A skyrmion in a 3-dimensional space (or a 3-dimensional spacetime) is detected by a topological index $$n= {\tfrac{1}{4\pi}}\int\mathbf{M}\cdot\left(\frac{\partial \mathbf{M}}{\partial x}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{M}}{\partial y}\right)dx dy $$ where $M$ is the vector field in 3-dimensions. The $x$ and $y$ are coordinates on the 2-dimensional plane (say a 2-dimensional projective plane from a stereographic projection).
Naively there are non-chiral skyrmion [Fig (a)] v.s. Left/Right chiral skyrmion [Fig (b), shown the Right chiral skyrmion].
However, under the rotation $R$ about the $z$-axis and the stereographic projection $P$, the non-chiral skyrmion and Left/Right chiral skyrmion can be transformed into each other. In other words, we can also see the topological index $n= {\tfrac{1}{4\pi}}\int\mathbf{M}\cdot\left(\frac{\partial \mathbf{M}}{\partial x}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{M}}{\partial y}\right)dx dy$ for non-chiral skyrmion and Left/Right chiral skyrmion can be the same!
Question: If the topological index $n$ is NOT a good characteristic for non-chiral skyrmion v.s. Left/Right chiral skyrmion, what would be the index for such chirality? Naively, one can propose to use the winding number $$\oint \nabla \theta \cdot dl $$ on the 2D $x-y$ plane to define the chirality. However, the full space now is in 3D, so again it is likely that the winding number can be rotated away by continuous deformation (?). Do we really have good characteristics and distinctions for non-chiral skyrmion v.s. Left/Right chiral skyrmion in 3D? [For example, do we require to use the merons or instanton-number changing to see the distinctions? How precisely could we distinguish them?] Can the distinction of non-chiral skyrmion v.s. Left/Right chiral skyrmion be seen in the semi-classical sense? Or only in the full quantum theory? [Say, a Non-linear sigma model.] Or are there really distinctions after all?
Picture web-sources from Ref 1 Wiki and Ref 2.