Appendix:Proto-Austroasiatic reconstructions

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The following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms are from Sidwell (2024) and Sidwell & Rau (2015).

Lists

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Sidwell (2024)

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The following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms are from Sidwell (2024).

No. Gloss Proto-Austroasiatic
(morphological)
Proto-Austroasiatic
(phonological)
1 head louse *ciʔ *ciʔ
2 blood *ɕaːm, *mɕaːm *ɕaːm, *mə.ˈɕaːm
3 nose *muːh, *muːɕ *muːh, *muːɕ
4 crab *ktaːm *kə.ˈtaːm
5 weave (v.) *taːɲ *taːɲ
6 child *koan *koan
7 nephew *k<m>oan *kə.ˈmoan
8 thigh *bluːˀ *bə.ˈluːˀ
9 fish (n.) *kaʔ *kaʔ
10 leaf *slaʔ *sə.ˈlaʔ
11 crow *kʔaːkˀ *kə.ˈʔaːkˀ
12 bone *cʔaːŋ *cə.ˈʔaːŋ
13 eagle, hawk *klaːŋ *kə.ˈlaːŋ
14 wilderness, forest *briːˀ *bə.ˈriːˀ
15 hand, arm *tiːˀ *tiːˀ
16 bird *ciːm *ciːm
17 cooked, ripe *ciːnˀ *ciːnˀ
18 four *puənˀ *puənˀ
19 deep *ɟruːˀ *ɟə.ˈruːˀ
20 eat (v.) *ca(ː)ʔ *ca(ː)ʔ
21 weep (v.) *jaːmˀ *jaːmˀ
22 yawn (v.) *sŋaːpˀ, *sŋʔaːpˀ *sə.ˈŋaːpˀ, *səŋ.ˈʔaːpˀ
23 bamboo shoots *tɓaŋ *tə.ˈɓaŋ
24 eye *matˀ *matˀ
25 hail (n.) *priəl *pə.ˈriəl
26 root *ʔriəɕ *ʔə.ˈriəɕ
27 day *tŋiːˀ *tə.ˈŋiːˀ
28 fly (n.) *roaj *roaj
29 dream (n., v.) *ʔmpoːˀ *ʔəm.ˈpoːˀ
30 dog *cɔʔ *cɔʔ
31 breathe (v.); heart (beat) *ɕəːmˀ, *ɕɨːmˀ *ɕəːmˀ, *ɕɨːmˀ
32 hair *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ
33 suck(le) (v.) *ɓuːˀ *ɓuːˀ
34 leg, foot *ʄɨːŋ *ʄɨːŋ
35 sweep (v.) *poːɕ, *paːɕ, *piːɕ *poːɕ, *paːɕ, *piːɕ
36 rain (n., v.) *gmaːˀ *gə.ˈmaːˀ
37 thorn *ɟrla(ː)ʔ *ɟər.ˈla(ː)ʔ
38 distant *cŋaːjˀ *cə.ˈŋaːjˀ
39 water *ɗaːkˀ *ɗaːkˀ
40 python *tlan *tə.ˈlan
41 bitter *ʦaŋˀ *ʦaŋˀ
42 fly (v.) *par, *pər *par, *pər
43 fruit *pleʔ *pə.ˈleʔ
44 pestle *ɟ<nr>eːˀ *ɟən.ˈreːˀ
45 three *peːˀ *peːˀ
46 earth *teːˀ *teːˀ
47 you (singular) *miːˀ, *meːˀ *miːˀ, *meːˀ
48 heel *kɗəːlˀ *kə.ˈɗəːlˀ
49 one *muəjˀ, *moːjˀ *muəjˀ, *moːjˀ
50 hole, perforate (v.) *luh *luh
51 drunk *ɓuːl *ɓuːl
52 grandmother *jaʔ *jaʔ
53 beckon (v.) *gwaːcˀ *gə.ˈwaːcˀ
54 tongue *lntaːkˀ *lən.ˈtaːkˀ
55 two *ɓaːr *ɓaːr
56 pluck, harvest (v.) *kacˀ *kacˀ
57 shoot (v.) *paɲˀ *paɲˀ
58 year *c<n>am, *c<n>ɨm *cə.ˈnam, *cə.ˈnɨm
59 arrow *kam *kam
60 thatching grass *plaŋ *pə.ˈlaŋ
61 mother *meʔ *meʔ
62 rat, mouse *kneːˀ *kə.ˈneːˀ
63 that, they *giːˀ *giːˀ
64 banyan, ficus *ɟriːˀ *ɟə.ˈriːˀ
65 this *niːˀ *niːˀ
66 husked rice *rŋkoːˀ *rəŋ.ˈkoːˀ
67 cover (v.) *kɨpˀ, *kɔpˀ *kɨpˀ, *kɔpˀ
68 sour *ɟuʔ, *ɟɔʔ *ɟuʔ, *ɟɔʔ
69 bathe (v.) *ɕuːm *ɕuːm
70 pimple *muːnˀ *muːnˀ
71 wipe (v.) *ɟuːtˀ *ɟuːtˀ
72 male, father *kuːɲˀ *kuːɲˀ
73 path *kraʔ *kə.ˈraʔ
74 skin (n., v.) *saːkˀ *saːkˀ
75 wind, air *kjaːl; *kjɔʔ *kə.ˈjaːl; *kə.ˈjɔʔ
76 bran, husk *skaːmˀ *sə.ˈkaːmˀ
77 dry weather/season *p-raŋ *pə.ˈraŋ
78 swell (v.) *ʔaɕ *ʔaɕ
79 gall, bile *kmatˀ, *kmɨtˀ *kə.ˈmatˀ, *kə.ˈmɨtˀ
80 otter *bɕeʔ *bə.ɕeʔ
81 new *tmeːˀ *tə.ˈmeːˀ
82 serow, mountain goat *kiəɕ *kiəɕ
83 centipede *kʔiːpˀ *kə.ˈʔiːpˀ
84 taro *sroʔ *sə.ˈroʔ
85 shellfish, snail *klɔʔ *kə.ˈlɔʔ
86 stone *tmɔʔ *tə.ˈmɔʔ
87 scrape, comb (v.) *kuːtˀ, *kwatˀ *kuːtˀ, *kə.ˈwatˀ
88 cough (v.) *kʔɔkˀ *kə.ˈʔɔkˀ
89 body louse *ʔmrəɲˀ *ʔəm.ˈrəɲˀ
90 speak, make sound (v.) *roʔ *roʔ
91 squirrel *prɔːkˀ *pə.ˈrɔːkˀ
92 monitor lizard *trkɔːtˀ *tər.ˈkɔːtˀ
93 Calotes lizard *Ckuəj *Cə.ˈkuəj
94 name (n.) *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh *ɟə.ˈmuh, *ɟə.ˈmɨh
95 submerge (v.) *lɨpˀ, *luːpˀ *lɨpˀ, *luːpˀ
96 grandchild *cuʔ *cuʔ
97 run (away) (v.) *duːˀ *duːˀ
98 shallow *kɗaːl, *kɗɨːl *kə.ˈɗaːl, *kə.ˈɗɨːl
99 breast *tuːh, *tuːɕ *tuːh, *tuːɕ
100 launder (v.) *puːh *puːh
101 fart (v.) *pɕuːm *pə.ɕuːm
102 winnow (v.) *guːmˀ *guːmˀ
103 winnow (v.) *ʔuːm *ʔuːm
104 underneath *kruːm *kə.ˈruːm
105 urine, urinate (v.) *nuːm *nuːm
106 inside; belly *kluːŋ, *kluəŋ *kə.ˈluːŋ, *kə.ˈluəŋ
107 fire, firewood *ʔuːɕ *ʔuːɕ
108 rub, wipe (v.) *(g)suːtˀ *(gə.ˈ)suːtˀ
109 mother *maʔ *maʔ
110 house *ɲaːˀ *ɲaːˀ
111 scoop, bale (v.) *saːcˀ *saːcˀ
112 bean *ɓaːj *ɓaːj
113 sweet *ŋaːm *ŋaːm
114 strike with hand (v.) *dah *dah
115 snake *bsaɲ *bə.ˈsaɲ
116 block, cover (v.) *dal *dal
117 right (side) *tam *tam
118 pick, pluck (v.) *lɛːh *lɛːh
119 lick (v.) *liəmˀ, *liːmˀ *liəmˀ, *liːmˀ
120 elbow *kiəŋ *kiəŋ
121 blow, winnow (v.) *ɟ<mr>iər *ɟəm.ˈpiər
122 middle *ɗiːˀ *ɗiːˀ
123 go around, return (v.i.) *wiːr *wiːr
124 mushroom *ptiːɕ *pə.ˈtiːɕ
125 turmeric *ʔrmiːtˀ *ʔər.ˈmiːtˀ
126 red (ant) *ksuːˀ *kə.ˈsuːˀ
127 frog, toad *ʔrɔkˀ *ʔə.ˈrɔkˀ
128 post, pillar *ɟraŋ, *ɟrɔŋ *ɟə.ˈraŋ, *ɟə.ˈrɔŋ
129 lack, cease (v.) *ʔətˀ *ʔətˀ
130 penis *lɔːcˀ, *loːcˀ *lɔːcˀ, *loːcˀ
131 plant seed (v.) *ɟ<m>ɔːlˀ *ɟə.ˈmɔːlˀ
132 wasp, hornet *ʔɔːŋ *ʔɔːŋ
133 mosquito *mɔːs *mɔːs
134 finish, decrease (v.) *hoːcˀ, *hɔːcˀ *hoːcˀ, *hɔːcˀ
135 wade, swim (v.) *loːjˀ, *lɔːjˀ *loːjˀ, *lɔːjˀ
136 scatter, sprinkle (v.) *roːj, *rɔːj *roːj, *rɔːj
137 six *truʔ, *pruʔ *tə.ˈruʔ, *pə.ˈruʔ
138 whistle (v.) *huəcˀ *huəcˀ
139 knot (v.) *kuətˀ *kuətˀ
140 belly, stomach *kɗɨlˀ *kə.ˈɗɨlˀ
141 mound, hill *b<n>ɨm *bə.ˈnɨm
142 perch, stay overnight (v.) *dɨm, *ɗam *dɨm, *ɗam
143 bury (v.) *tɨpˀ *tɨpˀ
144 bow, nod (v.) *ŋukˀ, *ŋɔkˀ *ŋukˀ, *ŋɔkˀ
145 corpse, ghost *g<m>uːcˀ *gə.ˈmuːcˀ
146 sting (of ant) (v.) *suːcˀ *suːcˀ
147 ant *s<m>uːcˀ *sə.ˈmuːcˀ
148 leech (land type) *plɨːm *pə.ˈlɨːm
149 long *ɟlɨːŋ, *ɟlɨŋ *ɟə.ˈlɨːŋ, *ɟə.ˈlɨŋ
150 ripe (colored) *C<n>ɗuːm *Cən.ˈɗuːm
151 pull off/out (v.) *rɨtˀ, *rətˀ *ruːtˀ
152 locative *ha *ha
153 grandfather *taːˀ *taːˀ
154 uncle *wa(ː)ʔ *wa(ː)ʔ
155 father *ɓa(ː)ʔ *ɓa(ː)ʔ
156 paddy rice *ɓa(ː)ʔ *ɓa(ː)ʔ
157 span of hand (n., v.) *cɗa(ː)ʔ *cə.ˈɗa(ː)ʔ
158 tiger *kla(ː)ʔ *kə.ˈla(ː)ʔ
159 coals *rŋa(ː)ʔ *rə.ˈŋa(ː)ʔ
160 fig tree *lwa(ː)ʔ *lə.ˈwa(ː)ʔ
