2024 Iranian presidential election
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Registered | 61,452,321 | |||||||||||||
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Turnout | 39.93% (first round) ![]() | |||||||||||||
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Early presidential elections in Iran were held on 28 June 2024[1] following the death of President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash on 19 May.[2] As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a run off vote is being held on 5 July between Saeed Jalili and Masoud Pezeshkian.[3]
With a 39.93% turnout, the first round of the election saw the lowest participation for a presidential election in the Islamic Republic's history, over 8 points lower than the previous record of 48.48% in the 2021 Iranian presidential election.[4]
Background[edit]
On 19 May 2024, Raisi was returning from a trip to the Iran-Azerbaijan border to inaugurate a hydroelectric complex at the Giz Galasi reservoir alongside the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.[5] During their journey, the helicopter carrying him and seven other passengers and crew[6] crashed at approximately 13:30 IRST (UTC+03:30) near the village of Uzi in Varzaqan County in East Azerbaijan province.[7][8] Later that day, the wreckage of the helicopter was located,[9] with everyone on board found dead. This led to First Vice President Mohammad Mokhber becoming the acting president according to Article 131 of the Constitution.[10]
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Raisi_funeral_1403030219303454830127974.jpg/220px-Raisi_funeral_1403030219303454830127974.jpg)
Electoral system[edit]
The President of Iran is usually elected every four years by a "direct vote of the people", as set out by Article 114 of the Iranian Constitution.[10] This means that a presidential election should have taken place on or before 18 June 2025, but due to the death of the president, it will be held earlier. Under Iran's political system, the President is the country's highest directly elected official, the chief of the executive branch, and the second most important position after that of the Supreme Leader.[11] The minimum voting age is 18.
According to the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, any Iranian citizen who believes in Shia Islam, is loyal to the Constitution, the ideology of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and the Islamic Republic can participate in election as a presidential candidate. An institution called the Election Monitoring Agency (EMA), managed by the Guardian Council, vets registered candidates and selects a handful to run in the election.[12]
The Guardian Council does not publicly announce the reason for rejections of particular candidates, although those reasons are privately explained to each candidate. Women are not constitutionally restricted from running; however, to date, every woman who has registered as a candidate has been excluded from standing for election by the Guardian Council.[13][14] The council has officially denied rejecting a woman's candidacy because of her gender.[15]
Candidates approved by the Guardian Council are put to a public vote. The winner is the candidate who receives a majority (50% plus one) of votes. If no candidate receives enough votes, a run-off election is held between the two candidates with the most votes the following Friday.[16] Iranians who vote during the election receive a stamp that indicates so on their birth certificates.[17]
According to the constitution, once the result is known, the Supreme Leader must sign the decree of the elected president, and if he refuses to sign, the elected president will not assume the presidency. So far, Supreme Leaders have always signed the decree of the elected president.[18][19] After that, the elected president must recite and sign an oath in a session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, in the presence of the members of the Guardian Council and the head of the Supreme Court.[16]
For this election, more than 61 million citizens are eligible to vote, with about 18 million of them between 18 and 30 years old.[20] Voters are required to present birth certificates, passports[21] or smart Iranian identity cards.[22].[23]
The Ministry of Intelligence warned that presidential nominees were under constant monitoring.[24]
Overseas voting[edit]
Voting for overseas Iranians will be held in 250 locations worldwide.[25]
