I messed up. In order to save disk space, I removed mysql-000xx.bin files with Ubuntu's rm command - rather than using the mysql purge command, as I later found out.
But the damage is done now, mariadb service won't start. I had to disable logging to successfully start Mariadb, however logging is important for this server. Is there a way to "repair" the database in a way, that I can activate logging again?
journalctl
output. Recommend editing your question rather than appending image based logs. Its clearer, more accessible, and might generate some useful and searchable answer for the next person with the problem.