161 sprinkle, scatter, splash (v.) *Craːcˀ *Cə.ˈraːcˀ
162 scratch (v.) *kaːcˀ *kaːcˀ
163 tiger spirit *rwaːjˀ *rə.ˈwaːjˀ
164 hawk up phlegm (v.) *khaːkˀ *kə.ˈhaːkˀ
165 open, reveal (v.) *laːkˀ *laːkˀ
166 open, gape (v.) *ʔaːŋ *ʔaːŋ
167 daylight (n., v.) *raːŋˀ x?
168 comb (v.) *gaːɕ *gaːɕ
169 comb, harrow (v.) *g<r>aːɕ *gə.ˈraːɕ
170 comb (v.) *caːɕ *caːɕ
171 comb, scrape (v.) *caːɕ *cə.ˈraːɕ
172 mistake, miss (target) (v.) *lacˀ, *p-lacˀ *lacˀ, *pə.ˈlacˀ
173 flesh *sacˀ *sacˀ
174 cut off (v.) *racˀ *racˀ
175 star *smʔaɲ, *smʔɨɲ *səmˈʔaɲ, *səmˈʔɨɲ
176 carry on back/slung (v.) *ɓakˀ *ɓakˀ
177 trap (v.) *ɗakˀ *ɗakˀ
178 turn, return (v.i.) *wal, *waːl *wal, *waːl
179 boil (v.i.), simmer *tam, *t<n>am *tam, *tə.ˈnam
180 female *kan *kan
181 toast, roast (v.) *ʔaŋ *ʔaŋ
182 bite (v.) *kapˀ *kapˀ
183 pinch, grip (v.) *tkapˀ *tə.ˈkapˀ
184 attach (v.) *capˀ *capˀ
185 grass *(kn)ɓatˀ *(kən.ˈ)ɓatˀ
186 cut (v.) *katˀ *katˀ
187 moon *khe(ː)ʔ *kə.ˈhe(ː)ʔ
188 break off (v.t.) *pɛːh *pɛːh
189 left (side) *weːˀ *weːˀ
190 spread a mat (v.) *beːl *beːl
191 sky *pleːŋ *pə.ˈleːŋ
192 lie down, sleep (v.) *tiəkˀ *tiəkˀ
193 cucumber *kiəl *kiəl
194 chicken *ʔiər *ʔiər
195 fall (v.) *C-lih *Cə.ˈlih
196 sated *bhiːʔ *bə.ˈhiːˀ
197 sick, sickness *ɟiːˀ *ɟiːˀ
198 return, go back (v.) *wiːŋ *wiːŋ
199 cricket *Criːtˀ *Cə.ˈriːtˀ
200 smear on (v.) *liːtˀ, *leːtˀ *liːtˀ, *leːtˀ
201 bamboo tube/joint *(k)ɗiŋ *(kə.ˈ)ɗiŋ
202 younger sibling *ɓoʔ *ɓoʔ
203 carry on back *ɓɔ(ː)ʔ *ɓɔ(ː)ʔ
204 cut, chop (v.) *kɔːh, *koːh *kɔːh, *koːh
205 hit, slap (v.) *pɔh *pɔh
206 hook(ed), bent *wɔkˀ *wɔkˀ
207 fell (trees) (v.) *kəl *kəl
208 cover, shut (v.) *tləpˀ *tə.ˈləpˀ
209 seven *pɔh, *pəɕ *pɔh, *pəɕ
210 tree (trunk) *Clɔːŋ *Cə.ˈlɔːŋ
211 barking deer *poːɕ, *puəɕ *poːɕ, *puəɕ
212 porcupine *ɟkəːɕ, *ɟkɨːɕ *ɟə.ˈkəːɕ, *ɟə.ˈkɨːɕ
213 choke, vomit (?) (v.i.) *ʔoːlˀ, *ʔuəlˀ *ʔoːlˀ, *ʔuəlˀ
214 winnowing basket *kɗoːŋ *kə.ˈɗoːŋ
215 eat (v.) *hoːpˀ *hoːpˀ
216 ear *Ctoːr *Cə.ˈtoːr
217 rub, stroke (v.) *poːtˀ, *pɔːtˀ *poːtˀ, *pɔːtˀ
218 drink, suck (v.) *ɲuʔ *ɲuʔ
219 emerge (v.) *muəkˀ, *mɔːkˀ *muəkˀ, *mɔːkˀ
220 tie, bind (v.) *bɨkˀ, *bokˀ *bɨkˀ, *bokˀ
221 pull, pull out (v.) *tɨkˀ *tɨkˀ
222 hear (v.) *cmVŋ *cə.ˈmVŋ
223 dam, block (v.) *dapˀ *dapˀ
224 cover (v.) *ɗɨpˀ *ɗɨpˀ
225 round, roll (v.) *lun, *lɔːn *lun, *lɔːn
226 seize, catch (v.) *rupˀ *rupˀ
227 dirty *kmuːˀ *kə.ˈmuːˀ
228 lift (v.) *jɨːkˀ *jɨːkˀ
229 assemble (v.) *ruːm *ruːm
230 collection, accumulation *tuːm *tuːm
231 cover (v.) *ɗuːpˀ *ɗuːpˀ
232 bubble, froth (v.) *ɓuːh, *ɓuːɕ *ɓuːh, *ɓuːɕ
233 drink, sip (v.) *huːtˀ *huːtˀ
234 bee *suːtˀ *suːtˀ
235 termite *ʔŋruːɲ *ʔəŋ.ˈruːɲ
236 tail *sntaʔ *sən.ˈtaʔ
237 person *m-raʔ *ʔəm.ᵇraʔ
238 sand *skaːcˀ *sə.ˈkaːcˀ
239 scatter (v.) *raːj *raːj
240 cut (v.) *Craːj *Cə.ˈraːj
241 curled, twisted *kraːɲ, *kraɲ *kraːɲ, *kraɲ
242 split (v.) *paːkˀ *paːkˀ
243 walk, step (v.) *Cwaːk *Cə.ˈwaːk
244 peacock *mraːkˀ *mə.ˈraːkˀ
245 call out, shout (v.) *raːkˀ *raːkˀ
246 bow (n.) *ʔaːkˀ *ʔaːkˀ
247 clearing (for swidden) (n., v.) *raːm, *rɨːm *raːm, *rɨːm
248 molar tooth *tʔaːm *tə.ˈʔaːm
249 wide *waːŋ *waːŋ
250 call out (v.) *kraːw *kə.ˈraːw
251 sparrow, swift *racˀ, *rəcˀ *racˀ, *rəcˀ
252 break, sever (v.) *tacˀ *tacˀ
253 excrement *ʔacˀ *ʔacˀ
254 you (plural) *pɛːʔ *pɛːʔ
255 string, cord *ksɛːʔ *kə.ˈsɛːʔ
256 explode, strike (lightning) (v.) *Ctah *Cə.ˈtah
257 cold *tkatˀ *tə.ˈkatˀ
258 hang (v.) *wakˀ *wakˀ
259 brood, incubate (v.) *Cʔnam, *Cʔnɨm *Cəʔ.ˈnam, *Cəʔ.ˈnɨm
260 he/she/it *ʔan *ʔan
261 bamboo rat *tkan *tə.ˈkan
262 walling/fencing material *Cdaŋ *Cə.ˈdaŋ
263 thin *staŋ *sə.ˈtaŋ
264 joint, stem *taŋ *taŋ
265 layer (v.) *tapˀ *tapˀ
266 charcoal *kʦaɕ, *kcah *kə.ˈʦaɕ, *kə.ˈcah
267 whip (v.) *Cmbatˀ *Cəm.ˈbatˀ
268 dry up (v.) *Cŋatˀ *Cə.ˈŋatˀ
269 twist (v.) *waɲˀ *waɲˀ
270 tick (n.) *tŋke(ː)ʔ *təŋ.ˈke(ː)ʔ
271 turn (v.) *wiəl *wiəl
272 incline, slant (v.) *ciəŋ, *ceːŋ *ciəŋ, *ceːŋ
273 mouth, jaw *miəŋˀ *miəŋˀ
274 spread, extend (v.) *ɗiər, *ɗiːr *ɗiər, *ɗiːr
275 slip, smooth (v.) *liər, *liːr *liər, *liːr
276 go around, avoid (v.) *wiər *wiər
277 wring (v.) *wiətˀ *wiətˀ
278 tighten, cram (v.) *criətˀ *cə.ˈriətˀ
279 this person *ʔiːˀ *ʔiːˀ
280 turn, spin (v.) *wiːˀ *wiːˀ
281 nerve, sinew, vein *ʔrsiːˀ, *ʔrseːˀ *ʔər.ˈsiːˀ, *ʔər.ˈseːˀ
282 old *Criːm *Cə.ˈriːm
283 full *biŋ, *biːŋ *biŋ, *biːŋ
284 neck *kɔːˀ *kɔːˀ
285 this *nɔʔ *nɔʔ
286 penis *lɔːˀ *lɔːˀ
287 hit (v.), coincide (v.) *trɔ(ː)ʔ *tə.ˈrɔ(ː)ʔ
288 chop, hoe (v.) *ɓɔkˀ *ɓɔkˀ
289 belch (v.) *Cʔə(ː)ʔ *Cə.ˈʔə(ː)ʔ
290 wave, shake (v.) *wekˀ, *wɔkˀ, *wakˀ *wekˀ, *wɔkˀ, *wakˀ
291 stump, trunk *Cŋəl *Cə.ˈŋəl
292 wink, blink (v.) *ɲəpˀ *ɲəpˀ
293 belly *poŋ, *poːŋ *poŋ, *poːŋ
294 swell, inflate (v., adj.) *poŋ, *poːŋ *poŋ, *poːŋ
295 swallow, gulp (v.) *ŋɔːcˀ *ŋɔːcˀ
296 drink (v.) *ʔɔːkˀ *ʔɔːkˀ
297 assemble, unite (v.) *rɔːm *rɔːm
298 tail *ɗɔːŋ *ɗɔːŋ
299 path, road *glɔːŋ *gə.ˈlɔːŋ
300 immerse, drown (v.i.) *lɔːŋ *lɔːŋ
301 watch (v.) *rɔːŋ *rɔːŋ
302 millet *skɔːj *sə.ˈkɔːj
303 slip (off, down) (v.) *loːcˀ, *luːcˀ *loːcˀ, *luːcˀ
304 bend head back (v.) *ŋəːkˀ *ŋəːkˀ
305 scrape, shave (v.) *koːr, *kɔːr *koːr, *kɔːr
306 wrinkled, shrivelled *ɲuːtˀ *ɲuːtˀ
307 fern *ʦuːɲ *ʦuːɲ
308 scrape, shave (v.) *kuəɕ *kuəɕ
309 winnow, fan (v.) *pɨkˀ *pɨkˀ
310 thick *Cɓɨl *Cə.ˈɓɨl
311 hole, cavity *bɨŋ, *boŋ *bɨŋ, *boŋ
312 stand (v.) *ʄɨŋ *ʄɨŋ
313 horn *krɨŋ *kə.ˈrɨŋ
314 thunder *gɨr *gɨr
315 thin, lean *rgɨj *rə.ˈgɨj
316 young, youngster *kɲum, *kɲɔːm *kə.ˈɲum, *kə.ˈɲɔːm
317 gather, associate (v.) *kom *kom
318 eel *ʔnduŋ *ʔən.ˈduŋ
319 evening, dark *jupˀ *jupˀ
320 rest (v.) *rluːˀ *rə.ˈluːˀ
321 sit (v.) *kɔ(ː)ʔ, *ku(ː)ʔ *kɔ(ː)ʔ, *ku(ː)ʔ
322 hill, mountain *bruʔ *bə.ˈruʔ
323 tree, wood *ɟɕɨːˀ, *ɟɕeːˀ *ɟə.ɕɨːˀ, *ɟə.ɕeːˀ
324 creeper, vine *ɟmɨːˀ *ɟə.ˈmɨːˀ
325 dust *buːh *buːh
326 knee *Ckuːl *Cə.ˈkuːl
