This definitely sounds like there are multiple DHCP servers. Since multiple devices are showing the problem, the issue is not likely to be a single broken device that is using a DHCP client.
Since a phone is known to be an issue for at least one device, the issue appears to affect wireless devices.
With some devices, including newer Microsoft Windows versions, you can get some information about the DHCP server that is providing the broken Internet connection. How you do this would vary between different devices. With modern versions of Microsoft Windows, running IPConfig /ALL wills how a "DHCP Server" address. Then, that IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.1) can be used to look for looked up in the ARP table by running "arp -a", which is useful for providing the MAC-48 address. The first six hexadecimal digits (ignore any other characters like colons or hyphens or periods) of the MAC-48 address is the OUI. Using the MAC address lookup @ Coffer (or the information can be retrieved from the more official source, IEEE's OUI.txt) can be used to figure out who manufactured that device (assuming that people haven't been making manual changes to a MAC-48 address).
If you confirm that the DHCP server is not equipment that belongs to you, then you need to sever the connection that causes your equipment to contact the DHCP server. In the case of wireless connections, the typical approach is to tell your own equipment to not automatically connect to certain devices, like unsecured devices. Then you shouldn't be able to connect to that device unless you enter its password (unless you somehow have its password saved, which seems quite unlikely, but even that situation could be fixed by erasing the saved password).