older neighbourhoods where lead-sheathed cables persist, according to an analysis of lead concentrations and isotope signatures in moss.
In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, wetland degradation leads to changes in soil properties and microbial communities that reduce the abundance of forage plants, according to an analysis of field vegetation and soil survey data, bioinformatics, and statistical analysis.
The projected increase in water stress in China under low and high emission scenarios is driven by a decrease in water supply and varies by season and province, according to an analysis using a new water stress prediction index and climate scenarios.
At the global level, the model uncertainty of carbon export in the ocean dominates above 900 m, and below this depth, the uncertainty relates to carbon transfer efficiency according to an uncertainty analysis of 14 Earth Systems Model simulations.
Submarine groundwater discharge creates the unique ecosystem of warm–water marine biological communities that has been observed on the Siberian Arctic Shelf, according to analysis of a range of in situ measurements in 2020 and 2023.
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation initiatives have moderately helped to conserve forests while delivering minor benefits to local people, according to a meta-analysis of 32 quantitative studies.