How good of a conductor is laser-induced graphene from Kapton tape (polyimide)?

Question

I had intentions of making a DC electromagnet using laser-induced graphene (LIG), where the graphene will be used as a flexible electromagnetic coil. Something like those 24V electromagnets you can find online. But I had a concerns on the quality of such a magnet.

Well, I don't know much about electrical engineering in general, so I was trying to find the numbers and compare to other known materials, such as copper.
But unfortunately I couldn't find any precise answer, most of the papers say different values for different conditions.

For example:

• In this paper they say they achieved 15.9Ω/sq, but they've made a interdigital electrode capacitor (whatever this means).
• In this other paper they say 102.4 ± 7.3 Ω/square, but their objective is completely different, they are trying to make electrochemical biosensors.
• In this other paper, they say they used a treatment to help the LIG to increase its conductivity. But the article is behind a paywall and sci-hub just shows an "404 not found" message, so I can't tell much.
• This one is about a infrared CO2 laser process (I didn't even knew CO2 lasers could be infrared) and it achieved the conductivity of ~25 S cm−1.
• I just found this paper talking about a low resistivity LIG: 0.30 Ω/sq
  Apparently, the laser's power used is significant to the result, since they used a 30W laser in a "special" substrate of Polyetherimide (PEI) filament; while other papers (like the ones I listed) just used lasers around 4,5 W power on polyimide substrates.

Comparing to copper, the most commonly used metal on cables and electromagnets, which have 16.78 nΩ•m of resistivity and 58 MS/m (both values are in 20 ºC, I don't know if commercially available copper have the same values).

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The question:

I don't know if this means LIG is just plain bad or if the papers simply aren't good as a reference because they simply are neither trying to make a conductor, nor an electromagnet.

Taking better sources (or simply taking these sources) is LIG made from Kapton tape a good conductor?

Answer 1

While a perfect contiguous sheet of graphene can have an electrical conductivity up to 70% better than copper, the problem is that the laser is going to create non-contiguous sheets which will probably be far inferior to pure copper.