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The growth of ancient Rome and expansion of its sanitation innovations

The concept of Sanitation in ancient Rome has puzzled and perplexed historians and archeologists for centuries. It is considered to be a complex system much like modern societies enjoy today but was largely lost in Europe during the Dark Ages. A system of aquaducts served the citizens of the empire by providing them with pristine water. People utilized this in the public baths and latrines much like an early form of modern toliets. A system of latrines was found in Sicily which allowed for the waste to be flushed away along with sea sponges on sticks to use after defecation. The Romans had a complex system of sewers which were covered by stones much like the modern covers found on streets. After waste was flushed from the toliets or latrines it flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system. This soon flowed into a nearby river or stream. However, the Romans were not as sanitory as may be percieved to be believed. It was not uncommon for waste to be thrown out of windows into the streets and for nearbyers to be hit with the waste. Also the drainage system was not perfect, it called for many openings to be covered by rock which caused the citizens to be exposed to the potential diseases in the sewage and the unpleasant smell. Despite this, Roman waste management is generally admired for its innovative feats.

List of Presidents (in a world without Watergate)

[edit]

The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each president.

# President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term
1 George Washington April 30 1789 March 4 1797 No party John Adams 1
2
2 John Adams March 4 1797 March 4 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 3
3 Thomas Jefferson March 4 1801 March 4 1809 Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr 4
George Clinton 5
4 James Madison March 4 1809 March 4 1817 Democratic-Republican George Clinton[1]
vacant
6
Elbridge Gerry[1]
vacant
7
5 James Monroe March 4 1817 March 4 1825 Democratic-Republican Daniel Tompkins 8
9
6 John Quincy Adams March 4 1825 March 4 1829 Democratic-Republican John Calhoun 10
7 Andrew Jackson March 4 1829 March 4 1837 Democratic John Calhoun[2]
vacant
11
Martin Van Buren 12
8 Martin Van Buren March 4 1837 March 4 1841 Democratic Richard Johnson 13
9 William H. Harrison March 4 1841 April 4 1841[1] Whig John Tyler 14
10 John Tyler April 4 1841 March 4 1845 Whig
No party[3]
vacant
11 James K. Polk March 4 1845 March 4 1849 Democratic George Dallas 15
12 Zachary Taylor March 4 1849 July 9 1850[1] Whig Millard Fillmore 16
13 Millard Fillmore July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Whig vacant
14 Franklin Pierce March 4 1853 March 4 1857 Democratic William King[1]
vacant
17
15 James Buchanan March 4 1857 March 4 1861 Democratic John Breckinridge 18
16 Abraham Lincoln March 4 1861 April 15 1865[4] Republican
National Union[5]
Hannibal Hamlin 19
Andrew Johnson 20
17 Andrew Johnson April 15 1865 March 4 1869 Democratic
National Union[5]
vacant
18 Ulysses S. Grant March 4 1869 March 4 1877 Republican Schuyler Colfax 21
Henry Wilson[1]
vacant
22
19 Rutherford B. Hayes March 4 1877 March 4 1881 Republican William Wheeler 23
20 James Garfield March 4 1881 September 19 1881[4] Republican Chester A. Arthur 24
21 Chester A. Arthur September 19 1881 March 4 1885 Republican vacant
22 Grover Cleveland March 4 1885 March 4 1889 Democratic Thomas Hendricks[1]
vacant
25
23 Benjamin Harrison March 4 1889 March 4 1893 Republican Levi Morton 26
24 Grover Cleveland
(2nd term)
March 4 1893 March 4 1897 Democratic Adlai E. Stevenson 27
25 William McKinley March 4 1897 September 14 1901[4] Republican Garret Hobart[1]
vacant
28
Theodore Roosevelt 29
26 Theodore Roosevelt September 14 1901 March 4 1909 Republican vacant
Charles Fairbanks 30
27 William H. Taft March 4 1909 March 4 1913 Republican James Sherman[1]
vacant
31
28 Woodrow Wilson March 4 1913 March 4 1921 Democratic Thomas Marshall 32
33
29 Warren G. Harding March 4 1921 August 2 1923[1] Republican Calvin Coolidge 34
30 Calvin Coolidge August 2 1923 March 4 1929 Republican vacant
Charles Dawes 35
31 Herbert Hoover March 4 1929 March 4 1933 Republican Charles Curtis 36
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt March 4 1933 April 12 1945[1] Democratic John Garner 37
38
Henry Wallace 39
Harry S. Truman 40
33 Harry S. Truman April 12 1945 January 20 1953 Democratic vacant
Alben Barkley 41
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20 1953 January 20 1961 Republican Richard Nixon 42
43
35 John F. Kennedy January 20 1961 November 22 1963[4] Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson 44
36 Lyndon B. Johnson November 22 1963 January 20 1969 Democratic vacant
Hubert Humphrey 45
37 Richard Nixon January 20 1969 January 20 1977 Republican Spiro Agnew 46
38 Ronald Reagan January 20 1977 January 20 1981 Republican Gerald Ford 47
39 Ted Kennedy January 20 1981 March 30 1981[4] Democratic Jimmy Carter 48
40 Jimmy Carter March 30 1981 January 20 1985 Democratic vacant
Walter Mondale 49
41 Clint Eastwood January 20 1985 January 20 1993 Republican George H. W. Bush 50
42 Ross Perot January 20 1993 January 20 2001 No Party James B. Stockdale 51
Republican Colin Powell 52
43 Colin Powell January 20 2001 January 20 2005 Republican George W. Bush 53
44 John F. Kennedy Jr. January 20 2005 January 20 2013 Democratic Joe Biden 54
45 Joe Biden January 20 2013 January 20 2017 Democratic Barack Obama 55
46 Donald Trump January 20 2017 Republican Mike Pence 56
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  2. ^ Resigned.
  3. ^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  4. ^ a b c d e Assassinated.
  5. ^ a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.