327 hold in mouth (v.) *ɓuːm *ɓuːm
328 warm *ʔuːr, *ʔoːr *ʔuːr, *ʔoːr
329 descend (v.) *ɟuːr *ɟuːr
330 loose, lax *thuːr *tə.ˈhuːr
331 scrape (v.) *kruːɕ *kə.ˈruːɕ
332 enter (v.) *muːtˀ *muːtˀ
333 fight (v.) *tma(ː)ʔ *tə.ˈma(ː)ʔ
334 scratch (w. claws/nail) (v.) *kwaːcˀ *kə.ˈwaːcˀ
335 ask (v.) *smaːɲ *sə.ˈmaːɲ
336 we two *ʔaːj *ʔaːj
337 tear, split (v.) *haːkˀ *haːkˀ
338 eight *tNɕaːm *təN.ɕaːm
339 extend (v.) *laːm *laːm
340 throw (v.) *gwaːŋ *gə.ˈwaːŋ
341 possess (v.) *maːŋ *maːŋ
342 open (v.), opening *paːŋ *paːŋ
343 cold *Cŋaːr, *ŋar *Cə.ˈŋaːr, *ŋar
344 spread flat (v.) *laːtˀ *laːtˀ
345 penis, scrotum *klaːw *kə.ˈlaːw
346 twist (v.) *wacˀ *wacˀ
347 mosquito *(s/c)macˀ *(s/c)ə.ˈmacˀ
348 pierce, chisel (v.) *cacˀ *cacˀ
349 crack open/apart (v.) *dacˀ, *ɗacˀ *dacˀ, *ɗacˀ
350 pinch, pluck (v.) *kɗacˀ *kə.ˈɗacˀ
351 remember (v.) *kah *kah
352 fat, oil *klaɲ, *kləɲ *kə.ˈlaɲ, *kə.ˈləɲ
353 hiccough (v.) *cʔakˀ *cə.ˈʔakˀ
354 break, split (v.) *pakˀ *pakˀ
355 stab (v.) *cakˀ (*ʦakˀ ?) *cakˀ (*ʦakˀ ?)
356 hold in mouth (v.) *ɓam *ɓam
357 wind, coil (v.) *wan *wan
358 hole in natural environment *ɟraŋ *ɟə.ˈraŋ
359 male (animal) *kwaŋ *kə.ˈwaŋ
360 cover (v.) *ɗapˀ *ɗapˀ
361 pinch, grip (v.) *gapˀ *gapˀ
362 fasten (v.) *kapˀ *kapˀ
363 fit, suffice (v.) *gapˀ *gapˀ
364 seize, catch (v.) *capˀ *capˀ
365 civet *car *car
366 thunder(bolt) *taɕ *taɕ
367 grasp (v.) *ɓatˀ *ɓatˀ
368 pierce, insert *catˀ *catˀ
369 strike, beat (v.) *ɗatˀ *ɗatˀ
370 snap, sever (v.) *tatˀ *tatˀ
371 penis *kle(ː)ʔ *kə.ˈle(ː)ʔ
372 look at (v.t.) *meːl *meːl
373 trample, tread (v.) *leːn, *liːn *leːn, *liːn
374 dark *ŋetˀ *ŋetˀ
375 we (incl.) *hiːˀ, *hɛːˀ *hiːˀ, *hɛːˀ
376 good *liəm *liəm
377 form a row (v.) *riəŋ *riəŋ
378 taut, stretch (v.) *tiəŋ *tiəŋ
379 go around, avoid (v.) *wiəŋ *wiəŋ
380 wing, fin *s<n>iəŋ *sə.ˈniəŋ
381 tighten, squeeze (v.) *riətˀ *riətˀ
382 excrement *ʔicˀ *ʔicˀ
383 evil, unlucky *criːˀ *cə.ˈriːˀ
384 individual/whole *ɗiːˀ *ɗiːˀ
385 self, reflexive *ɗiːˀ, *ɗeːˀ *ɗiːˀ, *ɗeːˀ
386 round *wiːl *wiːl
387 rotate (v.) *wir *wir
388 dry *rɔʔ *rɔʔ
389 peck, pierce (v.) *cɔh *cɔh
390 what *mɔh *mɔh
391 this *nɔh *nɔh
392 hook (v.) *ɓɔkˀ, *ɓuəkˀ *ɓɔkˀ, *ɓuəkˀ
393 stab, pierce (v.) *cɔkˀ *cɔkˀ
394 claw (v.) *kwɔkˀ *kə.ˈwɔkˀ
395 take (v.) *ʔjɔkˀ *ʔə.ˈjɔkˀ
396 prick, pierce (v.) *cɔkˀ *cɔkˀ
397 stop, stay (v.) *də(ː)ʔ *də(ː)ʔ
398 open (v.) *pəh *pəh
399 civet *cɔŋ, *cəŋ *cɔŋ, *cəŋ
400 stem, trunk *təŋ *təŋ
401 occasion, moment *kəpˀ *kəpˀ
402 inhale, sniff (v.) *hətˀ *hətˀ
403 extinguish (v., adj.) *lətˀ *lətˀ
404 full *bəɲ *bəɲ
405 twist (v.) *wəɲ *wəɲ
406 flower (n., v.) *poh *poh
407 pound (v.) *ɓokˀ *ɓokˀ
408 black *Cjoŋ *Cə.ˈjoŋ
409 bend (v.) *koŋ *koŋ
410 hole in the ground *tloŋ *tə.ˈloŋ
411 overflow, pour, drip (v.) *roacˀ *roacˀ
412 choke on (v.) *khɔːkˀ *kə.ˈhɔːkˀ
413 support, prop (v.) *dɔːl *dɔːl
414 carry on head (v.) *dɔːl, *duəl *dɔːl, *duəl
415 crawl, creep (v.) *lɔːr, *loːr *lɔːr, *loːr
416 fall, drip (v.) *ɟɔːtˀ *ɟɔːtˀ
417 mouth, tooth *mɔːɲ *mɔːɲ
418 prop (up) (v.) *kəːl, *kɨːl *kəːl, *kɨːl
419 fin *cəːr *cəːr
420 swallow (v.) *kləːtˀ *kə.ˈləːtˀ
421 scatter, sprinkle (v.) *rəːj *rəːj
422 cheek, jaw *tmo(ː)kˀ *tə.ˈmo(ː)kˀ
423 hill, mound *doːl, *duəl *doːl, *duəl
424 angle (n.), bend (v.) *koːn *koːn
425 red *roːŋ *roːŋ
426 lips *toːr, *doːr *toːr, *doːr
427 wart *tɔːtˀ *tɔːtˀ
428 follow, accompany *toːj *toːj
429 rot (v.) *pʔuːs *pə.ˈʔuːs
430 sever, break (v.) *puətˀ, *poːtˀ *puətˀ, *poːtˀ
431 cloud *rmɨl *rə.ˈmɨl
432 plant, sow (v.) *tɨːl *tɨːl
433 warm *cʔɨmˀ *cə.ˈʔɨmˀ
434 rotate, spin (v.) *Cleːŋ *Cə.ˈleːŋ
435 much, many *glɨŋ *gə.ˈlɨŋ
436 cover (v.) *Crɨpˀ *Cə.ˈrɨpˀ
437 put on, wear (v.) *sɨpˀ *sɨpˀ
438 shake (v.i.) *jɨr *jɨr
439 alive, raw *rɨɕ *rɨɕ
440 cut (v.) *gɨtˀ *gɨtˀ
441 loosen, untie (v.) *luh *luh
442 beak *cɓɔh, *cɓuːˀ *cə.ˈɓɔh, *cə.ˈɓuːˀ
443 hole *luŋ *luŋ
444 fall, drop (v.) *ruŋˀ *ruŋˀ
445 burn (v.tr.) *tuːtˀ *tuːtˀ
446 thatch grass *spuːˀ, *spɔːˀ *sə.ˈpuːˀ, *sə.ˈpɔːˀ
447 paddy rice *srɔ(ː)ʔ *sə.ˈrɔ(ː)ʔ
448 burn (v.tr.) *guːcˀ *guːcˀ
449 ribs, flank *trɨːkˀ *tə.ˈrɨːkˀ
450 scoop up, root up (v.) *tɨːkˀ *tɨːkˀ
451 home, clan territory *ɗuːŋ *ɗuːŋ
452 poke, pierce (v.) *cuːkˀ *cuːkˀ
453 nest *Csuːm *Cə.ˈsuːm
454 give, offer (v.) *ʄuːn, *ʄoːn *ʄuːn, *ʄoːn
455 bunch, cluster *buːŋˀ *buːŋˀ
456 window *puːŋ, *poaŋ *puːŋ, *poaŋ
457 fear (v.) *tuːŋ, *tuəŋ *tuːŋ, *tuəŋ
458 fall (v.) *guːr *guːr
459 push in/through (v.) *luːr *luːr
460 heart *nuːɕ, *nɔːɕ *nuːɕ, *nɔːɕ
461 cut short (v.) *gutˀ *gutˀ
462 blow (on, through) (v.) *puːtˀ, *pəːtˀ *puːtˀ, *pəːtˀ
463 tooth *muɲ, *məɲ *muɲ, *məɲ
464 flower *bka(ː)ʔ *bə.ˈka(ː)ʔ
465 step (v.) *tpaːkˀ *tə.ˈpaːkˀ
466 scratch (w. claws/nail) (v.) *kwaːtˀ *kə.ˈwaːtˀ
467 fire *ŋal *ŋal
468 carry on shoulder (v.) *klam *kə.ˈlam
469 egg *ktam *kə.ˈtam
470 shut (v.) *caŋ *caŋ
471 ear; hear (v.) *taŋ, *təŋ *taŋ, *təŋ
472 turtle *kapˀ *kapˀ
473 rainbow *briəŋ *bə.ˈᵈriəŋ
474 liver *gre(ː)ɕ *gə.ˈre(ː)ɕ
475 small *kɗiətˀ *kə.ˈɗiətˀ
476 flow (v.) *Cliːŋ *Cə.ˈliːŋ
477 rub, stroke (v.) *biːtˀ *biːtˀ
478 grind (grain) (v.) *griːtˀ *gə.ˈriːtˀ
479 fat, grease *lʔɔːɕ *lə.ˈʔɔːɕ
480 burn, ignite (v.) *cɔŋ *cɔŋ
481 wing *prəcˀ *pə.ˈrəcˀ
482 have in mouth (v.) *ɓəm *ɓəm
483 suck (v.) *ɲɔːkˀ *ɲɔːkˀ
484 spill (v.) *lɔːkˀ *lɔːkˀ
485 egg *pnləːŋˀ *pən.ˈləːŋˀ
486 head *ɓoːkˀ *ɓoːkˀ
487 shadow *smoːl *sə.ˈmoːl
488 dangle, swing (v.) *ɗoːj *ɗoːj
489 gather up (v.) *cotˀ *cotˀ
490 copulate (v.) *tuəkˀ *tuəkˀ
491 spit (v.) *ɓəcˀ, *ɓɛːcˀ *ɓəcˀ, *ɓɛːcˀ
492 cook (v.) *ɗɨŋ, *ɗuŋ *ɗɨŋ, *ɗuŋ
493 emit smell (v.) *sʔɨr *sə.ˈʔɨr
494 pull (v.) *tɨtˀ *tɨtˀ
495 sick *cuːˀ *cuːˀ
496 worm *tɟuːˀ, *tɟoːˀ *tə.ˈɟuːˀ, *tə.ˈɟoːˀ
497 eat (v.) *cuːm *cuːm
498 keep, put (v.) *ʔuːn *ʔuːn
499 suck, drink (v.) *sruːpˀ *sə.ˈruːpˀ
500 skin (n.) *huːr *huːr

