According to the Schengen visa code:
5) The following categories of persons shall be exempt from
the requirement to hold an airport transit visa provided for in
paragraphs 1 and 2:
...
(b) third-country nationals holding the valid residence permits
listed in Annex V issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, San
Marino or the United States of America guaranteeing the
holder’s unconditional readmission;
(c) third-country nationals holding a valid visa for a Member
State or for a State party to the Agreement on the European
Economic Area of 2 May 1992, Canada, Japan or the United
States of America, or when they return from those countries
after having used the visa;
So the answer is yes, you may transit the Schengen area visa-free if you have a Canadian residence permit or visa. The same applies if you were to have a residence permit or visa from USA or Japan.