Yes, this can be done using bookmarks.
See Word MVP Suzanne Barnhill's page on TOC Tricks and Tips. In particular, look at the part about a TOC for Part of a Document. I strongly recommend going to that page.
However, this forum likes things to be here rather than in links. So here is some quoted text from that page.
Insert a bookmark
The general principle here is that you have to have some way to tell
Word what part of the document you want each TOC to cover. To do that,
you select the text you want included in the TOC (an entire chapter,
for example) and insert a bookmark.
On the Insert tab, in the Links group, click Bookmark and type in a name for your bookmark.
The bookmark name can be any text you like, but it can’t contain
spaces. So, for example, you can’t use “Chapter 1,” but you can use
“Chapter1” or “Chapter_1.” Insert a TOC field
After you have created the bookmark, you insert a TOC field at the
desired place (at the beginning of the chapter, say).
Helpful Hint: Give some thought to this. If you have used Heading 1 for your chapter titles, then of course you don’t want the
chapter title included in your chapter TOC, so you will want to omit
Level 1 from your TOC. Perhaps you’ll include just Levels 2 and 3. So
in the Table of Contents Options dialog you’ll delete the 1 from
beside Heading 1.
But also think about formatting; unless you want the entire TOC to be indented, you don’t want to use the TOC 2 style (which by default
has a 0.17″ indent) for Level 2. To get around this, type 1 by
Heading 2 and 2 by Heading 3 so that the next-higher TOC style will be
used for each heading style.
Edit the TOC field
After you have inserted the TOC (which at this point will contain many
more entries than you want), you will have to edit it by hand. So
press Alt+F9 to toggle the display from field results to field code.
If you have not changed any of the default options except the levels
as described above, the field you have inserted will look like this:
{ TOC \h \z \u \t "Heading 2,1,Heading 3,2" }
If you want this TOC to cover your first chapter, which you have
bookmarked as “Chapter1,” then you will type “\b Chapter1” into the
field so it looks like this:
{ TOC \b Chapter1 \h \z \u \t "Heading 2,1,Heading 3,2" }
Press Alt+F9 again to toggle back to the field results, then F9 to
update the field, which should now show only the headings from Chapter
1.
When working with function keys like F9 some computers require that you use the Fn key with it. On a Mac, use Opt+F9 rather than Alt+F9.