In Australia, polling was canceled in Brisbane and Sydney due to protests by the Iranian diaspora.[26] The Biden administration was criticised by opponents of the Iranian government, who wanted a boycott of the election, for allowing the installation of voting stations in the United States.[27] Saudi Arabia[28] and Canada refused to grant Iran permission to install overseas ballot boxes.[29] Voting stations were instead placed on the US-Canada border.[30]
Dates[edit]
Following the announcement of Raisi's death on 20 May, authorities announced that voting would be held on 28 June.[1] Registration of candidates began on 30 May and ran until 3 June,[31] while campaigning would last from 12 June until 27 June.[1]
Candidates[edit]
The registration to run for the presidency started on 30 May and ended on 3 June. A total of 80 people, including four women, filed their candidacies for president.[32] Most candidates were considered as conservatives and ultra conservatives.[33] The final list of candidates was released by the Guardian Council on 9 June.[34] Those rejected by the council were not allowed to protest the rejection.[35]
Applied[edit]
![]() |
Rejected[edit]
A total of 74 aspirants had their candidacies rejected by the Guardian Council.[34] These included all four women who applied to run in the election.[53] The applications of least 30 candidacies were rejected on 30 May for failure to meet the "basic conditions for qualification".[54] Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was the most notable to be disqualified by the Guardian Council, having been disqualified previously in 2021.[55]
Approved[edit]
Six candidates were allowed by the Guardian Council to run for president, namely Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, Saeed Jalili, Masoud Pezeshkian, Mostafa Pourmohammadi, Amirhossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi and Alireza Zakani.[34] On 26 June, Hashemi withdrew his candidacy and called on other candidates to follow "so that the front of the revolution will be strengthened". He was followed on 27 June by Zakani, who did so citing the need to "block the formation of a third administration" of former President Hassan Rouhani.[56] Both candidates, as well as Ghalibaf, subsequently endorsed Jalili in the second round.[57]
Campaign[edit]
A chatbot is trained by the debates by Iranian regime to answer questions. National Cyber Center has given AI assistants to nominees.[59][60][61]
In a speech on 3 June, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei told candidates not to attack each other and expressed his preference for a "revolutionary president".[62]
Most candidates have centered their platforms on social welfare and improvement of living conditions.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
The authorities gave 20GB of free internet data for use on domestic messengers and Telewebion for 30 days to mobile phones to promote information regarding the election.[70]
US-funded Radio Farda anticipates the total cost full cost of the election to be more than US$357 million[71]
Principlists[edit]
Saeed Jalili of the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability is running for president for the fourth time. Formerly the Minister of Foreign relations during JCPOA negotiations, he has been helping the government for the last 10 years.[72] He is backed by the Islamic Society of Students.[73] In his book Jalili's view on foreign policy is inspired by eschatology based on opposition to western world.[74]
In order to win votes, Alireza Zakani claimed he was giving away people 120 tons of free meat every day.[75] He also promised free health care for women and old people and cash payments to the poor.[76]
Reformists Front[edit]
Of the six candidates confirmed by the Guardian Council, Masoud Pezeshkian is regarded to be the only one representing moderates and reformists.[34] He is backed by Nedaye Iranian, the National Trust Party, Moderation and Development Party, Coalition of Reformist Women's Parties[77][78][79][80][34] and as well as by former President Mohammad Khatami and former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif.[81]
Pezeshkian's campaign slogan is "Living without Shamefulness".[82][83] He has also campaigned against the Guidance patrol's 2024 Nour program[84] and has criticised the country's laws on the wearing of the hijab.[85]
