I have a similar wish as the OP, and I just tried Thunderbird 102.12.0; note that my Thunderbird is setup for plain text as default when writing emails, and for replies (even for replies to HTML emails).
So, in principle, I'd still like to just write and send plain text emails; except I'd like the option to temporarily render my plain text response as if Markdown formatted - and, for emails received in plain text format, I'd like the option to render them as if they contained Markdown formatting.
I have tried these two addons:
Markdown Here
adds a button to the formatting toolbar which is ONLY visible when you write HTML e-mails!!! Since my default is writing plain-text e-mails, I do not get to see this button - unless I do SHIFT+click "Write". And what is rather unfortunate in Firefox since forever, is that once you start off writing a message in one mode or another (plain text or HTML), you cannot change it anymore (if you started writing a message and then change your mind, you must then start a new message of the right type, then manually copy/paste your work).
Render Markdown Messages
, on the other hand, attempts to format a received plain-text e-mail as Markdown - the formatting is minimal, and they still use the same monospaced font used for displaying plain-text messages. There does not seem to be a way to provide a custom CSS for rendering the Markdown - and the worst for me is, you cannot toggle at runtime whether you want to enable rendering as Markdown or not (no toolbar button, no right-click context menu). Either the extension is enabled to attempt to format all plain-text emails, or not.
So, neither of these are usable for someone like me, unfortunately - and at this time, I cannot really find any other Thunderbird addons that deal with Markdown on this level (i.e. interact with either the writing, or the viewing, of plain-text e-mails).