Let $v=x-t,$ $$\int_{0}^{x}e^{-t}f(x-t)dt=e^x\int_{0}^{x}e^{-v}f(v)dv$$$$\int_{0}^{x}e^{-t}f(x-t)dt=e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}e^{v}f(v)dv$$
Differentiate the equation on both sides w.r.t $x$ gives:$$f'(x)=2x+f(x)+e^x\int_{0}^{x}e^{-v}f(v)dv=2x+f(x)+f(x)-x^2$$$$f'(x)=2x+f(x)-e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}e^{v}f(v)dv=2x+f(x)-f(x)+x^2$$ $$f'(x)-2f(x)=2x-x^2$$$$f'(x)=2x+x^2$$ Then solve the ODE with initial condition $f(0)=0$.