Sidwell & Rau (2015)

[edit]

The following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015:340-363), and correspond to the 100-item Swadesh list.

Gloss Proto-Austroasiatic
all *klɔʔ
all *tum
ashes *bɔh, *buːh
bark *-pɔːk
belly *buŋ
middle *kluŋ
belly *wiəŋ
bird *ciːm, *ceːm
to bite *kap
to bite *kat
to bleed *saːm
to bleed *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm
bone *cʔaːŋ
breast *toːh
to ignite *coːh
to ignite *tɔːt, *tuːt
to burn *guːc
fingernail *-rsiːm
cloud *rməl
cloud(y) *ʔuːt
cold *tkat
cold *ŋi(ə)t
to arrive *truh
to die *kceːt
dog *cɔːʔ
to drink *ʔuək
to suck, drink *hoːc
dry *raɲ
ear *-toːr
earth *tiʔ
to eat *caːʔ
egg *p(n)ləːŋ
egg *-tap
egg *ktam
eye *mat
fat, oil *pri(ə)ŋ
fat, oil *klaɲ
fire *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs
fish *kaʔ
to fly *par
to fly *həːr
foot, leg *ɟəːŋ
full *biːŋ; *beːɲ
to give *ʔam
to give *ʔa(ː)n
to give *ʔVːj
good *ləʔ, *lʔɔʔ
young, green *kciʔ
green *-ŋaːr
hair *suk, *sɔːk
hand, arm *tiːʔ
to hear *ktəŋ
to hear *rməŋ
to hear *saŋ
heart *(p)nɔːs
horn *draŋ
horn *krəŋ
I *ʔaɲ
to die *krceːt
knee *-kuːl
to know *naŋ
leaf *slaʔ
liver *kləːm
liver *ris
high, long *ɟroŋ, *ɟrɔŋ
long *ɟləːŋ, *ɟliːŋ
louse *ciːʔ
much, many *gləŋ
flesh *sac
moon *khaj
hill, mountain *bruːʔ
hill *bnəm
hill *du(ə)l
man *k.raw
mountain *-mɔl
mouth, opening *paːŋ
mouth *mɔːɲ
nose, beak *smuər
name *-məh
neck *kɔʔ
nape *-kɔːŋ
throat *-lɔːŋ
new *tmiːʔ
night *cəːm
night *-tam
nose *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs
used up, lacking *ʔət
not *ʔam
one *diʔ
one *muəj, *moːj
person *ʔiːʔ
person *mraʔ
rain *gmaʔ
sky, rain *briːʔ
red *-saw
road, way *kraʔ
road, way *ɗeːŋ, *ɗiəŋ
road, way *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ
road, way *glɔːŋ
root *riəs
round *wi(ə)l
sand *ksa(ː)c
to see *jɔl
to sit down *ŋgu(ː)j
to sit, stay *-kuːʔ
skin *huːr
to lie down, sleep *tiək
to lie down, sleep *ɓic
small *dit, *kɗi(ə)t
smoke (n.) *ptoʔ
to speak *ŋaːj
to stand up *dək
to stand *ɟə(ː)ŋ, *ɟuːŋ
to stand *taːw
star *s(ʔ)maɲ
stone *tmɔʔ
sun, day *tŋiːʔ
to swim, wade *loːj
tail *sntaʔ
stalk, tail *-dɔːŋ
that (dist.) *tiːʔ
that (med.) *tɔʔ
3rd person *gi(ː)ʔ
this (prox.) *niʔ; *neʔ
this; here *nɔ(ː)ʔ
you (sing.) *miːʔ
tongue *lntaːk
tooth *lmVɲ
tooth *sraŋ
tooth *p(i)əŋ
tree, wood *ɟhuːʔ, *ɟhiːʔ
trunk, stem, tree *tnəːm
two *ɓaːr
hot *toʔ
hot *taɲ
warm *(s)ʔ(a/ə)m
water *ɗaːk
we (incl.) *ʔiːʔ
we (excl.) *ʔjeːʔ
what *məh
white *ɓɔːk
white *-lɔːk
who *mVh
woman, female *kan
wife *k(-)duər
yellow *-ŋaːr

Comparisons

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Comparison of Proto-Austroasiatic with lower-level reconstructions, all of which are by Sidwell & Rau (2015), except for Proto-Mon-Khmer (Shorto 2006):

