How to identify failed casts using dynamic_cast operator?

Question

Scott Meyer in his book Effective C++ says dynamic_cast is used to perform safe casts down or across an inheritance hierarchy. That is, you use dynamic_cast to cast pointers or references to base class objects into pointers or references to derived or sibling base class objects in such a way that you can determine whether the casts succeeded.

Failed casts are indicated by a null pointer (when casting pointers) or an exception (when casting references).

I would like to get two code snippet showing the failed cast in the case of casting pointer and casting reference can be indicated.

Answer 1

For pointers, it's a simple null check:

A* a = new A();
B* b = dynamic_cast<B*>(a);

if (b == nullptr)
{
    // Cast failed
}

For references, you can catch:

try {
    SomeType &item = dynamic_cast<SomeType&>(obj);
}
catch(const std::bad_cast& e) {
    // Cast failed
}

Answer 2

Based on the OP's comment (" I do not understand how casts could fail as mentioned by Scott."), the real question here is really something like: "how could a dynamic_cast fail?"

The time it would fail is when the target type does not match the dynamic type of the object. For a simple example:

struct A {
   virtual ~A() {}
};

class B : public A {};

int main() { 
    A *a = new A;

    B *b = dynamic_cast<B *>(a);    // should fail
    if (b == NULL)
        std::cout << "First cast failed.\n";

    A *c = new B;
    b = dynamic_cast<B *>(c);       // should succeed
    if (b == NULL)
        std::cout << "Second cast failed.\n";
    return 0;
}

Here although a could point to an object of type B, it actually does point to an object of type A. When we try to do a dynamic_cast to get it to point to a B, that fails. In the second attempt, we again have a pointer that not only could but does point to an object of type B. Since it does, the dynamic_cast to B * succeeds in this case.

The basic situation doesn't change (much) for the reference case, just a, b and c become references instead of pointers, and we note the failure by catching an exception (which @ReedCopsey has already demonstrated well enough that I don't think I have anything new to add).

Answer 3

Here's a complete example that shows how dynamic_cast can fail to produce a pointer.

class A
{
public:
    virtual void Foo();
};

class B: public A
{
};

class C: public A
{
};

void test()
{
    A a;
    B b;
    A* pA = &b;
    B* pB = dynamic_cast<B*>(pA);  // this works OK, returns the expected pointer
    C* pC = dynamic_cast<C*>(pA);  // this returns NULL because B isn't a C
}

In the real world you'll be trying to cast pointers that weren't so straightforwardly created, perhaps they come from a vector for example.