Tools for Fundamental Analysis
Much of fundamental analysis relies on economic data and central bank policies. Most trading platforms provide some form of economic calendar or research commentary so you're not flying blind.
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What Is a Good Debt-to-Equity Ratio and Why It Matters
![Market Value of Equity: How much investors think a company is worth.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/X37UTM7EDeCubZ9SLg48wuKfS0A=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/market-value-of-equity.asp-final-98482768ee114e2c9fcaed63e4a034b9.png)
Market Value of Equity: Definition and How to Calculate
![Man Typing Numbers Into a Calculator](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/cQLuKC6XfmCYa-Ll37nT88oR2Xo=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-556673833-56a0a4c95f9b58eba4b26260-d77f8088cf3e4ad1be60ec347a70d83b.jpg)
Return on Total Assets (ROTA): Overview, Examples, Calculations
![Compounding Interest](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/-q6dBB0WLFbhQR_c_pgkiGGW9H0=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/compounding.asp-final-11c1b77f605d4ed0a317f0cf32c73b3f.png)
Compounding Interest: Formulas and Examples
![Coins stacked next to an hour glass](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/MLAOWCTdHJqcyhj0FhggbeR2hZQ=/6000x4000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1297136298-e20bf707974f45fd9bfb5f0371b35571.jpg)
Understanding the Time Value of Money
![Investor Analyzing Stock Market Investments With Financial Dashboard on Smartphone and Computer Screens](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/tj_f4yMMnyNoC2Y7MX7VM1wg2wM=/1500x1002/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1064565776-452de75bcdd64d0fa684d32c90f7dd38.jpg)
Intrinsic Value of a Stock: What It Is and Formulas to Calculate It
![](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/qFLwKETHfa7b1DSbrM87yoVWAu0=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dollar-5bfc37a546e0fb00260e51aa.jpg)
Decoding DuPont Analysis
![A businessman analyze investment marketing data.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/zJfl2JkVGvh5p6p8Ie_kBeH08lE=/2308x1299/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1197360813-58d18063aa264c798576377f72e4480b.jpg)
How to Use Enterprise Value to Compare Companies
![A businessman typing on a laptop in a coworking space.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/ePnigy9IQ9sFjNpR3XCbvmh2E-g=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091470486-5b4ac16f07264b1a8b3738289324bfe5.jpg)
Carrying Value vs. Fair Value: What's the Difference?
![](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/vlDanw_3l4ZggJhVGLNGXaRkZTc=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/key-financial-ratios-to-analyze-tech-companies-ss-5bfc2b6946e0fb00260168db.jpg)
How Do You Calculate a Company's Equity?
![Adjusted Present Value](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/p54mTLRji-SqwAVP6f-4L9esubM=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/apv.asp-final-0336c2907ba440d381e4a50d5fb6864b.png)
Adjusted Present Value (APV): Overview, Formula, and Example
![Marginal Analysis: An examination of the additional benefits of an activity compared to the additional costs incurred by that same activity.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/jLnpfr7Uji-Mr3kNcunjDmrmwUc=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Marginal-analysis_final-f9a1ee0a66434f409faed9388f00a5d9.png)
Marginal Analysis in Business and Microeconomics, With Examples
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ROCE vs. ROA: What's the Difference?
![Analysis of Variance](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/hXtYdgNQQYRWrbWc9otwr5sDt1o=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Analysis-of-Variance-645cb3fcf9e540339e1c80d0e6528dce.jpg)
What Is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
![Testing](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/AbKEyinmWng_owZKVjBBLhkiPG8=/1050x701/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/5843577306_1a98149efb_o-0a8b0741787f46f29bda99134fe1d21a.jpg)
What Is the Delphi Method, and How Is It Useful in Forecasting?
