Cybercrime

Banking Trojans: Ursnif Global Distribution Networks Identified

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This post is also available in: 日本語 (Japanese)

The infamous banking Trojan Ursnif (a.k.a Gozi) has been continuously used in attacks against Japan for more than a year. The main delivery technique used is spam email with a malicious attachment that downloads the Ursnif executable from a remote site.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Japan Cybercrime Control Center have recently been issuing public warnings of these malicious email activities.  In our analysis we identified distribution networks that are used to target various countries, including Japan and several European nations, with banking Trojans. The network consists of two primary components: a spam botnet which delivers e-mails, and a set of compromised web servers.

Specifically:

  • The spam botnet focuses on delivering Banking Trojans or Downloader Trojans to Japan, Italy, Spain, Poland, Australia, and Germany.
  • Compromised web servers host Banking Trojans and spam bot files that are download by malicious downloader program distributed by spam.

Analysis of Ursnif infection vector in Japan

Using our threat intelligence platform AutoFocus, Palo Alto Networks observed millions of e-mails sent to Japanese targets throughout 2016. Most of the emails were written in Japanese (see example in Figure 1). The latest attachment we’ve seen, detected in January 2017, is a JavaScript downloader that simply downloads Ursnif from a remote site and executes it on compromised machine.

picture1

Figure 1 Japanese email with malicious attachment

Shiotob (a.k.a Bebloh or URLZone) was the most widely distributed threat in this attack campaign last year. We identified 75 unique Shiotob variants in 7 million spam emails. Interestingly, Shiotob itself can steal online bank credentials, but the adversary used it only for downloading main payloads at least since mid-2016. Figure 2 shows the infection steps.

picture2

Figure 2 Infection steps

  1. Victim receives the malicious e-mail and opens the attachment, infecting victim’s system with Shiotob.
  2. Shiotob starts communicating C2 server over HTTPS and receiving commands periodically.
  3. Shiotob installs additional threats (like Ursnif) based on the commands from the C2 server

picture3

Figure 3 Download commands from C2

Figure 3 is the example of commands from Shiotob C2 server. You can see the C2 provided three “>LD” commands in a session. This is the download command installing a remote file on the compromised systems. Two of them are same Ursnif binary from different locations. The other is notorious spam bot called Pushdo (a.k.a Cutwail or Pandex) on another server. Once infected, the threat sends spam emails based on commands from botnet master.

Spam Activity

Unit 42 observed millions of spam emails attacking Japanese recipients, some of whom could be running the banking Trojan and spam bot simultaneously. Though it is difficult to know the exact numbers of infections by the email campaign, we know the number is significant considering an increase in Japan-based IP addresses as a source of emails with malicious attachment (Figure 4). We consider this a result of increasing spam bot infections by this attacker.

picture4

Figure 4 Increasing emails with malicious attachment from Japan

To understand the spam bot network activity, we randomly extracted 200 unique Japanese IP addresses that were spamming Shiotob and investigated what was sent by email. They belong to the email campaign and may have been transmitting something malicious in addition to Shiotob. The result was that the IPs sent 250 unique malware samples among 268,000 emails in 2016 (Figure 5).

picture5

Figure 5 Malware sent by 200 Japanese IP addresses

Most of the malware files are classified as either Banking Trojans or Downloader Trojans. Also, some downloaders were installing Banking Trojans listed above. The botnet apparently focused on delivering Banking Trojans through spam.

Based on our telemetry, Italy, Japan, Spain, Poland and Germany were top target countries by the samples. The attackers customized the delivery e-mails depending on the target and used a localized email subject and body to lure people who speak the language. Some words and topics are frequently observed in their spam emails among all languages (Table 1).

Target Australia Italy Japan Spain Poland Germany
Banking Trojans Ursnif
Shiotob
KINS
Ursnif
Shiotob
Ursnif
Ursnif
Tinba
Ursnif
Tinba
Ursnif
KINS
Frequent word in Emails Photo Foto 写真 Foto Zdjęcie Foto
Order D'ordine 注文 Orden Oferta Bestellung
Invoice Fattura 請求 Factura Faktura Rechnung
Notification Notifica お知らせ Notificación Powiadomienie Versandbenachrichtigung
Delivery Recapito 配達 Entregar Dostawa

Table 1 Targets and Email characteristics

Malware hosting servers

Next, we started searching malware-hosting web servers accessing by the threat in spam. We soon realized the threat actor(s) make their infrastructure redundant by copying threat files on multiple servers. For example, they put a malicious file on both server A and B, and another file on server B and C (Figure 4).

picture6

Figure 6 Malware redundancy

By following the link to servers and malicious files, we found more than 200 malicious files on 74 servers that have been used since April 2015 to January 2017 by the threat actor(s). Most of them were compromised personal or small-to-medium-sized business websites located in  Europe. They host outdated contents and owners seem to have not maintained the servers for years. Figure 7 shows the geographic locations of the web servers.