No. Gloss p-Austroasiatic p-Munda p-Khasian p-Palaungic p-Khmuic p-Vietic p-Katuic p-Bahnaric p-Khmeric p-Pearic p-Monic p-Aslian Nancowry #Shorto (2006) p-Mon-Khmer
1 all *klɔʔ ‘all’; *tum ‘all’ - *-rɔɁ *hac *l(o/ɔ)ːc - - - *grɔp *ʔɨːs (OM klɔʔ, tøm) - ki, ri, tum #198 *klɔʔ ‘all’; #1344 *t1um ‘collection, accumulation’
2 ashes *bɔh, *buːh ‘ashes’ - *tpǝj - *bɔh *p-lɔː, *ɓuːɲ *ɲɛ(ː)ʔ *buːh *pheːh *bɔh *ptiŋ - - #2034 *buh/*buːh/*buəh ‘ash, powdery dust’
3 bark (of tree) *-pɔːk ‘bark’ - *sneːʔ *klɔʔ *-pɔːk, *c(-)lɔʔ *-pɔh, *k-ɗoːk *ʔndrɔh, *ʔnɗɔh *hmɔːk *smpɔːk *tkɔːˀ *cŋkuar *kətɯːʔ - #466 *sɔːk ‘to peel’; #1568 *cnkuər; *(c)nka(ː)r ‘integument’
4 belly *buŋ ‘belly’; *kluŋ ‘middle’; *wiəŋ ‘belly’ **(sə)laɟ *-pɔʔ *kɗəl, *kluŋ *poːŋ *buŋˀ, *p-loːŋˀ *buŋ *klaːk *buŋ *guŋ *bu(ː)ŋ *ʔɛc wiaŋ #624 *buŋ[ ]; *buːŋʔ ‘belly’; #735 *kluːŋ; *[k]luəŋ ‘middle, belly’; #776 *rwiə(ŋ) ‘stomach, intestines’
5 big - **məraŋ *heʔ *ɗiŋ, *ɗaːŋ - *roːŋˀ *krɨs, *griːh *tih *luoŋ ~*ruoŋ *tak *ɟnɔːk - karuʔ #569 *(d)a(i)ŋ; *(d)iːŋ; *(d)əːŋ ‘large’; #1996 *t1ih ‘large’
6 bird *ciːm, *ceːm ‘bird’ - *ksim *ciːm *ciːm *-ciːm, *ʔoːˀ *ceːm *ceː₂m - *ciːˀm *kɲciam *cɛːm sicua #1324 *cim; *ciːm; *ciəm; *caim; *cum ‘bird’
7 to bite *kap ‘to bite’; *kat ‘to bite’ **kaˀp *kap, *kʰat; *kiːt *gak *kɛːt, *krəc *g/kamˀ, *kaːt *kap *kap *tkiːr~*tkɛːr; *kat *tap *kɯt *kap kap; (kat Car) #1231 *kap; *kaːp ‘to bite’; #964 *giːt; *giət ‘to bite, to itch, scratch’; #957 *kiːt; *kiət; *kət ‘to bite, to itch’
8 black - **kE(n)dE *jɔŋ *jam, *laŋ *siəŋ - *koːm, *kajoŋ, *kajuaŋ *ʔɲoːŋ *kmaw *caˀŋ *lcɔk; (OM dəmjɯŋ) - ʔul #653 *djuŋ; *djuːŋ ‘black, dark’; #654 *sjuəŋ ‘black’; #140 *kmuːʔ; *kmuəʔ; *kməʔ ‘dirty’
9 blood *saːm ‘to bleed’; *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm ‘to bleed’ **məjam *snaːm *snaːm *maː₁m *ʔa-saːmˀ, *t-muːˀ *ʔahaːm *bhaːm *ɟhaːm *pNhaːm *chim *mahaːm wa #1430 *ɟhaːm; *ɟhiːm ‘blood’
10 bone *cʔaːŋ ‘bone’ **ɟaːˀŋ *cʔɛːŋ *c(n)ʔaːŋ *ɟʔaː₁ŋ *tʃ-ʔaːŋ, tʃɨəŋ *ʔŋhaːŋ *kʦɨːŋ *cʔəŋ *klɔːŋ *ɟ(l)uːt *ɟəʔaːŋ kasuʔ #488 *cʔaːŋ; *cʔaiŋ; *cʔi[ ]ŋ ‘bone’
11 breast *toːh ‘breast’ - *buɲ, *-buː *tuːs - - *toh *toh *tɔh *j̊ɔk, *tuh *tɔh - tuah #1999 *t1ɔh ‘breast’
12 to burn (vt.) *coːh ‘to ignite’; *tɔːt, *tuːt ‘to ignite’; *guːc ‘to burn’ **gEˀp *tʰaŋ *guːc *haʔ, *pɔːk *kuːm *ceh, *kaːt, *-rɔh *caːw, *coh *tut, *ʔus *pɔːs, *tuːt *tuːr *tɔːt, *coːm cal, suah #544 *t1aŋ ‘to roast, bake’; #549 *t1uːŋ ‘to light’; #805 *guc; *guːc ‘to burn’; #1004 *t1ut; *t1uːt to light’; #1984 *cuh; *cuəh ‘to kindle, blow into flame’
13 claw/nail *-rsiːm ‘finger-nail’ **rəmAj *trsim *rnsiːm *tnmɔːŋ *k-toːŋ, *kr-sam *knrias *krʔniəh *krcɔːk *ktraːˀs *(c/s)nliam *cə(n)ruas kisuah #1422 *lsiːm; *sliəm ‘finger-nail’; #1874 *knʔiəs ‘nail, claw’
14 cloud *rməl ‘cloud’; *ʔuːt ‘cloud(y)’ **tərIˀp *lʔɔʔ, *lnpɛm *pʔəːm, *ʔuːt *ʔa₁p *k-məl *lmɨl, *taluk *rməl, *ʦuk *-(b/w)ɔːk *juːr - - mifãja #277a *lʔɔk; *lʔɔːk ‘cloudy, opaque’; #945 *ʔut; *ʔuːt ‘cloud’; #1305 *[m]ʔəːm ‘cloud’; #1811 *[ ]mhuəl; *[ ]mhəl ‘cloud’
15 cold *tkat ‘cold’; *ŋi(ə)t ‘cold’ **raŋ *kɟam *l̥aːŋ, *kat *tkat, *ŋar, *ŋiər *k-naːc, *mɛːlʔ, *t-maːc *cŋiat, *kɔːk *ŋiːt, *tkat *rŋaː(r) *saˀc *tkat *səŋɛc hoaŋ #1589a *[r]ŋar; *rŋa[ar] ‘cold’; #962 *tkat; *tkiət; *tkuət ‘cold’; #976 *cŋiːt; *cŋiət; *cŋait ‘cold’
16 to come/arrive *truh ‘to arrive’ - *laːr, *wan *truh, *ʔiŋ *wa₁l *laːjˀ *təʔ/*tək *bɨh *mɔːk *jip *(c/t-)loːŋ - sua, dak #2079 *t1luːh; *t1ləh ‘to come, arrive’
17 die (of a person) *kceːt ‘to die’ **gOˀj *jap *jam *saː₁n *k-ceːt *kceːt *ceː₃t *slap *hoːc *kcət *kəbɨs kapah #987 *kc[ə]t to die’; #1218 *haːn to die’; #1266a *yap; *yaːp to die, be extinguished’
18 dog *cɔːʔ ‘dog’ **sOˀt *ksəw *cɔʔ *cɔʔ *ʔa-cɔːʔ *ʔacɔː *cɔː *cɔː, *ckɛː *cɔː *clur *cuəʔ ʔam #41 *cɔʔ ‘dog’
19 to drink (water) *ʔuək ‘to drink’; *hoːc ‘to suck, drink’ **uˀt, **uˀk *diʔ *r̥uːp, *tiəŋ - *ʔɔːŋˀ, *ɲuːˀ *ŋɔːc *hoːc, *hu(ː)c *phik *taːˀl *soːŋ - top #63 *ɲuːʔ ‘to suck up, drink’; #268 *ʔuək ‘to drink’; #780 *suːŋ ‘to suck, drink’; #1106 *hut; *huːt; *huət; *huc; *huːc; *huəc ‘to suck, drink’
20 dry (adj./stat.) *raɲ ‘dry’ **(ə)sAr *raw, *r(n)kʰəːŋ *cʔɔɲ, *hɔŋ *-ras, *raɲ *kʰoː *sʔəːt, *ʔŋgɔh *raɲ, *rɔː *praŋ *bah, *jeːˀs *ckas *tiːl jəh #160 *rɔʔ; *rɔs, *srɔs ‘dry’; #493 *[b]ʔoːŋ; *[b]hoːŋ ‘dry’; #913 *raɲ ‘dry’; #1970 *ckəh ‘dry’; #2086 *s[ɔ]h; *səh ‘dry’
21 ear *-toːr ‘ear’ **lutur, **luˀt *ckoːr *hjoːk *-toːr *saːj *ktoːr *pɨt, *toːr *(t/c)rciək *prlaːŋ *ktuar *ʔəntaŋ naŋ #319 *tr(-)t1iək ‘ear’; #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #1621 *kt2uːr; *kt2uər ‘ear’
22 earth/soil *tiʔ ‘earth’ **ʔOte *kteʔ *kteʔ *pte₁ʔ *tət *ktiak *t(n)ɛh *tiː *teːˀ *tiːʔ *[ʔa]tiɛʔ du #64 *t1iʔ; *t1ih; *t1iəh ‘earth, ground’
23 to eat *caːʔ ‘to eat’ **ɟOm *saː, *baːm, *baːŋ *caːʔ, *cɔːm, *haːp *caː *ʔan *caː *caː *cie *caː *caːʔ *caːʔ ŋok #8 *caʔ ‘to eat’
24 egg *p(n)ləːŋ ‘egg’; *-tap ‘egg’; *ktam ‘egg’ **(ə)tAˀp *pnlǝŋ *(k)tam *kʔloŋ *k-ləːŋˀ, *t-luːrˀ *tarial *ktap - *tuŋ (OM təmˀaj) *pənlɯːŋ hujaʔ #751 *pləŋ[ ]; *pləːŋʔ ‘egg’; #1253 *[k]t1ap ‘egg’; #1348a *kt1əm ‘egg’
25 eye *mat ‘eye’ **maˀt *-mat *ʔŋaːj *mat *mat *mat *mat *pnɛːk *mat *mat *mat mat #1045 *mat ‘eye’
26 fat/grease/oil *pri(ə)ŋ ‘fat, oil’; *klaɲ ‘fat, oil’ **sunum *kʰlɛɲ, *lɁɔt *lʔəːs, *priəŋ *kləɲ *məh *ʔnsɛːŋ *p(n)riːŋ *klaɲ *pɨːs *kliŋ - tãc #702 *priiŋ; *priəŋ; *pru[ə]ŋ ‘oil, fat’; #928 *kləɲ ‘oil, fat, grease’; #1879 *lʔus ‘fat, grease’
