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Since this year, 2022, I am not a resident of Germany anymore. I am officially unregistered, and I haven't visited my home country since then. That doesn't mean that I gave up citizenship, however. I still have my German passport.

On Monday, I've a flight with transit through the US. United Airlines asks me for travel documents, and that involves entering a country of residence:

Screenshot of United web form

I don't have a country of residence. What should I do? Can I even transit through the US?

A United agent suggested that I contact the German embassy. It is weekend, though, and both the German as well as the American embassy are not available.

Update

In the end, I arrived at my destination without a problem, and I did use my layover in the US to leave the airport for a night. What country I specified as country of residence, I forgot, because I couldn't edit or see it anymore after I advanced in the form. I was asked for the country of residence when I got my tickets for the connecting flight. In that case, I specified France, no problem.

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  • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.
    – JonathanReez
    Commented Mar 30, 2022 at 14:41

6 Answers 6

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Based on the information in your question and in the comments, you are a resident of Germany for US immigration purposes. The US does not have a system equivalent to the German official residence registration and does not care about your Abmeldung. If you are a citizen of Germany, lived there relatively recently, and are not a permanent resident of any other country, you should choose Germany as your residence and, without lying, leave border officials with the impression that you have a plan to return there.

If you make yourself appear "interesting" to border officials, perhaps by insisting that you have no residence and no definitive plan to live anywhere, you will very much increase your chances of your entry to the US being delayed or denied.

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    This. When dealing with immigration officials of a foreign country don't try to be a smart aleck. Trying to claim that you have no permanent place of residence is not the brightest idea when you're asking for a permission to temporarily visit a place.
    – littleadv
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 18:59
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    @littleadv true, but less critical for a transit (as in this case) than for a tourist visit or similar. And trying to "leave border officials with the impression that you have a plan to return" to Germany is probably a bad idea if you don't actually plan to. Leaving them with the impression that you plan to return to France might be a better idea, if that's the truth, or with whatever actual plan you have.
    – phoog
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 21:29
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    @phoog France, Germany, Sweden - whatever. Just don't claim to essentially be homeless when you're coming for a temporary stay. In the US transit is considered a B2 visit, AFAIK.
    – littleadv
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 23:30
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    @phoog the requirements are the same. In fact for C-1, residence in home country is explicitly spelled out: "Residence in your home country and your intent to return there.": travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/…
    – littleadv
    Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 21:10
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    @littleadv But also don't lie. Lying is worse than "being a smart aleck" Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 8:58
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You know, I have been a digital nomad before it was cool, around 2006-2008. And what I learned is the world is simply behind legislation wise and it is us who needs to adjust. Indeed, these days one could use a different visa created for this purpose every year from dozens of countries and never have a residence -- or so it seems.

What I am leading to is this: we need to construct a narrative that is plausible, easily acceptable by authorities and somewhat defensible by us legally. Our realities simply do not fit the legislation. It's severely behind. Do not fret too much just make sure you can make an argument if push comes to shove. Example: do you need to file a tax return this year in Germany? Great, you are a German resident.

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    It's also a question of the systems not being set up right. For instance if you are a dual / triple national, there is no accurate way to answer the "nationality" question on many forms.
    – abligh
    Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 8:41
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    There is an edge case regarding filing a tax return. If you are a US citizen, you technically need to file a US tax return no matter what country you reside in.
    – Peter M
    Commented Mar 27, 2022 at 17:05
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    You are reading too much into my example. The point of the example is to show you need some argument which is a) factually true) b) legally makes sense c) props up your story. You can't make the same argument for the USA but who said you can or need to? Just find a different argument for US residency if it becomes necessary. That's neither here nor there. Relevant points: 1) you claim you are a resident of Germany 2) be prepared to prop this up somehow. End. Again, digital nomads need to get used to sort of lying to border officials no matter how bad that is.
    – user4188
    Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 7:34
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    @abligh Actually I would say--and this is in the spirit of what chx is suggesting here--if you are a dual/triple national, then you have multiple ways to accurately answer a single-box nationality question. Any of the choices you might make are true. If they wanted to know all your possible nationalities, they could have asked that. This is one of those places where you never, never volunteer more information than is specifically required of you, and the current situation is actually probably more beneficial to "nomads" than a more comprehensive form. Commented Mar 28, 2022 at 21:12
  • What about travelling the world? Travelling the world has been a thing way before digital nomads existed. You travel using your savings, you never stay long enough to become a resident. Ever tried this explanation?
    – Opcode
    Commented Mar 29, 2022 at 12:33
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I'm adding this as an answer of what not to do, because you might not be aware of some fringe political/legal arguments people try to make in the US. There are people that refer to themselves as "Sovereign Citizens" and they talk about not being under the jurisdiction of any country's laws so they can do things such as "freely travel" or "non-commercially transit" the country without a need for driver's licenses, license plates on vehicles, etc. Basically they claim to be outside of the laws for any given city or state because they are their own country (or something like that).

