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Apparently there is a tension in the measuring of the curvature of the universe (https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07475) as apparently in 2018 the Planck collaboration got a series of results consistent with a closed universe (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0906-9, https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09139)

But then it seems that the results were revised and found to be consistent with a flat universe (https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06892, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe section of Curvature)

Therefore, what is happening here? Has this been clarified? Is the data favouring a flat or a closed universe?

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    $\begingroup$ Wikipedia: “Current observational evidence (WMAP, BOOMERanG, and Planck for example) imply that the observable universe is flat to within a 0.4% margin of error of the curvature density parameter with an unknown global topology.” $\endgroup$
    – Ghoster
    Commented Nov 24, 2023 at 18:39
  • $\begingroup$ possibly related: physics.stackexchange.com/q/659739 $\endgroup$
    – jng224
    Commented Nov 24, 2023 at 19:53

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