In his campaign speech Pezeshkian said that he would not be able to do anything for political prisoners as the president does not have that power.[86] He also told students not to insult Khamenei and that he is "assimilated into the Supreme leader" and follows Khamenei's policies .[87][88][89][90][excessive citations]
Pezeshkian's campaign staff have also utilised the song Baraye, which was composed by imprisoned singer-songwriter Shervin Hajipour.[91]
Issues[edit]
This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (June 2024) |
Ghalibaf has promised to reduce the number of Afghan immigrants[92] and build a wall along Iran's borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan,[93] while Massoud Pezeshkian has supported banning Afghan immigrants.[94]
Mostafa Pourmohammadi has pledged an end to internet censorship.[95] and supports nuclear negotiations but from a position of power.[96] Jalili has opposed negotiations with the West as well as the ratification of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).[97] Pourmohammadi has also criticised Iranian military support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine due to what he calls the lack of benefits from Russia.[76]
Ghalibaf has supported strengthening the Axis of Resistance.[98]
Jalili supports finishing constructing 1 million housing units.[99]
Jalili is against importing cars while Ghalibaf supports it.[100]
Ghalibaf has promised better pay to health workers to stop emigration.[101]
Pezeshkian has said that he is open to closer relations with the United States and negotiating a new nuclear deal to alleviate Iran of its economic woes.[102]
Jalili has promised three days of free vacation to government tourist residences for every citizen per year.[103]
Debates[edit]
First round[edit]
IRIB exclusively held and broadcast the presidential debates.[104][105] The questions to be asked in the debates were shared with all candidates beforehand.[106] The IRIB and the Election Office warned candidates against ruining the country's public image.[107][108]
Documentaries will be also produced by IRIB for nominees.[109] The government also banned displaying images of candidates with Ali Khamenei and his predecessor as Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini.[110]
The candidates were asked during the first debate on issues such as inflation, the government's budget deficit, housing and corruption. All candidates pledged to have sanctions against Iran lifted, strengthen the rial and introduce reforms.[81]
In the debate, Ghalibaf made several false claims on the economy, regarding energy waste in the country, national GDP and productivity rate.[111] Journalist Vahid Ashtari alleged that Ghalibaf falsely claimed about never having sued any journalist.[112] Ashtari was arrested on 20 June after posting luggage records of Ghalibaf's daughter, who travelled to Turkey.[113]
Zakani falsely said that there were no hijab police deployed in the Tehran Metro and that he had not opposed imported COVID-19 vaccines.[114][115]
Pourmohammedi claimed that IRIB TV2’s news program 20:30 censored and manipulated a video he sent them.[116]
During the 20 June debates, while discussing culture Pezeshkian's advisor Mohammed Fazeli threw his microphone and left the debate after getting into an argument with one of the hosts.[117] Economic issues were again discussed during the debate, as well as fuel subsidies and education.[118]
In the third debate Hashemi promised to make an area in beaches for women to ride jet skis and do water sports,[119] while Pourmohammedi promised to decriminalise not wearing a hijab and stop violent responses by police and Basij.[120] Jalili criticised media attention to Mahsa Amini's death rather than the deaths of thousands of women in Gaza.[121] Ghalibaf claimed Iran's National Information Network has progressed 75%, which Factnameh said was "unverifiable".[122]
In the fourth debate Pourmohammadi called Jalili a traitor for sabotaging the FATF ratification and Ahmadinejad's Crescent petroleum deal,[123] which Jalili denied and said the Crescent agreement was flawed.[124] Former Ministry of Petroleum Bijan Namdar Zangeneh said "Jalili and his pawn Zakani talk about Crescent in every quiet place" and that Jalili will not come to debate with him as he would "reveal how irreparable much economic damage Jalili has caused"[125] Hashemi criticised Hassan Rouhani and the reformists for warmongering in Afghanistan and praised Ebrahim Raisi for making peace and not letting Israel advance.[126] Pourmohammadi called the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners a "project of difficult times of the government" and that "only People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran members who were fighting against the people were executed."[127]