This falls under the heading of "conspiracy theories" and if you want to research it, keep in mind that no legal entity in the US agrees with what they claim.

So, why bring it up? Well if you start telling officials that you don't have a country of residency/jurisdiction and you should be free to travel, etc, you're using some common phrases that might lump you in with this movement. It's the first thing I thought of when you said "you're not a resident of any country", but I'm probably biased from watching several videos about the sovereign citizen movement.

So, I agree with the other answers saying what you should do, but don't go around saying you're not a resident of any country without a little more explanation.

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    This. Immigration/border patrol staff have a low tolerance for nuts. Less trouble for everyone to bounce them. Especially 'sovereign citizen' nuts, part of whose philosophy seems to be 'laws don't apply to me'. Especially now we have had demos from these dweebs against vaccines, paying taxes, and so on, here in the UK a refusal on the grounds that admission would not be 'conducive to the public good' would be a slam-dunk. Commented Mar 29, 2022 at 13:42
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Outside of edge cases (seafarer, etc.), you are a resident of a country. You legally become a resident as soon as you settle there for more than a few months (for work, study, etc.) and if you have the right to do so.

You left Germany to go to another country so, in that form, I'd put the country you're currently living in.

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    I've been in France since seven weeks, and I've been in Sweden before, for about the same period of time. I wouldn't consider myself resident of either country, and I doubt I legally am. Currenlty, I'm full time traveling, although I want to fix that residency issue ASAP.
    – feklee
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 12:02
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    You are, you have the legal right to settle in the EU, so you become a resident of the country once you go there to settle, even if it's a temporary settlement. You live in France, you're a French resident. Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 12:04
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    You are likely able to request a titre de séjour (service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/N110) and that would likely be a good idea @feklee Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 12:08
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    @NicolasFormichella it sounds as though feklee has no intention of remaining in France. What would be the point of asking for a titre de séjour? Even if feklee did have such an intention there would be little point in requesting one.
    – phoog
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 12:22
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    @feklee I think you just have to choose between France and Germany, whichever seems less tenuous. You have a good enough case for either, and you can explain in detail if it comes up in an interview with the immigration authorities. It probably won't. Also, note that the form you're filling out is for the airline, not the US government. They will pass the information to the US, however, but I don't see anything in the regulations that offers any guidance for any edge cases (without having looked very thoroughly, I must add).
    – phoog
    Commented Mar 26, 2022 at 16:43
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I think you are confusing 3 different things:

  • citizenship (nation who issues your passport and cannot refuse you entry to their borders even if they leave the EU)
  • residency (the place you keep your core possessions and sleep at night when not traveling)
  • some set of beliefs you hold - not to diminish them in any way, but we need to clear up the fact that these 3 things are not the same.

Confusing these, or perhaps more aptly to "take a political stand" on something - will only result in refusal. Refusal means no more visa waiver, and paying $160 to apply for a visa when/if you want to visit the US in the future, and the wait, and the need to explain your planned activities in greater detail.

Residency is a statement of fact, and facts obviously cannot be about future things that may or may not happen. Therefore, "where you have been staying up to this point" is the answer they are looking for. And stating a residency places you under no obligation to live there in the future.

You just can't live here.

Immigration is keenly watchful for people who want to enter on a visitor visa or waiver, and then violate the terms of their visa by overstaying or seeking employment. If you even smell like a person like that, i.e. rootless, wandering, a continuous world traveler*... they have every reason to refuse you. As such, a powerful part of any visitor application is a showing if facts that you have roots in another country and thus strong incentive to return there when your stated business is done.

* unless you have an ocean-going boat and have arrived on it.