27 feather - **bəlEˀt *-nɛːr *suk *-soːk, *ksuːl *-loːŋ, *-suk *sok *sɔk *slaːp *suk *(s/c)niəŋ, *sɔːk *sɔːk pujol #1291 *slaːp ‘wing’
28 fire *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs ‘fire’ **səŋal *smɛn, *diŋ *ŋal *ʔoːs *g/kuːs *ʔuːs *ʔuɲ, *ʔuːs *ʔus *pliːw *(k/p)[ ]mat *ʔɔːs camal #1872 *[ ]ʔus ‘fire’
29 fish (n.) *kaʔ ‘fish’ **ka, **kadO(ŋ) *kʰaː *kaʔ *kaʔ *ʔa-kaːˀ *ʔakaː *kaː *triː *meːˀl *kaːʔ *kaːʔ ka #16 *kaʔ ‘fish’
30 fly (v.) *par ‘to fly’; *həːr ‘to fly’ **pEr *hɛːr *pər, *sjuːl *paːr *pər *par *par *həːr *hɨːr *par - hɛh #1633 *par ‘to fly’; #1683 *hər; *həːr ‘to fly’; #1783 *sjuːl; *sjuəl ‘to fly through the air’
31 foot *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’ **ɟəːˀŋ *kɟat *ɟəːŋ *ɟə(ː)ŋ *ɟiːŋ, *ciɲ *ʄɨɨŋ *ɟəːŋ, *ɟɨŋ *ɟəːŋ *ɟɨŋ *ɟuŋ *ɟuŋ lah #538(I) *ɟuŋ; *ɟuəŋ; *ɟəŋ; *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’
32 full (vessel) *biːŋ; *beːɲ ‘full’ - *dap *nək, *ktam *biŋ *ɓ-lam *bəɲ, *ɓiːŋ *ɓeː₄ɲ *beːɲ *bɔːŋ *piŋ *təbiŋ pus #907 *dpəɲ; *[d]pu[ə]ŋ; *tbiɲ; *tbiːɲ; *tbiəɲ; *tbəɲ ‘full’
33 give *ʔam ‘to give’; *ʔa(ː)n ‘to give’; *ʔVːj ‘to give’ **ʔam *ʔaːj *ɗɛh *ʔan - *ʔoːn, *ɗɔŋ *ʔam, *ʔaːn ʔoːj *ʔɨs *kul *ʔuək kuam #1119 *ʔun; *ʔuːn; *ʔuən; *ʔan; *ʔaːn ‘to give’; #1434 *ʔaːjh ‘to give’
34 good *ləʔ, *lʔɔʔ ‘good’ - *miat *ləʔ, *-lɔk, *rak, *-rVːm *liəm *-hawˀ *liam, *ʔɔː *liəm lʔɔː toːˀn *thiːc *bəʔet hõc #193 *ləʔ ‘good’; #443 *[d1]lak ‘good’; #1401 *liəm ‘good’
35 green *kciʔ ‘young, green’; *-ŋaːr ‘green’ - *ŋaːr, *ɟrŋam *sŋaːl, *ɲ(ɛ/iə)r *ɟŋaːr - *(t)moŋ - *kciː *weːt - - ɲau #47 *kciʔ ‘young, green’; #1559b *tʔiːr; *tʔər ‘blue, green’; #1585 *jŋaːr *jŋ[ɔː]r ‘green’
36 hair (of head) *suk, *sɔːk ‘hair’ **suˀk *suɁ, *sɲuɁ *suk *glə/iʔ *-suk *sok *sɔk *suk *suk *sɔːk *sɔːk jeh #467 *suk; *suːk; *suək; *sək ‘hair’
37 hand *tiːʔ ‘hand, arm’ **tiːˀ *ktiː *tiːʔ *tiʔ *siː *ʔatiː *tiː *təj *tiː *təj - taj #66 *t1iːʔ ‘hand, arm’
39 to hear/listen *ktəŋ ‘to hear’; *rməŋ ‘to hear’; *saŋ ‘to hear’ **ajɔm *bnaː, *sɲiaw *ʔŋar, *m̥əŋ *hmɲɛŋ *saːj *s(ə/a)ŋ *-təŋ, *tmɨŋ *stap *saŋ *grmɯŋ *kəjɔŋ jaŋ #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #646 *rməŋ ‘to hear’; #649 *kj[ə]ŋ ‘to hear’; #1586 *[t1]ŋər ‘to listen, hear’
40 heart *(p)nɔːs ‘heart’; *ris ‘liver’ **(gə)rE, **ʔim *noːt, *klɔŋ-snaːm *nɔːs *srɲuːm *seːmʔ, *toːŋ, *ɲiːm *-cial *nɔːs, *nuːs *klim - *gris - tow #1912 *puːs; *puəs ‘heart’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’
41 horn *draŋ ‘horn’; *krəŋ ‘horn’ **dəraŋ *reŋ *krəŋ *ɟnra₁ŋ *k-rəŋ, *t-kɔːj *(ʔa)kiː, *tŋkɔːj *ʔəkɛː *sneːŋ *soːc, *sroːc *draŋ - hintop #21 *tnkeʔ ‘horn’; #699 *d2raŋ ‘horn’
42 I *ʔaɲ ‘I’ **(n)iɲ *ʔɔː, *ŋaː *ʔ(o/u)ʔ *ʔaɲ *soː *kɨɨ, *kəw, *ʔŋkɔʔ *ʔaj, *ʔaɲ, *ʔɨɲ *ʔaɲ *ʔiɲ *ʔ(w)əj *jɛːʔ cɯa #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’
43 to kill *krceːt ‘to die’ **(bə)ɡOˀɟ *pnjap *pjam - *k-ə-ceːt *kɲceːt *kceː₃t *psiət, *smlap *pNhoːc *k-r-cət - fah #987 *kc(ə)t ‘to die’
44 knee *-kuːl ‘knee’ - *-suː *groːŋ, *taːŋ *knuːn *t-kuːlˀ *trkoːl *-kuːl, *kruŋ, *krəŋ - *-nuːl, *mkuːr *kɓɔŋ *kərual kɔj-kanɔŋ #486 *kʔɔŋ ‘knee’; #543a *t2a(ː)ŋ ‘knee’; #1706 *[ ]kuːl ‘knee’
45 know *naŋ ‘to know’ - *naŋ, *tiːp *nap, *sɔŋ, *ŋaːn - - *cɔːm - *cih, *sgal *kah *liap, *tɯm - kah #592 *[ ]n1[əː]ŋ ‘to know’; #1716 *ɟgal ‘to recognize’; #1973 *dk[a]h ‘to remember’
46 leaf *slaʔ ‘leaf’ **Olaːˀ *slaː *l̥aʔ *hlaʔ, *c(-)lɔʔ *s-laːˀ *salaː *slaː *slik *-laːˀ *slaːʔ *səlaːʔ raj #230 *slaʔ ‘leaf’
47 to lie (down) *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ **gətiˀc *dɛm - - - *ɓic *kuj, *ɓic *tiek *bic *taŋ - tiak #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc ‘to lie down, sleep’
48 liver *kləːm ‘liver’; *ris ‘liver’ **(ga)rE, **ʔim *noːt *ktɔːm *lɔːm *lɔːm *lɔːm *kləːm *tləːm *lɔːm *gris *[gə]rɛːs ʔati #1411 *t1ləːm; *t1luəm ‘liver’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’
49 long *ɟroŋ, *ɟrɔŋ ‘high, long’; *ɟləːŋ, *ɟliːŋ ‘long’ **ɟəlƏŋ *ɟrɔŋ *laŋ, *han *loːŋ *-joːn, *jaːr *kajɨːŋ *ɟəro(ː)ŋ *wɛːŋ *goŋ *ɟliːŋ - caliŋ #537 *ɟ[o]ŋ; *ɟ(oː)ŋ ‘long, high’; #690 *ɟruŋ; *ɟruːŋ; *ɟruəŋ; *ɟrəŋ ‘high, long’; #740 *ɟliːŋ; *ɟla(i)ŋ ‘long’
50 louse (head) *ciːʔ ‘louse’ **siːˀ *ksiː *ciʔ *ceʔ *ciːˀ *ʔɲcəj *ciː *ciː *ciː *caj *cɛ(ː)ʔ sej #39 *ciːʔ ‘louse’
51 man/husband - **kOrOˀ *cnraŋ *-mən *-brɔʔ, *gle₁ʔ *ʔoːŋ, *p-ʄoːŋ *-law, *ʔndruːs, *kajaːk, *kajɨək *(t/k)nəw *ɟmoːl *(c/k)lɔːŋ *maːŋ *kə(n)siːr koɲ #1859 *t1l(ə)w(ʔ) ‘male’; #692 *t2nraːŋ ‘man, male’
52 many *gləŋ ‘much, many’ - *boːn *həŋ - - *klɨŋ - - *lɔː *gləŋ - - #737 *gluŋ; *gl(i)ŋ ‘much, many’
53 meat/flesh *sac ‘flesh’ **ɟəlU(Uˀ) *dɔʔ, *mim *-neʔ, *jaŋ *sac, *ʔah *k-ɲuk, *ʔa-mɔːŋ, *-siːt, *k-hɛːk *sac *sac *sac *pɔːm, *ɟuːc *c-w-aːʔ - ʔæha #871 *sac ‘edible substance, fruit, meat’; #1956 *ʔah ‘flesh, meat’
54 moon *khaj ‘moon’ **harkE, **aŋaj *bnəj *kheʔ, *kiər *kiʔ *p-lɔːŋ, *b-laŋ *ksaj *khaj *khɛː *kaːŋ *kntuːʔ *gəcɛːʔ kahe #1542 *khəjʔ ‘moon’
55 mountain/hill *bruːʔ ‘hill, mountain’; *bnəm ‘hill’; *du(ə)l ‘hill’; *-mɔl ‘mountain’ **bəru(uˀ) *loːm, *pdeŋ *gɔːŋ, *mɔl, *pnəm, *puk, *raŋ, *ɗər *muːl *b-ruːˀ, *doːl *ɓruː, *koh *bnɨm, *gəw *bnɔm; *duol *nɔːŋ (OM dəɗɔc, døl) *bənɨ(ː)m henjuan #182 *bruːʔ ‘hill’; #1369 *bn2uːm; *bn2əm ‘hill’; #1626 *(d)(o)r ‘hill’; #1738 *bt1ul; *bt1uːl; *bt1uəl ‘swelling, mound, hill’; #1741 *dul (& *duəl?) ‘hill’; #1775 *[ɟ]m[ɔ]l ‘mountain’
