Is it possible to tie an SD card to a Raspberry Pi? I want it this way if you try the SD card in another Raspberry Pi that Linux does not start or that the SD card formats itself.
Furthermore, it should not be possible to read the contents of the SD card via another PC, i.e. the data are encrypted and need a password.
Is it somehow possible that before Raspbian is started that the data on the SD card gets decrypted with the Mac address of the Pi and so a normal boot process is possible?
Without providing you a step-by-step walkthrough, I can answer pieces of your question:
Is it possible to tie an SD card to a Raspberry Pi?
In theory, you may be able to encrypt an SD card using the TPM so that decryption is automatic and handled by the TPM. In this scenario, it would not work on another Raspberry Pi because that Pi's TPM would not have the encryption key. A quick search implies that a TPM is either available or native to the Raspberry Pi. If it is native, this solution would be more feasible. If it is an add-on, the add-on might be stolen with the SD card, which might negate the benefit. To be clear, this is all theory, I don't know for certain whether or not a storage device can be encrypted using a TPM without having specific hardware on the storage device as well.
I want it this way if you try the SD card in another Raspberry Pi that Linux does not start or that the SD card formats itself.
Not possible, unless you can find a specialized programmable SD card that likely doesn't exist. However, it is almost never advisable to wipe encrypted data based on random rules, as the feature simply allows you to shoot yourself in the foot while a bad guy can always work around it.
Furthermore, it should not be possible to read the contents of the SD card via another PC, i.e. the data are encrypted and need a password.
If you are encrypting with TPM using a key that is stored to provide decryption automatically, there should still also be some form of recovery code that can allow the device to be read on other hardware (it may require identical hardware to be used).
Is it somehow possible that before Raspbian is started that the data on the SD card gets decrypted with the Mac address of the Pi and so a normal boot process is possible?
If you are encrpyting with TPM, the TPM would provide decryption, and serve your need since the key is tied to the TPM, but it wouldn't be related to the MAC address.
All of that having been said, if you understand these fundamentals, you can probably search for "Raspberry Pi TPM" and figure out what you need to figure out.
