Did Thomas Jefferson predict that slavery would split the US?

Question

I was reading about the vice president of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens. He made the "Cornerstone Speech" in 1861, about 5 weeks before the Civil War started.

He claimed Thomas Jefferson predicted that the Union would be split on the topic of slavery (euphemised as "our peculiar institution").

Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right.

I was blown away that even as early as the time of the founding of country, Jefferson might have foreseen this. The problem is that when I search for this term, "the rock upon which the old Union would split", it only comes up with results of the Stephens' speech. So I actually doubt it was said by Jefferson.

Did Jefferson say this, as Stephen's claimed?

Answer 1

I doubt that Thomas Jefferson ever used the words that Alexander Stephens used. Despite the quotes, Stephens appeared to be paraphrasing. That said, Jefferson certainly expressed the sentiment.

From a letter from Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 22 April 1820:

I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. it is hushed indeed for the moment. but this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. a geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once concieved and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say with conscious truth that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would, to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. the cession of that kind of property, for it is so misnamed, is a bagatelle which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected: and, gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. but, as it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other. of one thing I am certain, that as the passage of slaves from one state to another would not make a slave of a single human being who would not be so without it, so their diffusion over a greater surface would make them individually happier and proportionally facilitate the accomplishment of their emancipation; by dividing the burthen on a greater number of co-adjutors. an abstinence too from this act of power would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of Congress; to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of men composing a state. this certainly is the exclusive right of every state, which nothing in the constitution has taken from them and given to the general government. could congress, for example say that the Non-freemen of Connecticut, shall be freemen, or that they shall not emigrate into any other state?

I regret that I am now to die in the belief that the useless sacrifice of themselves, by the generation of ’76. to acquire self government and happiness to their country, is to be thrown away by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons, and that my only consolation is to be that I live not to weep over it. if they would but dispassionately weigh the blessings they would throw away against an abstract principle more likely to be effected by union than by scission, they would pause before they would perpetrate this act of suicide on themselves and of treason against the hopes of the world. to yourself as the faithful advocate of union

Misspellings and lack of capitalization from the original transcript, which I copied and pasted.

Not exactly the clearest of passages. Here is an example of a historian's analysis of Jefferson's writing:

He thought that his cherished federal union, the world’s first democratic experiment, would be destroyed by slavery.

If we go back to Jefferson's letter, we can see

1. He was talking about slavery as something that should be abolished.
2. That he thought that it might split the country.
3. That splitting the country would be bad.

It's worth noting that this may not have required much predictive ability. He seems to have felt that they came close to splitting the country in 1820 and that the Missouri Compromise was only delaying the problem.

Answer 2

Jefferson was misunderstood or misquoted. He did express his concerns in an 1820 letter to John Holmes regarding the Missouri Compromise.

What worried him was not slavery, per se, but the North-South division over slavery. "I regret that I am now to die in the belief that the useless sacrifice of themselves, by the generation of ’76. to acquire self government and happiness to their country, is to be thrown away by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons."

According to William Strauss and Neil Howe in "Generations,", the "generation of 1776" was much like the World War II generation, for whom politics was "played between the 40 yard lines," because they rallied around a major war. Their children, the "Transcendentals" of Emerson and Lincoln, were more like the contentious Baby Boomers that created "blue" versus "red" states. It was this "state" division, and not slavery itself, that Jefferson feared.

His preferred solution for slaves was "their diffusion over a greater surface" (over all states), to lessen the burden of a solution such as a national "buyout" to set them free. But in any event, he wanted a "national" resolution, not a state-by-state one, which he (rightly) felt would divide the country.