Town of fools
A town of fools is the base of a number of joke cycles found in various cultures. Jokes of these cycles poke fun at the stupidity of the inhabitants of a real or fictional populated place (village, town, region, etc.). In English folklore the best known butt of jokes of this type are the Wise Men of Gotham. A number of works of satire are set in a town of fools.
The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J1703: "Town (country) of fools".[1]
Archetypal fools by place of residence[edit]
- Wise Men of Gotham hail from the village of Gotham, Nottinghamshire
- German Schildbürger residents of fictitious – not the actual town of Schilda. Stories about them originated from a 1597 book Das Lalebuch about the residents of a fictional town of Laleburg[2]
- Greek residents of Abdera. The Philogelos, a Greek-language joke book compiled in the 4th century AD, has a chapter dedicated to jokes about dumb Abderans.[3]
- Finnish residents of the fictional town of Hymylä
- Polish Jewish Wise Men of Chelm[4]
- Danish Molbos (residents of Mols) famed for Molbo stories
- Kocourkov, fictional Czech village of fools
- Fünsinger from the Fünsing village of fools, known, e.g., from Schwanks by the 16-th century German poet and playwright Hans Sachs
Towns of fools in satire[edit]
- Mendele Mocher Sforim set some of his stories in a fictional town of Glupsk ("Foolstown", from Russian, 'глупец' for "fool"). Dan Miron suggests[5] that its prototype may be found in a fictional town Ksalon[a], a Biblical name כְּסָלוֹן, Kesalon/Ksalon may allude to the Hebrew word kesil/ksil (כסיל), "fool",[6][7] from his story Beseter ra'am (Hebrew: בסתר רעם),[b] a satirical description of life in a shtetl in Russian Empire. Hillel Halkin gave his reasons why during his translation of Beseter ra'am he used the untranslated Hebrew name Ksalon instead of the "low hanging fruit" choice of "Foolsville".[7]
- Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin set a series of is satirical feuilletons in a fictional town of Glupov ("Foolstown", from Russian, 'глупец' for "fool"),[5] culminated in his novel The History of a Town.
- In Isaac Mayer Dick 1872 novel Di orkhim in Duratshesok/Duratshtshok (Visitors in Durachok) the "fool's town" is a fictional Russian town of Durachok, where the Russian word дурачок means "little fool". For some reason Dick decided to place Jewish simpletons in a Russian location.[9] In the book Dick draws a comparison of Duratshesok with Chelm saying that Helm has a reputation of vilde harishkeyn (wild foolishness) and gives the examples thereof, which turn out to be retellings of Schildbürger stories and their imitations.[9]
See also[edit]
- Blason populaire, an umbrella genre of jokes which make use stereotypes of a particular group
- "An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman"
- Ethnic jokes
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Stith Thompson, Motif-index of folk-literature : a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, medieval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends. J. THE WISE AND THE FOOLISH
- ^ Werner Wunderlich, "Schildbürgerstreiche. Bericht zur Lalebuch- und Schildbürgerforschung", In: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, vol. 56, 1982, pp. 641–685.
- ^ a b The Jests of Hierocles and Philagrius. Translated by Bubb, Charles Clinch. Cleveland: The Rowfant Club. 1920. pp. 50–55.
- ^ Edward Portnoy, Wise Men of Chelm, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
- ^ a b Mikhail Krutikov BERDICHEV IN RUSSIAN-JEWISH LITERACY IMAGINATION:From Israel Aksenfeld to Friedrich Gorenshteyn
- ^ David G. Roskies, Against the Apocalypse. Responses to Catastrophe in Modern Jewish Culture, 1999, p. 66
- ^ a b Hillel Halkin, "Adventures in Translating Mendele" , JSTOR 20689263
- ^ Psalms 81:7
- ^ a b Ruth von Bernuth, How the Wise Men Got to Chelm: The Life and Times of a Yiddish Folk Tradition