56 mouth *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; *mɔːɲ ‘mouth’; *smuər ‘nose, beak’ **təmOˀt *lmɔr, *kteːn *mɔːɲ, *tuːɲ *miəŋ, *tnoːs *kaːŋˀ, *mɛːŋˀ, *-moːm *kaːŋ *smuər, *ɓər *mat *(c)kaː *paːŋ - ʔanap; ʔualfaŋ #605 *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; #911 *miɲ[ ]; *miəɲʔ; *muːɲ[ ]; *muəɲ[ ] ‘mouth’; #1001 *t1ət ‘mouth’; #1655 *smuər ‘nose, beak’; #2020 *t1n1ɔh ‘mouth’
57 name *-məh ‘name’ **ɲUm *prtuːc *muːs *-məh - *prnɨh, *-rmɨh *cnəʔ *ɟmɔh - (OM cəmùʔ) - liaŋ #147 *[hj]muʔ ‘name’
58 neck *kɔʔ ‘neck’; *-kɔːŋ ‘nape’; *-lɔːŋ ‘throat’ **kO, **gOˀk *rdaŋ *koːk, *kɔ(ː)ŋ *kɔːk *koh, *kɛːl, *t-giːˀ *tkɔːŋ *-l(n)ɔŋ, *kɔːʔ *kɔː *kɔːk *kɔːʔ *ləŋɛ(ː)ʔ ʔuŋloŋa #17 *kɔʔ; (*kɔʔkɔʔ >) *kɔ(ː)k ‘neck’; #505 *tk(ɔː)ŋ’ (nape of) neck’; #744 *t1luŋ; *t1luːŋ; *t1luəŋ ‘throat’
59 new *tmiːʔ ‘new’ **təmI *tʰmaːj *tmeʔ *-meʔ *ɓəːjˀ *tmɛː *ʔnaːw *tmiː *blaː *t[ ]miːʔ *[s]paːj tijəh #144 *t1miʔ ‘new’
60 night *cəːm ‘night’; *-tam ‘night’ **(m)ədiˀp *məːt *cəːm, *m̥əːʔ - *teːm *s(n)ɗa(ː)w *-maŋ *jɔp *klɛːˀŋ *prtam - ram; (hatam Car) #264 *m[h][ɯə]ʔ; *m[h][ɯə]h ‘evening, night’; #1328 *[c][ɯə]m ‘night’; #1352 *btɔm ‘night’
61 nose *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs ‘nose’ **muːˀ *kʰmut *muːs, *kɗəʔ *m(u/ɔ)h *muːs *moh *muh *crmuh *-toːt, *mu(ː)s *(cə)-mɔh *mɔːh muah #2045 *muh; *muːh; *muːs ‘nose’
62 not *ʔət ‘used up, lacking’; *ʔam ‘not’ **əˀt *ʔəm, *tɔʔ *ʔaŋ - - *ʔən, *ʔɨːn *paʔ *ʔət~*ʔɔt~*ʔit *ʔih (OM kah, kə) - hat #943 *ʔət; *ʔəːt; *[ʔ]it ‘used up, finished, lacking’; #1118 *ʔɔn ‘ small in quantity’; #1297 *ʔam ‘not’
63 one *diʔ ‘one’; *muəj, *moːj ‘one’ **mOOˀj *-wiː, *ciː *muːj, *moːh, *diʔ *moːj *moːc *muoj *muəj *muoj *moːˀj *mwaj *[m/n]uaj hĩan #86 *ɗiːʔ; *ɗiːs; *ɗuːʔ; *ɗuːl ‘one’; #1495 *muːj; *muəj; *muːɲ ‘one’
64 person/human *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; *mraʔ ‘person’ **kOrOˀ *bruː *ɓiʔ, *ʔiʔ, *ʔuʔ *k-muʔ, *kmraʔ *-riː, *ɗeː *bnuːs, *kuːj *bŋaːj *ʔnak *kɟɨm *mnus *səmaːʔ pajuh #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; #60 *ɲaʔ; *ɲah ‘person’; #139 *k[n]muʔ ‘person, human being’; #183 *mraʔ ‘person’; #1455 *[m]ŋaːj ‘person, human being’
65 rain *gmaʔ ‘rain’; *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’ **gəma *slap *sᵊlɛʔ, *ɟuŋ *kmaʔ *k-maː *maː, *tɨŋ, *ɓɔː *ʔmɨː *pliəŋ *gmaːˀ *brəj *ləsəm mih #127 *miʔ; *mih; *miːw ‘rain, to rain’; #141 *gmaʔ ‘rain’; #180 *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’; #539 *juːŋ ‘rain, to rain’
66 red *-saw ‘red’ **ɟəŋAˀt *saːw *roːŋ *-rVɲ, *thuəɲ *tɔh, *koːl *broːŋ, *ksəw *ɓroːŋ *krhɔːm *ŋar (OM bərket) - ʔak #688 *[ɟ]rɔːŋ ‘red’; #788 *[t]huːŋ; *thuːɲ’ red’; #1977a *guːh ‘red’; #1865 *ks[aw]ʔ ‘red’
67 road, path *kraʔ ‘road, way’; *ɗeːŋ, *ɗiəŋ ‘road, way’; *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ ‘road, way’; *glɔːŋ ‘road, way’ **kOrA *lntiː *kraʔ, *ɗeːŋ *gruəŋ *k-raːˀ *krnaː *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ *gnlɔːŋ *kraː *trəw, *glɔːŋ *noːŋ kaji #162 *kraʔ ‘road, way’; #590 *rɗiŋ; *rɗiəŋ ‘road, track’; #698 *truːŋ; *truəŋ ‘path, road’; #736 *glɔːŋ ‘path, road’
68 root (of a tree) *riəs ‘root’ **rEˀt *traːj, *tʰəːt *riəs *riəs *k-riɛs *rias *riəh *ris *reːs *ris *rʔiɛs ~ ʔriɛs jiah #1927 *ris; *riəs; *rəs; *rʔiəs ‘root’
69 round (object) *wi(ə)l ‘round’ - *pnlun *ʔmər - - - *(t)wil, *pɔːm *wiel, *rwiəl, *rwɔŋ *moːl - - tual #1201a *luːn; *luən ‘round, to roll’; #1653 *m[ ]uːr; *m[ ]ər ‘to roll up’; #1794 *wil; *wiːl; *wiəl(ʔ); *wəl; *wal; *wail ‘to turn’
70 sand *ksa(ː)c ‘sand’ **kEˀt *cʔiap *smaːc *kaːc *t-kaːc, *-rɛh *skaɲ, *cuah *braːs *ksac *(g)laːŋ *p-m-tɯl - jaja #874 *ksac; *ksaːc ‘sand’; #1737 *bnt1iːl ‘sand’
71 see *jɔl ‘to see’ **(n)El *pɛc, *Ɂjiː *jɔ(ː)t, *jəːʔ - *ɗaːm *taloːj *saw, *ʦaw *jɔl, *ghəːɲ *daŋ *maj *daŋ hew #158 *[s]jəːʔ; *[s]ʔəːj ‘to see’; #1696 *jɔl, *ʔɔl ‘to see’
73 sit *ŋgu(ː)j ‘to sit down’; *-kuːʔ ‘to sit, stay’ **kO *cɔŋ, *skəw *moːk, *ɗeʔ *jəːm *ŋuːj *tkuː *ʔwaj guj *kɨl - - kɯ̃ʔ #283 *[ ]guk ‘to sit, remain, dwell’; #1448 *ŋguj ‘to sit down’; #1818 *tkaw[ʔ] ‘to sit, stay’
74 skin *huːr ‘skin’ **usal *sneːʔ *n̥aːm, *huːr *-puːr *-taː, *k-roːt *ʔŋkar *ʔəkaːr *spɛːk *-loːˀ *cnaːm *kətɯːʔ ʔok #1370 *cn1aːm ‘skin’; #1568 *cnkuər; *[c]nka[a]r ‘integument’; #1687 *huːr ‘skin’; #1825 *kt(aw]ʔ ‘skin’
75 sleep *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ **gətiˀc *tʰiaʔ *ʔiət *cih - *ɓic *kuj, *ɓic *tiːk *bic *cŋkuj, *dəm, *tiɛk tiak #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc to lie down, sleep’
76 small *dit, *kɗi(ə)t ‘small’ - *-dit, *rit *knɗiət, *ɓac *ɲɛʔ *ɗiːt *kɛ(ː)t *-dɛʔ *tic, *cmaːr *kic - *kanɛ(ː)t ric, pẽc #59 *ɲ(eː)ʔ ‘small’; #1016 *kɗit; *kɗiːt; *kɗiət ‘small’
77 smoke (n.) *ptoʔ **mOˀk *tdɛm *təːʔ *ptoʔ *ɗuːp, *k-hɔːjˀ *g(rn/ə)jɨək *ʔɲuːj (?*psɛːɲ) *kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s *jak - fus #1828 *pt1(əw)ʔ ‘smoke’
78 to speak, say *ŋaːj ‘to speak’ **sun, **gam, **kaj *ʔɔŋ, *krɛn *law, *rʔ(m)aːh, *ŋɛʔ - *coːlˀ *paːj *-nɔh *srtiː *ɲaːj (OM gah) *ca(ː)l ʔujola #1425 *hom ‘to speak’; #1457 *(s)ŋəːj ‘to speak’; #1964 *rʔah ‘to say, speak’
