Your screen shot shows a number of Deny entries. Remove these. They're not part of the default permissions for the root of a volume and are certainly causing you trouble.
For your reference, here are the default permissions for the root of a boot volume on Windows 10:
Try to get your permissions to match these.
Edit: More detail on how to effect these changes.
Caution: For the root folder, NEVER click on propagate changes to all subfolders. Many subfolders have been given different security attributes that you don't want to change.
Warning: Make sure you have a backup plan in case this procedure fails. You may need to reinstall if something goes wrong.
1) In order to change the permissions, you need to take ownership. Click on the Blue change for the owner, and change the owner to Administrators. This is also for protection: Even administrators are not allowed to modify some subfolders.
2) Remove the Deny entries.
3) For the entries you are going to keep, make sure their permissions are set properly, using the advanced menu. For windows 10, you need to update BOTH the basic and advanced settings. The proper settings are detailed below.
4) Delete the other entries.
5) Apply the changes, and cross your fingers. You should get warnings that your changes did not propagate to some Windows owned subfolders and swapfile.sys.
6) Change the owner back to TrustedInstaller, whose actual name is "NT Service\TrustedInstaller".
Permissions detail:
Administrators, Full control, This folder, subfolders and files
Full control: All boxes in basic and advanced permissions should be checked.
SYSTEM, Full control, This folder, subfolders and files
Full control: All boxes in basic and advanced permissions should be checked.
Users, Read & excute, Subfolders and files only
Basic: Only Read&execute, List folder contents, Read
Advanced: Only
Traverse folder / execute file
List folder / read data
Read attributes
Read extended attributes
Read permissions
Authenticated Users, Modify, Subfolders and files only
Basic: Only Modify, Read&execute, List folder contents, Read, Write
Advanced: Only
Traverse folder / execute file
List folder / read data
Read attributes
Read extended attributes
Create files / write data
Create folders / append data
Write attributes
Write extended attributes
Delete
Read permissions
Authenticated Users, Create folders / append data, This folder only
Basic: NONE
Advanced: Only Create folders / append data