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Just to add to the good other answers and to pick up on a few things you said in the comments (and sorry, can't comment, so also mentioning a few things in reply to comments right here):

  • I'll concur in the advice to keep things simple, even more so as you mentioned the BCO already has all the details. What you may need to be prepared to add (again in simple terms), where it doesn't pass as obvious by itself, is to give the simple explanation about the details, the bigger picture about what you are really doing.

Which, as others have pointed out, should not sound like a person unreliable about where they live or about political issues - but none of these seem to really fit your case as what you are really doing seems quite simple and straightforward (and legal) so you should be perfectly fine.

  • Most importantly, you are core mainland EU citizen (obviously, having a German passport) traveling with the intent to set up (if rather temporarily) in another EU country.

(Note that "to set up" is an imprecise term for a good reason - within the EU, you are not required to know your own plans any more precisely than that as - for border control considerations, you're practically only moving in-country.)

*No idea why you are making a transfer inside the EU through the US but whatever. (Curious to know, though.)

Not only that's the most legal thing for you to do in your position, it is legal to the extent that you don't even need any kind of paperwork to do it - you just go and that's it.[1] (FWIW it's legal to the extent that you don't even have any paperwork about it simple because none is required. Other than the German idea of registering your place of residence, which is largely really about municipal taxes and urban development.)

[1] Formally, for those not familiar with it, it's called the Schengen Area and using that is roughly the same as going from one US state to another US state, inside the US (obviously), is for an US citizen.

which is a) perfectly legal, b) perfectly understandable if one is so inclined, c) should be perfectly meh to an INS officer and the like who would be looking for possible violations of immigration laws - something you neither intend nor would have any connection with your own plans.

Consistently with the above, on a side note,

  • a "titre de sejour" is exactly what the OP would never need anywhere inside the EU, already being a Schengen Area citizen and that of the core countries such as Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Spain etc. (@NicolasFormichella - no offense but quite confused that (being in Paris and looking Italian, no offense again) you wouldn't know that.) A "titre de sejour" is a permit for EU aliens (non-citizens of the EU) asking to be legally living (for a usually limited, though often practically indeterminate given period of time) in the issuing country, other than on whatever visa.

On some other side notes,

  • So it seems you have been around the world a lot, and obviously always within the legal (and never trying to stay in the US in any awkward way). No red flags to US immigration visible whatsoever.

  • What's a problem about world travel anyway? Australians, for one example, do it a lot, and so what? Can't be unfamiliar to US BCOs.

  • might could be your thinking is being a bit overly anal (as in detail-possessed) and getting caught up in that about what to say? If a form is asking information in a simplistic way, it's not necessarily that the form is insufficient. Well maybe it is, but making you enter information in a crudely simplifying manner seems to suggest that doing so is considered sufficient for its purpose.

  • As for the form entry specifically, when there is no such thing as "last" or "intended" country of residence, it might seem natural to think "natural country of residence" as in "citizenship"

Your German citizenship should preempt your residency for most requirements from the comments above

This. I guess that, if asked, would be something that could have legitimately seemed obvious to you even if for some reason you were not sure about the form. I mean, if the form isn't asking something very specific (sorry and no offense about the form), what else could be the natural thing to enter?

You are temporarily not registered in Germany as living there on a municipal register level (which is arguably not even a category to a BCO I guess so no point in even bringing it up), so?

  • Seems more interesting what would happen if you were stranded anywhere in the world and that country expelled you, where would you end up being? Being a German citizen, that would be Germany. End of question.

It seems unlikely to me that you would be confronted about entering the "wrong" choice in the form. If it did happened, it would be plausible (as is the case) that you were confused about details that are probably not even relevant (guess the BCO would know what should have been entered to give them the information they need?) your confusion could innocently come across as momentarily sheepish, but obviously innocent.

Seems to me (though not a thing to state) that restrictive forms to enter things in can be thought of as morons, either that or entities that just don't care beyond the point of what you can enter. Also, if obviously no one there cares about more exact information (not having made it possible to even enter more exact information), it must be good enough to enter the information you can enter. "That form did not allow me to specify more, so I entered as much as it asked me to. That's what it asked, so meh."

On a closing note, I feel curious to hear how it went - would you feel like following up with us?

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    "No idea why you are making a transfer inside the EU through the US": my reading is that the plan is to go somewhere far away with a transit in the US, then return (probably also through the US). There's nothing suggesting a flight from the EU to another point in the EU with a transit in the US.
    – phoog
    Commented Mar 29, 2022 at 13:05

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