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memtest(!). The long one (hours). A different OS may require memory write (or read) operations that another rarely does. If the first battery already was gone long ago, now some other hardware parts may be arrived to their end of life. (Note it happend to me with an old laptop). Abrupt shut down with no previous advises, seems to be a hardware problem. Sudden shutdown without warning, appears to be a hardware problem. The fact that it's so bad that it can't be handled by either OS reinforces the idea. Check the various logs (dmesg...) under both OSes.