picture7

Figure 7 Geographical location of the web servers

Figure 8 shows the breakdown of malware found on the web servers and where the malware downloaded from based on our telemetry (Table 2). The results correspond to the analysis of targets and malware by SPAM in the previous section.

picture8

Figure 8 Malware on Web Servers

Malware Downloading countries
Ursnif Japan, Italy, Spain
KINS Italy
Rovnix Japan
Shiotob Australia,
Zeus Italy
Pushdo Japan, Italy

Table 2 Malware family found on Web servers

A full graph of relations between servers and malicious files is below (Figure 9).

picture9

Figure 9 Relations between servers and malicious files

Conclusion

The actors deploying these banking Trojans use a spam bot network and compromised web servers. It is still unclear whether a single group attacks multiple countries with various threats by using the infrastructures, or if numerous threat actors share them.

Palo Alto Networks customers are protected against this threat in the following ways:

  • All samples are appropriately marked malicious in WildFire.
  • Malware families are tagged in AutoFocus using a variety of tags, including Ursnif, KINS, Shiotob, Pushdo, Tinba and Andromeda

Indicators

Ursnif

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1cef688950b9ca01bea0ec9883ab25cebae3db169ff4fb034696868918889f93

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7f0359314eb3577075367df11699cafd8a5f6c36da0e58890acebbce4144eb05

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b5b222a05156ea8b3c47a1a5da567d191cc8e7a546f2b0edab08a5956ad73ade

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3f3bdb38e4878331de5e867a2606bd9cb9c351303af53194d72f8dc2ddd04a97

88cbc2fdaf4b0f7c0ea6104d2f6c942b915fad5486db2567e94342e76f943a4e

31055c7167c369313262fb0fb2bf1ac1db895d04067ed505732ccd3d5ef43b29

fde59700c02a58752cd28d6adb0389a5d69657f6f6925a0bd8ba35a1f724de5c

54162c5399a945f16080d0d8b44cceca3176ecc8e03d03e5aa2295498b7c0cf7

111dd5576fd9c9108a801eded1ab93d21583c84cdfb86ea81fea14ae2ed8ed40

3fd65bd55e4dadbf079c6a533941135b0ddf217dea16eec6ebc33f2098ea6276

55acc2455ba3bef79840ead843cf29af239e7384f7d62246fe93fe427ed99587

530326ed9cafede731a478242b0f1f13f7263c1bec156adb2f3f26132667464d

a778cdaf3d360f5d06be9846bc4ab74d679324bf0e9b03616000367dc27c3f0e

e331b749c3f5896adb5a271ea2a4a037e811344162cd574b11892a18a85c1722

cb57b3c5ec62a83b3096bd2d737cad83119d19939d76b483d0429fd26d492ef4

602353156303f7fd02b33d1912f8ee93bf324f5c4fb993993137bd13abfa9a9d

b03333b35266db0faf6fc407b36efc2f9f8a574921cf87f4a5fb60a13cbcdb14

f6805cd59dfe012afd50a6bd3ccded29432d444a73016755ee1b217b13b59fb8

93e2bff638a61503780fb7cb90d85b6f5cb027c8ff732f495a6d13734a5741b1

e9b0adc36455c221a680336ee6ec59320b618c6352621c5d721811e122f83747

c45b8444e8551666ddd4e13445e3a196039b9065e64ba7102d16067f40e0f412

4948be38b1d66191e5f201b88c920ebd4ac7450fb6eaadaf6215b64cd0af6f30

08a5a1c0b53592a8f0890447d71bcec5380f104a176277512ee52c063188e151

cbbfa84227d82360d79baf8ab4ee0f9a13d0fa7128eac72c0bd627d4dbbb06f9

3044a4b0cffdeaeeab425109e8cddc597e708f5025849b5d29bff35ce24f4e42

3656e5ced322c9aabb78983c2a40657c83ba7805320423e66b402cd20cdd57eb

28150a3e9f8d23c784923e9664086ad18aae71ef83e4a60ebfb1fd8bd5abbd80

f30838a6b53a892ae4e5231de1d2f74a2e51919a66e9e60da3de125c9bd1a521

c2adf4031508ade44343097904c63300c4bfbaa8727fce120a11b09da9bc0be0

596c2b8306493ba51bc0ca116a0508d3c1f47389e6fc9a2b313748f4fa3014bc

afa53aa70e484a3d35c1e8a1a50c96f9186f48c7aa10888b5c42b648fa5bfbfb

1f8da66ce073a08f45f724bfa31ffe2b266ada3847186018af8d381ffeaf1dac

5477e90ff3755d2807951850964a881b60158ae1f911ef2ffb4bdef32a4d62e9

4f846222f454c773b3db1a467155e388672e20b6edacc6406a75dbf09432108c

7c8e9eb4a6b3d59d02faab21b94664ed473c346731cc28c0036c2c3e14db581c

9405198e358c330918ad6c0965e4dd748663c8a8c564e37d54c8e13f01fe6536

904344a1193a0910153f034f6ec7c17feab572392454afb6a8dfd15dd4a38c19

b7bf333f959bb6b6aaaa53a724b5f9b02ea774ba4d093e14052c45fe83e8f02b

dcf99c3378de03489a62b131580c1e2fd9df1187ac25912cc6cd856cfe661037

555dd50c95045d2bbeae895286a00789089e6a86845975041d11879e7e8fbd37

6bbc47fd039bce4c7a6a163dd6ff380fdda9fd27d552fa8c66be20e3fabf6cd3

1f739f3f90382fb729401085388e2142d12fac724684c5b3dcf367b645781695

 