In the fifth debate Hashemi promised to eliminate twelve months conscription for males.[128] Hashemi denied that Internet censorship in Iran exists, while Pezeshkian defended the 2019 Internet blackout in Iran.[129] Pourmohammadi pledged to bring transparency to the Tehran Stock Exchange.[130] Ghalibaf blamed Debsh government corruption on inequity.[131]
During a debate on women, a representative of Jalili blamed women for being assaulted for not wearing a hijab.[132] Jalili himself told an interviewer that they did not understand the “strategic depth” of the hijab laws.[93]
IRIB censored Pezeshkian's talk where he supported Mahsa Amini.[133]
No | Date and time | Viewership |
---|---|---|
1 | 17 June[134] | 26-27%[135] |
2 | 20 June | |
3 | 21 June | |
4 | 24 June | |
5 | 25 June |
Second round[edit]
During a two-hour televised debate on IRIB on 1 July, Pezeshkian criticised Jalili over his lack of managerial experience, his stance on nuclear negotiations and his pledge to achieve an economic growth rate of 8% while in office, adding that authorities should be allowed to “execute" Jalili if his target was not met. Jalili accused Pezeshkian of having no plans to manage the country and instead lead it to a “backward position”. Both candidates pledged to address issues involving the poor, workers, women, ethnic groups and religious minorities, as well as improve internet services. They also called for an investigation into the low turnout in the first round.[136]
Pezeshkian called a situation in Iran a deadlock and said that no government will grow in a cage. He again criticised Jalili for his shadow state.[137][138][139][140][excessive citations]
During the final debate on 2 July, Pezeshkian pledged to revive a nuclear agreement with foreign powers, while Jalili called on the US to honor its commitments on par “with the commitments we fulfilled.” Both candidates pledged to improve the economy, provide energy subsidies to the poor and facilitate the importation of cars while supporting domestic automobile makers.[141]
Criticism[edit]
United Against Nuclear Iran reported that IRGC Baqiatallah HQ is engineering the election.[142] The Guardian Council denied allegations that they had rigged the election.[143]
Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, the Sunni Friday Imam of Sistan and Baluchistan, criticized the system for not allowing women and religious minority candidates and closing down Sunni mosques and questioned the presidency's powers.[144][145][146] Four Sunni clerics were arrested in Urmia for criticizing the election.[147]
Overseas monarchist opposition figures and groups such as Reza Pahlavi, the former crown prince of Iran, and the re-formed Iran-Novin Party called the election a circus.[148][149] The National Front boycotted the election.[150]
Although it is criminalised,[151] the Iranian Complainant Mothers,[152] the daughter of former president Akbar Rafsanjani, Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani,[153] Nobel Peace Prize laureate Narges Mohammadi,[154] imprisoned activist Abolfazl Ghadyani,[155] house-arrested former prime minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi and his wife Zahra Rahnavard[156] and the Coalition for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran[157] have called for the boycotting of the election. The hashtag #ElectionCircus became prominent topics among Iranians on social media,[158] as well as the hashtag "traitorous minority", referring to calls against voting for either Pezeshkian or Jalili in the second round and calling anyone who does so a "traitor".[159]
In the first round, a majority of voters abstained from voting, resulting in a turnout of 39.93%, the lowest in the history of the Islamic Republic.[4]
Opinion polling and forecasts[edit]
Date | Pollster | Sample size | Margin of error | Jalili | Ghalibaf | Pezeshkian | Hashemi (Withdrew in favor of Jalili, Ghalibaf and Zakani)[160] | Zakani (Withdrew in favor of Jalili and Ghalibaf)[161] | Pourmohammadi | Haven't decided | Lead | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 July | Islamic Consultative Assembly[162] | 44.2% | 53.7% | 9.5% | ||||||||
3 July | Iranian Students News Agency[163] | ±2% | 43.9% | 49.5% | 5.6% | |||||||
