Aranduka

Aranduka térã kuatiañe'ẽ ha'e peteĩchagua oñeñongatuhápe marandu ojehaívo térã oñemoĩvo ta'anga. Jepivénte aranduka ojejapo heta kuatiaroguégui, ojejoapyjoáva ha orekóva hi'ári kuatia ape oñuvã hag̃ua.^[1] Oiko mboyve aranduka jaikuaaháicha, oĩ va'ekue heta ambueichagua oñeñongatuhápe marandu, ha'eháicha umi apakua térã mba'epe yvyrágui ijapopyre.

Jahecháramo he'iseha ambuéva, aranduka niko oimeraẽ tembiapokue ojehai va'ekue ha naimbykýiva, ikatúva oñemonguatia térã oñemoĩ kombutadórape oñemoñe'ẽ hag̃ua, ha'eháicha umi ebook ndoiporúiva kuatia. Umíva ikatu oñemohenda gua'u ramóva (oreko ñemombe'u añetehápe ndojehúi) ha gua'u'ỹ (omombe'úva tembiasa añeteguáva). Ko'ã mokõi atýpe oĩ heta aty'i ambuéva, ha'eháicha ñe'ẽporãhaipyre mitãme guarã, ohekáva ojapo hag̃ua tembiapo mitãnguéra ikatu omoñe'ẽ ha oguerohory, ñe'ẽryru ha Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ, orekóva ñe'ẽ he'iseha ha mba'e omoarandúva, ha heta ambuéva. Arandukakuéra ikatu jajuhu jahávo bliblioteca téra "arandukarendápe", upépe ikatu jaiporu aranduka jahepyme'ẽ'ỹre térã ikatu jaiporuka jahepyme'ẽ'írõ, avei oĩ ñemuha ovendénteva aranduka.

Aranduka ndaha'éi akóinte oreko va'erã ñemoñe'ẽrã: techapyrã, ikatu oreko mba'e oñemoha'angapyre, ta'anga, ñembosarái térã inandipa ikuatiakuéra ojeiporu hag̃ua ñemoha'anga apópe térã jehaípe, ha'eháicha umi aranduka ojeiporúva ohai hag̃ua peteĩ rapicha rekove ñemombe'u.

Aranduka apo javeguáva oñeha'ãmba oñemokyre'ỹvo ombohovái hag̃ua heta tembiporu pyahu ombohasy'ỹvéva marandu ñemyasãi. Techapyrã, oĩ tenda sa'ivehápe oñevende aranduka oñembokuatiáva ha oñevendeve umi eBooks.^[2] Jepémo, aranduka oñembokuatiáva oñevendeve gueteri umi eBook-gui ha heta umi oguerohoryvéva hese.^[3]^[4] Google Books he'i amo ary 2010 peve ikatumaha ojeikuaauka amo 130.000.000 aranduka.^[5]

Ñe'ẽ ypy

Aranduka hína ñe'ẽ pyahu ojejapo guarani ñe'ẽme, oñeguenohẽ va'ekue "arandúgui", he'iséva mba'ekuaa, ha upe katu ou "ára" ha "andúgui": oñandukuaa ára. Arandu rehe oñembojoapy ñe'ẽpehẽ "-uka", he'iséva ojapo térã omomba'apo. Upéicha, iñe'ẽ ypýpe aranduka he'ise "mba'e ñanemoarandúva" térã "mba'e ára ñanemoñandúva", he'ihaguéicha karai tembiapoporã apohára Ticio Escobar: "aranduka se refiere al procedimiento de hacer a uno sabio" (aranduka he'ise tembiaporape ñanemoarandúva).^[6] Kuatiañe'ẽ avei ñe'ẽ pyahu, ojajapo katu oñembojoapývo kuatia ha ñe'ẽ, ikatu avei he'ise oimeraẽ mba'e jahaíva ha ñamondóva ñande rapichápe.

Marandeko

Yvypóra ohejaraẽ mba'e oñemoñe'ẽ hag̃ua oiporukuévo mba'epe itágui ijapopyre, upe rire, Ára Ymaguare oñepyrũ oiporu mba'e yvyramáta rogue, rakã térã papíro ka'águi ijapopyre.^[7] Parchment and paper later emerged as important substrates for bookmaking, introducing greater durability and accessibility.^[8] Yma guive ojehecha aranduka apo opaichaguágui heta yvýpe ha'éva Chína, Kuarahyresẽ Ag̃uigua, Európe ha Ñemby Ásia. Ára Mbytegua pukukuévo oñepyrũ ojeikuaaukave umi aranduka katéva ha mba'ekuaáva, ombojehe'áva jehaipy ha ta'anga.^[9]^[10] Ojejaporaẽ mboyve upe mákina aranduka ojapokuaáva, ha'éva kuatiajopyha, omotenonde karai Gutenberg Bible, tapichakuéra ojapo va'erã aranduka ipo jeiporu añónte, upéicha arandukakuéra hepyite ha ijojaha'ỹ.^[11]

