Sociology and exosociology were the scientific studies of interactions within or between groups and societies. Sociologists explored how people interacted to form communities, and attempted to extrapolate how communities would behave in the future, based on observations of their behavior in the past and present. They were also able to determine whether or not a community was thriving, stagnant, or in decline, and sometimes, they were able to guide unhealthy communities so that they thrived again. A scientist who studied in this discipline was known as a sociologist.
In 2364, Thomas Raymond was a professor of exosociology at Indiana State University on Earth. (TNG-R: "The Neutral Zone")
Elim Garak thought it was an interesting sociological trait that Humans ate their meals quickly. (DS9: "Improbable Cause")
Seven of Nine once gave Naomi Wildman sociological data on 173 Delta Quadrant species as part of her training to become "captain's bridge assistant." (VOY: "Infinite Regress")
According to an intelligence report compiled by Section 31 in 2375, Praetor Neral's personal scientific interests included sociology. (DS9: "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges")
According to Kurros, fellow Think Tank member Bevvox specialized in exosociology and quantum mechanics, "but his interests vary from time to time." (VOY: "Think Tank")