![Gross Sales: The revenue generated by a company without accounting for the costs related to generating those sales.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/6tTRvw1wFbbVM3REXKNq83YQ3J0=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Grosssales_final-ec3d34fc5f5c43ac867979882c47c807.png)
Gross Sales: What It Is, How To Calculate It, and Examples
![Normal Distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/QuWaa6GuVGQ4lAUaBMrPIb9rHTY=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Normal_Distribution-8717e74027154b74a97567871ca741b0.jpg)
Normal Distribution: What It Is, Uses, and Formula
![Qualitative Analysis: An evaluation of a company's unquantifiable aspects such as management style and worker loyalty.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/vOe-YxsxiF6uDgNfifqqj22uRM4=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/qualitativeanalysis.asp-final-1175e446167f4b70af10d5f7a3938bd1.png)
Qualitative Analysis
![Representative Sample](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/0UWjKkFB9d8dybpthDL7MZigTb0=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/representative-sample.asp_Final-95073e5702ac4440ab36b992e72ad431.png)
Representative Sample: Definition, Importance, and Examples
![Business people working on financial data, graphs and charts](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/IIpeGEl6-Fq5n1R_GDXtdi-Jvec=/5568x3712/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/T-TestWhatItIsWithMultipleFormulasandWhenToUseThem-0633aff0c458498aac49f3ffb6e36531.jpg)
T-Test: What It Is With Multiple Formulas and When To Use Them
![Synergy: The concept that the value and performance of two companies combined will be greater than the sum of the separate individual parts.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/ddX138Dl0eM2I-6X8kNI6xquQJE=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/synergy.asp-final-53e42fbff62f494a9a74a47ace75a88e.png)
Synergies: Concepts in Finance and Examples
![Total Shareholder Return (TSR): Looking at capital gains and dividends to measure the full amount an investor earns from a stock.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/1ztifI6pkCxLhzBxT0WIyPViEl0=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Tsr_sketch_final-030d21e284484cc1947a10c9cdd48166.png)
Total Shareholder Return (TSR): Definition and Formula
![Population](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/mF9W0yyqHhJOezdPq-I-1TsYxuc=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Population-V2-9aa51940bf954701bbc2a62827d484f8.jpg)
Population: Definition in Statistics and How to Measure It
![Piotroski Score: A nine-point scoring system used to determine a company's financial strength.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/lP70n2xCVH-e_52mVweFwik_SIw=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Piotroski-score_final-c40a7a62a1cd480296cb9c4126752217.png)
What Is the Piotroski Score? Definition, Meaning, and Example
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Why EBITDA Is a Commonly Used Valuation Metric for Telecom Businesses
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Analyzing Retail Stocks
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Valuing Firms Using Present Value of Free Cash Flows
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Intrinsic Value vs. Current Market Value: What's the Difference?
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Comparable Company Analysis (CCA): How Is It Used in Investing?
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Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL): Definition and Formula
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How Do I Calculate the Debt-to-Equity Ratio in Excel?
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What is the formula for calculating return on assets (ROA) in Excel?
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Overcast
![](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/fDpWuxOAMRsVXJGF6ENzO7AQ0y0=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/business_building_153697270-5bfc2b9846e0fb0083c07d69.jpg)
What's the Formula for Price-To-Earnings in Excel?
![Investor reviews stock market data on tablet and laptop.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/La8HIgXtE3a40YSOJfxOo4dBk4k=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1215514718-40666b5c2b984e13b630e6e45681bf9c.jpg)
What Does the Forward P/E Indicate About a Company?
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Free Cash Flow Yield: The Best Fundamental Indicator
![](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/e6SkCG18sEle14mF6UZaLIdrC8s=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/investing4-5bfc2b8ec9e77c0026b4f956.jpg)
Determining the Value of a Preferred Stock
![Distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/wqso4s8tSy1T3g8gtQ0QE_tEwTo=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/chart_graphs_-5bfc31f046e0fb0026029eef.jpg)
Lognormal and Normal Distribution
![Financial Data Analyzing](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/5hI9CDJKfu6lbD7lsBrin47rTho=/1500x998/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-175520675-ef36f817478244f1ae52d8d8dc8ba166.jpg)
What Are Some of the Variables Involved in Economies of Scale?
![The numbers are displayed after the closing bell of the Dow Industrial Average at the New York Stock Exchange](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/ebWXGQxL-R9EoBXEca0cJr8Eb4w=/3000x1997/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1045158428-4ad52fed9604415183e87b149c39920e.jpg)
How Is the Value of the S&P 500 Calculated?
![](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/-zhhJkjtdWtM7LtIDUo_mY1vSq8=/680x440/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/thinkstockphotos_80410231-5bfc2b97c9e77c0026b4fb20.jpg)
How Is a Company's Share Price Determined With the Gordon Growth Model?
![A woman presents charts to a group of four people in an office](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/ovzcqtmY58K81NF2QaStkwd0WxU=/6000x4002/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1296722635-beffbbeef981415eb9b93405bc9c31b1.jpg)
Return on Equity (ROE) vs. Return on Capital (ROC): What's the Difference?
![A pen on summary report on table office.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/_U4Th75B6qLiyAeDb9fJZOPJ7QM=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-687054066-30af8637c9dc4bfe901e0abe55783513.jpg)
Gross Profit vs. EBITDA: What's the Difference?