79 to stand *dək ‘to stand up’; *ɟə(ː)ŋ, *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; *taːw ‘to stand’ **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə *jəŋ *ɟəːŋ *dək *təŋˀ *tʄɨŋ, *tjɨŋ, *juor *-jɔːŋ, *-juːŋ, *taːw, *dɨk *ɟhɔːr *taːl *taːw - siak #332 *(ɗ)ək ‘to stand up, to go up’; #538(Iː) *ɟəŋ; *ɟiŋ; *ɟiːŋ; *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; #1824 *taːw ‘to stand’
80 star *s(ʔ)maɲ ‘star’ - *smaɲ, *kʰloːr *sʔməɲ, *krlaːŋ *sməɲ *k-raːw, *k-ɓeː *bntuor, *smaɲ *s(n)lɔŋ, *smaɲ *pkaːj *ksɨm *s( )maɲ - maleca #888 *smʔaɲ ‘star’
81 stone *tmɔʔ **bərƏl, **sərEŋ *smaːw *cmoʔ, *rʔaːŋ *glaː₁ŋ *l-taːˀ, *b-ruːˀ *tməw *tməw *tmɔː *tmoːˀ *tmɔːʔ *təmɔʔ maŋɛʔ #146 *t2mɔʔ ‘stone’
82 sun *tŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’ **siŋi(iˀ) *sŋiː *sŋiːʔ *cŋi/eʔ - *ʔmɓaːŋ *mat-tŋaj *tŋaj *(t/s)ŋiːˀ *tŋaj - hɛŋ #31 *t2ŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’
83 to swim *loːj ‘to swim, wade’ - *ɟnpaː, *ɟŋiː *l̥oːj; *ŋɔj *luːj - *loːj, *poh *rɛː *hɛːl(?) *heːl *ɓiːŋ - kical #1456 *(l)ŋuj ‘to swim’; #1516 *lujʔ; *luːj[ ]; *luəj[ ]; *ləːj[ ] ‘to wade, to swim’
84 tail *sntaʔ ‘tail’; *-dɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’ **pata *tdɔŋ, *-tʰaː *-taʔ *hntaʔ, *dɔːŋ *d/tɔːj *sɔːj *tiəŋ - *paːs *prtaːʔ *sə[n]taːʔ ret #73 *bt1aʔ; *st1aʔ ‘tail’; #542 *t1iə(ŋ) ‘tail’; #585 *t1ɗɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’
85 that (dist.) *tiːʔ ‘that (dist.)’; *tɔʔ ‘that (med.)’ **han *taj *ʔeʔ, *tVj *niʔ - *kiː, *ʔntih *tɔʔ, *tɔː *nɔh *dan *tɛːʔ - ʔane #65 *t1iʔ; *t1iːʔ; *t1iəʔ ‘that yonder’; #66a *tɔʔ ‘that, there’; #1466 *t1uːj; *t1uəj; *t1aːj ‘that (yonder)’
86 this (prox.) *gi(ː)ʔ ‘3rd person’; *niʔ; * neʔ ‘this (prox.)’; *nɔ(ː)ʔ ‘this; here’ **En *niː *gəːʔ, *niʔ, *ʔǝ(h) *giː, *ʔeːʔ *-niː *neʔ, *neː *nɛʔ, *nɛː *nih *ʔan *-nɔːʔ - ne, nine #26 *ge(ː)ʔ ‘deictic & 3 pronoun’; #91 *niʔ; *nih ‘this’; #92 *nɔʔ; *nɔh ‘this’
87 thou/you *miːʔ ‘you (sing.)’ **(n)Am *meː *miːʔ *ʔmɔː *miː *maj *maj, *ʔih, *ʔaj - *boː *beh *heːʔ me #128 *mi(ː)ʔ; *miːh ‘you (sing.)’
88 tongue *lntaːk ‘tongue’ **laːˀŋ *tnleːc *-taːk *hntaːk, *lat *laːs *ʔntaːk *lpiət *ʔntaːt *ktaːˀk *klntaːk *ləntaːk kalitak #320 *nt1aːk, *l(n)t1aːk ‘tongue’
89 tooth *lmVɲ ‘tooth’; *sraŋ ‘tooth’; *p(i)əŋ ‘tooth’ **gənE *lmɛɲ *r̥aːŋ, *kaɲ, *piəŋ *sraː₁ŋ *k-saŋ *knɛːŋ *p(ɨ/ə)ŋ - *koːj *ŋiak *ləmoːɲ kanap #597 *gnaiŋ; *gniəŋ ‘tusk, eye-tooth’; #709 *sraŋ; *sra[a]ŋ ‘tooth, sharp projection’
90 tree *ɟhuːʔ, *ɟhiːʔ ‘tree, wood’; *tnəːm ‘trunk, stem, tree’ **ɟiːˀ *dɛːŋ *khoʔ, *kseʔ *cʔɔːŋ *gawˀ, *g/kəl, *k-caːŋˀ *ʔalɔːŋ *ʔlɔːŋ *ɟhəː *neːˀm *chuːʔ *ɟəhuːʔ ʔuɲiha #254 *ɟhoːʔ; *ɟhəːʔ; *ɟheːʔ ‘tree, wood’; #491 *t2ʔɔːŋ ‘tree, wood’; #1343 *t2əm; *t2əːm; *t2am ‘plant, to grow; to begin’
91 two *ɓaːr ‘two’ **baːˀr *ʔaːr *lʔaːr *baːr *haːr *ɓaːr *ɓaːr *bier *baːˀr *ɓaːr - ʔã #1562 *ɓaːr ‘two’
92 to walk, go **sEn *diʔ *həl, *leh - *d/tiː *snɗaːw, *cɗɨaw *ceː₃w *təːr *ceːw *ʔa(ː)r *ciːp soŋ #462 *swa(ː)k ‘to walk, travel’; #1202 *luən; *lən ‘to go, proceed’; #1821 *cəw ‘to come, go, to return’
93 warm/hot *toʔ ‘hot’; *taɲ ‘hot’; *(s)ʔ(a/ə)m ‘warm’ - *sɁaːc, *cit *cʔəm, *kVc *waːr, *pɔːk *p-ruŋˀ, *p-ɗ/ruŋˀ *ʔatoʔ, *s(a/ŋ)ʔam *toʔ *ktaw *tuːˀ *k-m-taw *bɨt taɲ; haʔuaj #70 *ktuːʔ ‘hot.; #897 *t1aɲ ‘hot’; #1307 *(s)ʔəm; *(s)ʔəːm; *(s)ʔuːm; *(s)ʔuəm; *[ ]həm ‘warm’
94 water *ɗaːk ‘water’ **daːˀk *ʔum *ʔoːm *ʔom *ɗaːk *ɗaːk, *ɗəːk *ɗaːk *tɨk *daːk *ɗaːk *b[ə]teːw riak #274 *ɗaːk ‘water’; #1298 *ʔ(o)m ‘water’
95 we (excl.) *ʔiːʔ ‘we (incl.); *ʔjeːʔ ‘we (excl.)’ (*ʄeːʔ ?) - *ʔiː *ʔjeʔ *jiʔ - - (*ʔjɨː ?) - *hɛːŋ *pəj/*pw(ə)j *ɟeːʔ he #1 *ʔiʔ; *hiʔ ‘we’; #150 *j(eː)ʔ ‘we’
96 what? *məh ‘what’ - - *məh, *mVʔ - - *ʔaməh - - *cmpiːˀj *(ɟ-)moːʔ - cin, cja, ka #136 *m(o)ʔ; *m(o)h ‘what’
97 white *ɓɔːk ‘white’; *-lɔːk ‘white’ - *leːʔ *blɔːk, *kraːʔ, *-koʔ *klɔːk *baːk, *t-lɔːk *ɓɔːk *(ɓ/b)ɔːk *skuː; *sɔː *broːŋ, *pruːs (OM bətaiŋ) *bəj[oː]k tĩah 116 *kboːʔ ‘white’; 369a *kɓɔːk ‘white, grey’; 436 *kl(uə)k ‘white’
98 who? *mVh ‘who’ - *m̥ɛh *-moh *ʔeː *ŋaːj *buː - *ʔmih (OM mə) - ci 110 *bu(ː)ʔ ‘individual’
99 woman/wife *kan ‘woman, female’; *k(-)duər ‘wife’ **selA, **kəni *kntʰaj *-pən, *knjaʔ *ka₁n *muːˀ, *p-keːˀ, *-bəːˀ *kan, *ʔnɗil, *kɗial, *k(m)paj *ʔəkan *knsaj, *kntaj *kɨn *braw; (OM *kndɔr ‘wife’) *kəndah; (Semelai kdor ‘female’) kan 1126 *kan; *kaːn ‘woman, female’; 1163 *pən ‘female’; 1628 *kdɔːr, *kdar ‘woman, wife’
100 yellow *-ŋaːr ‘yellow’ **saŋsaŋ *lmit, *stɛm *rmiːt *ɟŋaːr *-ʔɛːlˀ *raːk *dreː₂ŋ - *joːˀs - - ŋə 1052 *rmit; *rmiːt; *rmiət ‘Curcuma species; yellow’

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Sidwell, Paul (2024) “500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0”, in Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society[1], volume 17, number 1, pages i–xxxiii
  • Sidwell, Paul, Rau, Felix (2015) “Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview”, in The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages[2], Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 221-363
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
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Austroasiatic

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p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

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