26 June | Tehran University[164] | 3.5% | 26.8% | 23.3% | 32.9% | 3.6% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 7.7% | 6.1% | ||
26 June | Iranian Students Polling Agency[165] | 3589 | 28.8% | 19.1% | 33.1% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 10.5% | 4.3% | ||
22–24 June | Mellat Opinion Poll Institute (Islamic Consultative Assembly)[166] | 1100 | 16.3% | 16.9% | 23.5% | 3.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 38.4% | 6.6% | ||
22–23 June | Shenaakht[167] | 1000 | 20% | 19% | 28% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 28% | 8% | ||
22–23 June | Imam Sadeq University[168] | 1500 | 21.5% | 23.4% | 24.4% | 4.5% | 2.4% | 2% | 21.8% | 1% | ||
22–23 June | Iranian Students Polling Agency[169] | 4057 | 24% | 14.7% | 24.4% | 2% | 1.7% | 0.7% | 30.6% | 0.4% | ||
18–20 June | IRIB[citation needed] | 22.5% | 19.5% | 19.4% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 28.4% | 3% | |||
18–20 June | Mellat Opinion Poll Institute (Islamic Consultative Assembly) [170] | 850 | 18.2% | 20.7% | 18.9% | 4.6% | 2% | 1.8% | 33.8% | 1.8% | ||
18–19 June | Iranian Students Polling Agency[171] | 4545 | 26.2% | 19% | 19.8% | 2.6% | 2% | 0.9% | 27.4% | 6.4% | ||
18–19 June | Imam Sadeq University [172] | 23.5% | 29.3% | 30% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 12.4% | 0.7% | |||
11–13 June | Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication[173] | 36.7% | 30.4% | 28.3% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 62%[a] | 6.3% | |||
30 May | Beginning of registration |
The Iranian Students Polling Agency predicted a turnout of 44.4%.[174][175] According to a poll conducted between 26 and 29 May 2024 by the Majlis Research Center, the voter turnout is predicted to be over 53%.[176] At the other end of the spectrum, polling conducted by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance predicted just 30% participation in Tehran.[177]
The Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran warned people against sharing posts with fake polls, declaring it a crime.[178]
On 25 June, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called for "high participation" in the election, calling it "the pride of the Islamic republic".[179] He also warned against supporting candidates who believe that "all ways to progress" come from the United States.[180] Abbas Abdi, one of Iran's most influential reformist figures, predicted a maximum turnout of 60%, and a minimum of 55%.[181][182][183][184][excessive citations]
The IRGC's Telegram channel started a poll in which Pezeshkian won 60% of the votes.[185]
Conduct[edit]
Voting was held in nearly 60,000 voting stations and 90,000 "voting points" nationwide, while more than 300 voting stations were set up overseas. Polling in the first round was initially expected to run from 08:00 to 18:00,[186] but was extended at the last minute by the Interior Ministry to 20:00.[187]
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pezeshkian_election_5063848.jpg/220px-Pezeshkian_election_5063848.jpg)
Incidents[edit]
A video was posted during the campaign of a pro-Pezeshkian lawyer in Tabriz being beaten up in a desert by security forces. The ministry of justice opened an investigation.[188]
Two members of the security forces were killed in a gun attack on a vehicle carrying election boxes in Sistan and Baluchistan.[189]
Iran's Internet Minister claimed that the country's fiber optic network was sabotaged on 28 June.[190]
The interior ministry said it had arrested members of "project 1000 squares" which had planned to celebrate the election win of an undisclosed candidate.[191]
Results[edit]
Official results showed Pezeshkian and Jalili heading into a run-off scheduled on 5 July. Turnout in the first round was at 40 percent, the lowest for a presidential election in Iran since 1979,[192] while a total of 1,056,159 ballots were deemed as spoiled. The election also saw the first presidential run-off vote in Iran since 2005.[193]
Candidate | Party or alliance | First round | Second round | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
Masoud Pezeshkian | Independent | Reformists | 10,415,991 | 44.36 | 0 | – | ||
Saeed Jalili | Independent | Principlists | 9,473,298 | 40.35 | 0 | – | ||
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf | Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran | Principlists | 3,383,340 | 14.41 | ||||
