I have done a very stupid thing and, welp...
chmod 755 /Users
Tried googling but I just cannot seem to find any info as to what permissions should this folder have. Scared to break the system while trying to fix security issue, so maybe there is the way to automatically fix permissions to, like, some default values?
Before you reply, no, there is no "First aid" section in the Disk Utility, just the "First aid" button, which executes First Aid script on the selected drive.