Shiotob

0733779b99ccced9808136088e08bed6518097fd892c51c150a5d7e99b755562

124e6d6d3da321ad04e7f3aa9ae1b29fea2f382e8903a72ce48091cce47127ce

164eab81c9ef0b14b4f93f7f5b60b0111d9eb3de3131c35f2f388837e0309b9e

194e6644ea8c81e8e6073434f5305c48fbd22dcbfe7d911ad36a314bf61ce301

1af5467950d5e171827936d522ae7fc47d7e92cb639d83a6d1b1e6170568987c

1ede3e09794eb4fbb5a9a67702aeca7495d7b9d12b47dc4493d5f645fa04279d

2209aa1f8719cc1f1bec10c0e2c611fff44107c54754b63af8bce748a9c2ba11

22fe4de964db8874728d54c8327f0763383b56bb838983ac2d0ad16f9a9f0296

24af6a68330743f0ba7e152d426f16768a915d619e807b56a4b7944c780fe46d

24d6ff074c68060d5bfd31c2a8784fc58033d865110f01778b6f43fb71d1be82

25e49603ccd58159180e10cc9df9944845870d3bd6dbaa2ce2a5ad16d5d224b8

2b7c4c4370000b258932ffe871e3cd9ec613c223ea129fd164d32070544ee53f

2d43697cacccfa10ac4fe3119a86bcc1113925f04d7b95e3297ace3ee1dbcb75

2edfc720a92bcdd2d42416ed6bb79ce84eec28a8316cb6160527627779c6b4db

317bfbe3107ac085d1751e04202b99e2ce8a75285e5033b789de34457c7ae7a7

347430676e7811c4433d4d10d7ff5695dd34083d9f37a32f5130e29263f3cb72

3a5020bbd52ef368d98f51a9caca2b266f0f5ec7719e8159e32dd08ad80e60c4

3a59673578576a0d1551c120f612217aa3ab1a511bb6eba03908ba3aa2719bf8

3b6a2050bfd395756237a48e39007279a0ed80cb1e1cec05bbe77f813befb002

3e325fe43a78054dad21049abc7ea56510959eb2da5a1e21dae3fe168106cade

4039ab72bce95e0ec30092a12a7d6d4f8509d5a6bc05fc8e6463c9a262060434

40a8deaeb8902947c6ba98ce0af62a6a487c3afcaf6e96dcda2fb27e6af9c122

4b64a23de0d09e2f9daeef283d4582bf04b416b465c1c6863b7698eb82b56c4e

4ee9a7fd63daab6d756193756c3a63b2bcc3a2c04397c6126b9c6f3b1ada0b5c

504d71d3e1ddf4487033d6c8a5840c7eccc5babcd7f23a5587eaa07aa61ea148

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5a41e1429c92d6cf63df37ef37f4d8b5ebcf51b6c002b118ea4edee5bca4669b

5b7e4c2df278c2bc9cc2dfa736227e28fdc3787173f4c5fcd30e0004ec06bdcb

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60e0f5deef23f463180ea830bb9f237a4f542cd73c1bb2c52912ccb594fc0e08

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8bf6825e1ab1a6b09fe9cc2eae461d80b431309887b5c5fe14ed299c1a2f44c3

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KINS

786e347d5de0b2461049964b382ec2d93db62ad2541519c2f1be423fbde3e632

0f300996a5d57c43b90bf97f158fed23709284b1fe4bbcabc6b843538f4fe961

ea05b0aff29ff657a578eed301f79a2ae7a469cda10030151426eff85b2390ea

840d7f349f02bea4467b5a8f3cf7f3f4f43c6cc9452b01e75d2ee795c25f96ba

2392a69e522bd0a37e114ec53ef6c4e48aa6b8c5aa61b6a8ee7ed05d9e941014

a5c4fc9bcbdf145a880a80d0ec28d874d646100dda4f9a571b011d31c78d6b05

a12ba2482f7fc7f8e514c0f1e630d66357ddce32893873b3ebf8bc2c79e6aa2d

7c384f0d01cf765e2f90eb52bfc7e2c832d59c328809b5a9436050dfc6017b52

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Pushdo

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Tinba

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Zeus

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Rovnix

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Enlarged Image