![man working at laptop](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/jt4yoPkYg2HKmYM1OCfKiif3hKo=/2122x1415/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/man-working-at-laptop-56a437d93df78cf772815343.jpg)
Top 6 Websites for Finding a Company's Financial Stats
![Account, Accounting Concept](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/MCVC96CDjTnDeBMZwPmFzkcz2_s=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1194842257-59caf14d70364f718ce76aa30b3b8d05.jpg)
Adjusted EBITDA: Definition, Formula and How to Calculate
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What Is Asset Valuation? Absolute Valuation Methods, and Example
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Basic Earnings Per Share (EPS): Definition, Formula, Example
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Capitalization of Earnings: Definition, Uses and Rate Calculation
![Conditional Value at Risk (CVar): The amount of tail risk an investment portfolio has.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/e3MIHYRN63vgbcUvmvYcAhOfoI8=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Conditional_value_at_risk_final-6dc889ec0f2c4fc6802eafe69102698d.png)
Conditional Value at Risk (CVar): Definition, Uses, Formula
![Debt-to-EBITDA Ratio: The amount of income generated and available to pay down debt before deducting interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/KtMSQJyObJx9Xyo0605cM16LoDs=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/debt_edbitda.asp-final-1eced14eef5f40158a5f45a79695f657.png)
Debt-to-EBITDA Ratio: Definition, Formula, and Calculation
![Free Cash Flow Yield: A financial solvency ratio that compares the free cash flow per share a company is expected to earn against its market value per share.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/2EW-6TVxVTIFo6Vtw7M1Gbffflg=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/freecashflowyield.asp-FINAL-ff037b79fb4b41a3b72c95f5ce051662.png)
Free Cash Flow Yield: Definition, Formula, and How to Calculate
![Hypothesis Testing](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/8JLSVt2HsW0RenKDAHH52JolEM8=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_hypothesistesting-4981dc2cf6024d7ca9f5497ab86cee73.jpg)
Hypothesis Testing: 4 Steps and Example
![Nominal Value: The unadjusted value of an asset or the face value of a security.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/HIFQFhuVS1Uma04Nww2pQfIXYA4=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Nominalvalue_final-fe42ae828dc6440396f4d9b94ca85543.png)
Nominal Value: What It Means, Formulas for Calculating It
![Stockholders' Equity: The remaining assets available to shareholders after all liabilities have been paid.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/9dh73nv9ezrKEG7A5pnKCKdmf6o=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Stockholdersequity_Sketch_final-5230009146b749cc85d8b57339a52dad.png)
Stockholders' Equity: What It Is, How to Calculate It, Examples
![Stress Testing](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/SYaumqLLR9xCk0F5fXpJdvPzRd4=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stresstesting.asp-final-b2577fb8ba804e1fa1069b8bd96bf3bc.png)
What Is Stress Testing? How It Works, Main Purpose, and Examples
![Unlevered Free Cash Flow (UFCF)](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/BCODn6x7TezfWjdU_0mNS3kqiqk=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/unlevered-free-cash-flow-ufcf.asp-final-6842a955f58d49cdaecbe7aa3eee5f33.png)
What Is Unlevered Free Cash Flow (UFCF)? Definition and Formula
![Hand Holding Smart Phone Displaying Stock Market Data](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/5g4AM_ZoujAX6EAy4aaONn7TiXY=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169785562-0ed1637eb08d4e3786df6cbd6514b183.jpg)
The Dangers of Share Dilution
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Using the Kelly Criterion for Asset Allocation and Money Management
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Which Business Model Is Best? Depends on the Industry
![Businesswoman check data in smartphone and tablet.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/hL_wHEq6DG_Mmu6uRj1Go2N6jkI=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-655652514-751e34e9b06642cfbdf20deeca248a65.jpg)
Revenue vs. Sales: What's the Difference?
![A close up of man hand analyzing stock market chart.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/oPdZakU1OS8SBhnBViFLOt8SzeE=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1023021802-02e6ec032e3340908337447b14bc6b3e-859c31a12a544633870ef7b17d3f0a9e.jpg)
How Does Top-Down and Bottom-Up Investing Differ?
![Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP): A method used to measure how funding adds to a company's overall profitability.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/4lVAPT-TKb_GGFuWRXaqTZ8ij9w=/4000x2700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Ftp_final-f3cce5bddbb44078871b4a221d900ce4.png)
Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP): What It Is and How It's Calculated
![Gross Merchandise Value](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/rxtnRwXRhcdzKZmR89ojclaCgpU=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gross-merchandise-value.asp-80aac267540b4692a5a0896020191678.jpg)
Gross Merchandise Value (GMV): Definition, Formula, Pros and Cons, and Example
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Normalized Earnings: Definition, Purpose, Benefits, and Examples
![Sampling Distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/5tKsbH8DutOEVCbLcarh9TWmBfA=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Terms-s-sampling-distribution-resized-484f7bd60d624729b426ac9f68a80912.jpg)
Sample Distribution: Definition, How It's Used, and Example