Kuatiajopyha ojejaporaẽrõguare sa'ary XV jave mba'eguasu kuatiañe'ẽ apópe, mba'e ombopyahu ha omoporãveite.^[12] Kuatiajopyha avei oñemoporãve ára jehasávo ojapo pya'eve ha hetave hag̃uáicha umi aranduka. Avéi ojehecharaẽ tekoiterape apohárape térã haihára derecho, oñangarekokuáava aranduka haihára rembiapóre ani hag̃ua ojekopia reíva.^[13]

Sa'ary XX pukukuévo katu ojehecharaẽ tembiporu pyahu opaichagua, ha'eháicha umi mákina ohaikuaáva, kombutadóra ha mbokuatiaha. Oñemoporãvévo kombutádora rembiporukuéra sa'ary XXI ñepyrũme, oñemotenonde umi mákina omoñe'ẽkuaa ha omombe'ukuaa aranduka umi nomoñe'ẽkuaáivape. Oñepyrũ jave ñemongeta he'íva oiméne opáta térã ikangytaha aranduka apo, hetave oñevende ha ojeikuaaukave arandukakuéra.^[14] Additionally, efforts to make literature more inclusive emerged, with the development of Braille for the visually impaired and the creation of spoken books, providing alternative ways for individuals to access and enjoy literature.^[15]^[16]

Joajuha

Wikimedia Commons oguereko ta'ãnga Aranduka reheguaCommons.

Mandu'apy

↑ International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (2nd edición). London: Routledge. 2003. pp. 41. ISBN 0-415-25901-0. OCLC 50480180. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180. Consultado el March 21, 2023.
↑ The Law of Cybercrimes and Their Investigations.. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. 2011. pp. 161. ISBN 978-1-4398-5832-5. OCLC 908077615. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908077615.
↑ Ang, Carmen (15 October 2021). "Print Has Prevailed: The Staying Power of Physical Books."
↑ Richter, Felix (21 April 2022). "E-Books Still No Match for Printed Books."
↑ "Books of the world, stand up and be counted! All 129,864,880 of you.."
↑ https://www.ultimahora.com/aranduka-el-libro-el-centro-la-escena-n290235
↑ «Indian Paintings before the Creation of the Mughal Atelier». Indian Painting: From Cave Temples to the Colonial Period. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. 2006. pp. 11–25.
↑ «Penmen and Painters: The Arts of the Book». Islamic Arts. London: Phaidon. 1997. pp. 193–220.
↑ «The Arts of the Book in Ilkhanid Iran». The Legacy of Genghis Khan. New York. 2002. pp. 134–167.
↑ Sardar, Marika. „The Art of the Mughals after 1600“. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (October 2003).
↑ Books As History: The Importance of Books Beyond Their Texts. London: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press. 2011. pp. 23. ISBN 978-0-7123-5832-3.
↑ "The Printing Press."
↑ Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. 2011. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4.
↑ „E-readers and the death of the book: Or, new media and the myth of the disappearing medium“. New Media & Society, 18 (10), 2379–2394 (2015-05-18). DOI:10.1177/1461444815586984. ISSN 1461-4448.
↑ «History of Braille», Braille Works. (en-US)
↑ Silksoundbooks. "The History of the audiobooks."

[:0-1] International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (2nd edición). London: Routledge. 2003. pp. 41. ISBN 0-415-25901-0. OCLC 50480180. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180. Consultado el March 21, 2023.

[2] The Law of Cybercrimes and Their Investigations.. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. 2011. pp. 161. ISBN 978-1-4398-5832-5. OCLC 908077615. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908077615.

[3] Ang, Carmen (15 October 2021). "Print Has Prevailed: The Staying Power of Physical Books."

[4] Richter, Felix (21 April 2022). "E-Books Still No Match for Printed Books."

[5] "Books of the world, stand up and be counted! All 129,864,880 of you.."

[6] ttps://www.ultimahora.com/aranduka-el-libro-el-centro-la-escena-n290235

[Cummins-2006-7] «Indian Paintings before the Creation of the Mughal Atelier». Indian Painting: From Cave Temples to the Colonial Period. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. 2006. pp. 11–25.

[Blair-1997-8] «Penmen and Painters: The Arts of the Book». Islamic Arts. London: Phaidon. 1997. pp. 193–220.

[Hillenbrand-2002-9] «The Arts of the Book in Ilkhanid Iran». The Legacy of Genghis Khan. New York. 2002. pp. 134–167.

[10] Sardar, Marika. „The Art of the Mughals after 1600“. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (October 2003).

[11] Books As History: The Importance of Books Beyond Their Texts. London: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press. 2011. pp. 23. ISBN 978-0-7123-5832-3.

[12] "The Printing Press."

[Lyons-2011-13] Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. 2011. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4.

[Ballatore-2015-14] „E-readers and the death of the book: Or, new media and the myth of the disappearing medium“. New Media & Society, 18 (10), 2379–2394 (2015-05-18). DOI:10.1177/1461444815586984. ISSN 1461-4448.

[BrailleWorks-2018-15] «History of Braille», Braille Works. (en-US)

[SilkSoundBooks-2018-16] Silksoundbooks. "The History of the audiobooks."

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