Spectrum analysis is often used to analyse waveforms. A common configuration, for example, is to create a graph where X is time, Y is frequency, and the brightness of each position represents amplitude.
Has spectrum analysis ever been used successfully as an indicator to analyse historical price data, for example the price of shares over time?
In the academic literature it is extremely widely applied in the last 20 years. I would estimate maybe 200 empirical papers, or more. For example a common finding is that higher frequency (daily) wavelet correlations have been high since 2007, attributable either to increasing financial interation or the financial crisis. It is also popular to estimate the time-varying variance as a non-parametric alternative to GARCH models. There are costs and benefits to this, sometimes we want to impose a hypothesis of a functional form onto the data if we have pre-existing knowledge we want to incorporate to improve generalisation of our estimate, or to ensure we are not fitting noise. You can also combine the two approaches; wavelets for the pass band filter and a parametric model for the volatility estimates. This will bais your test though.
Specifically wavelet analysis and not Fourier analysis is popular due to the non-stationarity of the mean and variance in the time domain and other characeristics that vary in the frequency domain over time. Fitting a linear combination of trig basis functions is just not going to give you good results in finance. Autocorrelation also varies in the frequency domain. It is also prefered to STFT so that we do not have to assume stationarity within a time-band. Wavelets are intuitively nice with typical process assumptions in stochastic finance that assume a fractal like property of the price process (stemming from the assumption that our price is some function of a Wiener process). This is incorrect in practice due to phenomena such as the Epps effect and the discreteness of markets imposed by latency and microstructure, but for the time scales of interest to empirical researchers it is acceptable. Indeed these ultra high frequency crystals are generally not estimated for both computation and redundancy reasons (yet there are some papers; the unbiasedness of the white noise hypothesis test I am unsure of). Another reason is that Datastream and Bloomberg are the go-to databases and they are shocking for high frequency data.
Other findings surround frequency-dependent Granger causality testing, changepoint analysis and other analyses.
It is also commonly used to analyse lead-lag relationships through the phase difference in the Morlet wavelet; since the complex sinusoid is fit you can compare the real and imaginary parts of the cofficient through the inverse tangent function to get a phase difference. This isn't a causal wavelet though so you will not be able to construct a time-frequency localised pair trading strategy with this unless your strategy can tolerate the edge effects, which I find to be highly dubious. Also, this is just for the bivariate setting.
All in all, good if your goal is to get a qualitative understanding of interrelationships and correlations in the past, not necessarily good if you are trying to extrapolate into the future since it is not built to be able to generalise. However, you can use it as part of something else if you want to extrapolate, but I am not allowed to share this.
I would recommend Marc Wildi's work on signal extraction.
The link above points to the web archive, since the site no longer appears to exist. I've reproduced the relevant text below. I'm not sure the links on the archived page would work anyway.
Signal extraction is about the definition and the estimation of interesting signals in time series. In practice, attention is often focussed on the current boundary of time series: does the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate increase or decrease, do we observe a turning-point in the business-cycle, should we keep, buy or sell an asset based on the current momentum? We here analyse the structure of prospective real-time signal extraction problems by emphasizing trend estimation and derive specific (efficient) solutions for level-approximations as well as or for the early detection of turning-points.
Our contribution and therefore the novelty of our approach, lies in the scrupulous matching of optimization criteria and tests to the underlying problem structures. The latest iteration of the book on real-time signal extraction conveys a comprehensive treatment of the subject. Additionally, selected articles, projects, presentations and pieces of software code give access to more detailed aspects of our work on the topic. These techniques are currently in use in leading economic indicators, in governmental analysis tools as well as in trading algorithms. Current developments include very promising non-linear and multivariate extensions of our original approach.
Yes. Check out Time-Series Analysis by Shumway and Stoffer. Spectral Analysis and Filtering is covered in Chapter 4.
Fractal spectra are covered in Multifractal Volatility: Theory, Forecasting, and Pricing. Also note that your run-of-the-mill moving average of a price series is a low-pass filter (filters out the higher frequencies), and moving averages are very used in basic financial analysis.
Something like a moving average smoother is akin to a low pass filter, the 'stochastics' of technical analysis crudely akin to a band pass filter. Going up the ladder of sophistication, you can see something like http://www.jstor.org/pss/3592665 or applications of wavelet decomposition.
This paper from 1963 by GRANGER, CLIVE W. J., and MORGENSTERN, 0. titled “Spectral Analysis of New York Stock Market Prices,” Kyklos, XVI (January, 1963), I-27 should convince you that people have been more than thinking of applying frequency-domain analysis to this.
Checkout spectro.space - A CryptoCoin Analyzer with Spectrograms.
I just launched it, and it's is a free web-based graphing tool that allows you to view over 2000 different cryptocurrencies, and a lot more coin-pairs. The semi-novel thing about spectro.space is the spectrogram graphs.
I've been able to determine the onset of large price movements, both up and down, from the spectrogram. When prices are relatively stable, the spectrum contains mainly low frequency power. When there is volatility, the entire spectrum lights up, I call these events flames because that's what they look like. This is a very new application that I'm going to continue to develop. My next step after adding MarketCap graphs is to work on some prediction.
Let me know what you think! I'd love any and all feedback.
Singular Spectrum Analysis ( SSA ) is a relatively new technique ( although Lorenz suggested something similar 1956 ) that is starting to be more widely used. The jury is still out on just how much underlying structure, if any, there actually is in financial time series. Nonetheless a very powerful and easy to use data smoothing and filtering/de-noising technique. A very basic Excel and VBA demonstration available here
Take a look at someone using spectral analysis on the market: stock market analysis http://www.stockforecasttoday.com