Mostafa Pourmohammadi | Combatant Clergy Association | Principlists | 206,397 | 0.88 | ||||
Total | 23,479,026 | 100.00 | 0 | – | ||||
Valid votes | 23,479,026 | 95.70 | 0 | – | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,056,159 | 4.30 | 0 | – | ||||
Total votes | 24,535,185 | 100.00 | 0 | 100.00 | ||||
Registered voters/turnout | 61,452,321 | 39.93 | 61,452,321 | 0.00 | ||||
Source: ISNA, IranIntl |
Provincial data[edit]
Province | Masoud Pezeshkian (Votes) | Saeed Jalili (Votes) | Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (Votes) | Mostafa Pourmohammadi (Votes) | Total Votes | Participation Rate (%) |
Azarbaijan, East | 1,067,088 | 244,076 | 57,432 | 7,276 | 1,402,108 | 44.11 |
Azarbaijan, West | 806,620 | 145,619 | 58,011 | 4,960 | 1,010,210 | 40 |
Ardabil | 382,647 | 72,878 | 36,377 | 2,676 | 504,602 | 48.5 |
Isfahan | 428,098 | 868,431 | 139,979 | 16,524 | 1,454,032 | 41 |
Alborz | 298,664 | 271,695 | 97,182 | 741 | 674,148 | 40.13 |
Ilam | 119,843 | 44,706 | 30,852 | 1,704 | 208,187 | 47 |
Bushehr | 144,138 | 167,217 | 40,850 | 2,618 | 374,345 | 46.5 |
Tehran | 1,492,164 | 1,165,518 | 673,000 | 35,582 | 3,366,264 | 33 |
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 123,046 | 118,523 | 28,231 | 2,464 | 282,264 | 40 |
Khorasan, South | 102,354 | 225,825 | 48,776 | 2,319 | 391,329 | 64 |
Khorasan, Razavi | 661,493 | 1,212,033 | 429,458 | 19,330 | 2,415,696 | 49.39 |
Khorasan, North | 115,697 | 115,672 | 57,638 | 1,026 | 320,407 | 45 |
Khuzestan | 433,699 | 524,084 | 175,732 | 12,529 | 1,146,044 | 29.6 |
Zanjan | 195,165 | 132,409 | 48,479 | 1,026 | 392,000 | 46.2 |
Semnan | 73,287 | 137,081 | 34,759 | 2,302 | 262,284 | 49.2 |
Sistan and Baluchestan | 443,226 | 199,976 | 87,788 | 4,368 | 735,358 | 40 |
Fars | 532,947 | 634,294 | 132,848 | 10,292 | 1,310,381 | 36 |
Qazvin | 156,853 | 166,852 | 51,811 | 3,358 | 395,753 | 42.8 |
Qom | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | 57 |
Kordestan | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
Kerman | 329,470 | 477,589 | 215,892 | 8,513 | 1,070,286 | 46 |
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 123,240 | 102,112 | 55,348 | 1,518 | 288,937 | 49.3 |
Golestan | 275,366 | 205,974 | 81,095 | 5,023 | 591,201 | 41.16 |
Gilan | 317,248 | 216,339 | 90,019 | 6,759 | 656,936 | 32.6 |
Lorestan | 234,721 | 191,510 | 100,967 | 4,395 | 540,000 | 36 |
Mazandaran | 406,485 | 448,308 | 132,151 | 9,629 | 1,043,570 | 42.3 |
Markazi | 136,282 | 233,645 | 61,359 | 4,355 | 457,074 | 39.9 |
Hormozgan | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
Hamedan | 199,466 | 266,875 | 76,583 | 5,283 | 572,842 | 39 |
Yazd | 165,696 | 213513 | 35,680 | 3,829 | 436,722 | 58.18 |
Reactions[edit]
Khamenei downplayed the low turnout, saying that it did not indicate opposition to the political system,[195] but ordered an investigation into its causes.[196] Former minister Ata'ollah Mohajerani criticised the administration of President Mokhber for failing to fulfill its mandate and campaigning instead for Jalili.[197] Mokhber has denied this.[198]
The Assembly of the Forces of Imam's Line released an statement supporting Pezeshkian.[199]
Kayhan wrote that the government will not give in to blackmail by election boycotters.[200]
Former MP Mahmoud Sadeghi said that the Islamic Development Organization paid clerics to campaign for Jalili.[201]
Commanding general of the IRGC, Hossein Salami called the election "today's jihad".[202][203] The Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran's Hamed Esmaeilioun, Reza Pahlavi and Masih Alinjead hailed the low turnout as a victory against the regime.[204]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ This poll took the percentages of the candidates among those who already had a preference. Hence, this percentage is only representative.
References[edit]
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- ^ "ثبت نام زنان در انتخابات ریاست جمهوری بلامانع است/ نظر فقها هیچ تغییری نکرده است". ایسنا (in Persian). 10 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ^ Karimov, F (8 May 2013). "First female candidate registered for Iranian presidential elections". Trend. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
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- ^ "بازخوانی تنفیذ احکام روسای جمهور+عکس و متن احکام". ایسنا (in Persian). 3 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
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{{cite web}}
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