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Explicit counting of gauge field degrees of freedom
Consider a connection on a principal $U(1)$-bundle $A_\mu$ over the flat base manifold $M_4$. The action of the theory is described in terms of the curvatures of such connection coupled to some source ...
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Counting massive degrees of freedom after gauge fixing
Consider the theory of scalar QED with the Lagrangian
$$\mathcal{L} = - \frac14 F^{\mu\nu} F_{\mu\nu} + (D^\mu \phi)^* (D_\mu \phi) - m^2 \phi^* \phi \tag{1}$$
where $\phi$ is a complex scalar field ...
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